MOUNT CARMEL

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Class 9 Chapter 6
Rocks

I. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. Mention any four Characteristics of Igneous rocks.

• They are hard and Compact.

• They are formed by solidification of molten magma.
• They do not have layers. Hey are generally weathered by mechanical weathering.
• They are granular and crystalline.

2. Mention any three Characteristics of Sedimentary rocks are

• sedimentary rocks are formed through different processes.

• They may also have plants, animals and fossils .
• They are generaly not crystalline and make extensive landforms.

3.What are the various stages or perocesses of lithification of sedimentary rocks?

Three processes are involved in turning the loose materials into hard rocks:

• Evaporation- The accumlation of rock salt mainly takes place through evaporation
before being compacted and cemented.
• Compaction- In this process ,Sediments after piling up are gradually squeezed by the
weight of overlaying and underlying layers.
• Cementation- It is the bonding together of compacted sediments by natural materials
such as calcium compounds ,silica and iron.
4.How are rocks classified on the basis of agents formation?

• Riverine rock: It is formed by the alluvial deposits brought by the flowing water of
streams.
• Lacustrine rock: It is found on the bed of a lake corresponding to successive periods of
deposition.
• Glacial rock: It is formed by the glacial deposits in the form of debris or tills.
• Aeolian rock: It is formed with sand particles brought by winds. Loess is an important
Aeolian deposit.
• Marine rocks: These are formed at the ocean floor.

5. What is Regional metamorphism ?

Due to mountain building processes ,igneous and sedimenmtary rocks are buried deep inside
the crust .The pressure of overlying rocka and the intense heat caused by large – scale earth
movements change such rocks .Such a process is known as regional metamorphism.When a
small area is affected by such a change ,then it it is called as local or contact metamorphism.

6.Which are the economic significance of rocks?

• Soils are derived from weathering of rocks .

• Almost all type of building materials ised for paving roads,Floors of houses or bridges
come from rocks.
• Rocks are a source of precious metals like gold,silver,platinum etc.
• They contain some consituents of minerals.
 Chapter 7-
Volcanoes

I.Answer the following:

1.What are the products of a volcano?

A volcano erupts a number of products like steam ,gases ,molten rock ,dust ,ashes etc.

• Magma and lava: The molten rock material inside the earth is known as magma.When it

reaches the surface of the earth ,it is known as lava. Steam is the most abundant gas

that comes out of a volcano.

• Solid matter: The solid fragments are rock pieces known as pyroclasts.The finest

particles are called dust. The small stone sized particles are called as lapilli.

2. Describe the main constructive effects of a volcano.

The main constructive effects of a volcano are the following:

• Landforms: Numerouys types of landforms are created due to the cooling and

solidification of magma below the earth’s surface and lava on the earth’s surface.These

landforms created on earth’s surface are called Extrusive landforms.

• Volacanic plateaus: These are derived from lava which flows from volcanic eruptions.

The peninsular plateau of India is an example of lava plateau.

• Volcanic mountains: These mountains are built from material ejected from the fissures

in the earth’s crust.Volcanic mountains are common in circum pacific belt.

 • Volcanic plains: These plains are vast and smooth formed by extensive flooding from

volcanic centres. The western victoria plains in Autralia is an example.

• Caldera lake: During repeated eruptions the summit of a volcano may be blown up. In

its place a large depression called caldera is formed. This depression eventually gets

filled with water and forms a lake. Ex.crater lake in USA

3. What are the destructive effects of a Volcano?

Some of the destructive effects of volcano are :

• When the volcanoes erupt they destroy life and property of human beings.

• Agricultural fields are covered with layers of volanic ash and dust making them

unsuitable for cultivation.

• Huge clouds are formed after thec eruption of volcanoes causing heavy rains which

results in floods and landslides.

• Volcanoes also emit poisonous gas which pllute the environment and cause health

problems.

• Explosive volcanoes in ocean islands are followed by high Tsunami waves.