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ABSTRACT: In order to study the effects of temperature changes on cable tension forces and mode frequencies, the thermal
stressed configuration is introduced and an analytical model of the suspended cable is proposed. Numerical results show that the
temperature effects do not change the natural relationships between tension forces and frequencies. Moreover, it is shown that
the temperature changes and tension forces have the negative correlations, and it is the same for the relationships between the
frequencies of the anti-symmetric (higher order symmetric) modes and temperature changes. Nevertheless, as to the frequency
of the first symmetric mode, both the negative and positive correlations which are largely dependent on the initial horizontal
tension force are found. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis show that the sensitivities of tension forces and frequencies to
warming and cooling are not symmetric, but with the growth of the initial tension forces, the differences become smaller and
smaller.
KEY WORDS: Suspended cable; Temperature effects; Tension force; Frequency; Sensitivity analysis.
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Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2014
(3) The cable is very long, and the temperature changes are ∂ 2v mg
uniform along the length and cross-section; ( H + H ′) + mω 2 v = H, (8)
∂t 2 H + H′
(4) The Young modulus and boundary conditions are
independent on the temperature changes. where H is the external horizontal dynamic tension and ω is
Firstly, as to the state of initial static under self-weight, the the circular frequency.
static equilibrium of the x and y directions of the cable located Furthermore, the boundary conditions are as follows
as (x,y) requires that v (0) = 0 , v ( L) = 0. (9)
dx Therefore, it is convenient to obtain the solutions of Eq. (7),
T =H,
ds and the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes are
2 (1) distinguished in our study.
d2 y ⎛ dy ⎞
H 2 = − mg 1 + ⎜ ⎟ , On the one hand, in the case of the anti-symmetric mode,
dx ⎝ dx ⎠ no overall additional tension would be generated ( T = 0 ), and
where the approximate profile of the suspended cable could be the expression for the circular frequencies is given by
expressed as ω~ = 2nπ (n = 1,2,3...) , (10)
4b mgL2 where
y = 2 ( L − x ) x, b = (2)
L 8H m
ω~ = ωL . (11)
Secondly, assuming that the temperature of environment H (1 + h )
condition changes, the equations of static equilibrium
configuration under temperature effects are as follows On the other hand, in the case of the symmetric mode, the
additional tension is induced. Therefore, the frequencies of
∂ ⎡
⎢ (T + T ′)⎛⎜ dx + ∂u ⎞⎟⎤⎥ = 0, symmetric modes are obtained by solving the following
∂s ⎣ ⎝ ds ∂s ⎠⎦ transcendental equation
(3)
∂ ⎡ ⎛ dy ∂v ⎞⎤ ω~ ω~ 4 ⎛ ω~ ⎞
3
(T + T ′)⎜ + ⎟⎥ = −mg ,
∂s ⎢⎣ ⎝ ds ∂s ⎠⎦
tan = − ~2 ⎜ ⎟ ,
2 2 λ ⎝2⎠
(12)
where u and v are the additional cable displacement owing to where
temperature effects and T ′ is the additional tension force ~ λ2
( T ′dx/ds = H ′ ). λ2 = . (13)
Moreover, adopting an exact kinematic formulation and
(1 + h )3
linear elasticity of the material, the following dimensionless
3 NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
cubic equation for the additional tension h is expressed as
follows [3] In the following numerical analysis, the dimensional
⎛ parameters and material properties of the suspended cable are
λ2 ⎞⎟ 2 ⎛⎜ λ2 ⎞⎟
h 3 + ⎜⎜ 2 + β + h + 1 + 2 β + h+ β = 0, (4) selected [3]: the cable span L = 200 m, the area of cross
⎝ 24 ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
section A = 7.069 ×10 −2 m2, the Young modulus
where
2
E = 2.0 ×10 Pa, the density ρ = 7800 kg/m3 and the thermal
11
H ′ 2 ⎛ mgL ⎞ EA EA
h= ,λ =⎜ ⎟ , β = αΔtLt , expansion coefficient α = 1.2 ×10 −5 / o C.
H ⎝ H ⎠ HLe HLe
(5)
⎡ 1 ⎛ mgL ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎛ mgL ⎞ ⎤
2
Le = L ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ , Lt = L ⎢ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ,
⎢⎣ 8 ⎝ H ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 12 ⎝ H ⎠ ⎥⎦
where α is the thermal expansion coefficient, Δt is the values
of the temperature changes and λ2 is the Irvine parameter
which collects the geometrical and mechanical properties of
suspended cables.
Finally, giving a slightly disturbance to the suspended cable,
and the dynamic equilibrium equations are expressed as
∂ ⎡ ⎛ dx ∂u ∂u ⎞⎤
∂s ⎣
(
⎢ T +T′+T ⎜ + ) + ⎟⎥ = m 2
∂ 2u
(6)
⎝ ds ∂s ∂s ⎠⎦ ∂t
∂ ⎡ ⎛ dy ∂v ∂v ⎞⎤
∂s ⎣
(
⎢ T +T′+T ⎜ + ) +
∂ 2v
⎟⎥ = m 2 − mg (7) Figure 2: Comparison of the results obtained by Zhao et al.
⎝ ds ∂s ∂s ⎠⎦ ∂t and Treyssede for the first two symmetric/anti-symmetric
where u and v are the dynamic component of the x and y natural frequencies versus temperature changes( f s1 /f a1 : the
directions and T is the additional dynamic tension. first symmetric/anti-symmetric mode natural frequency,
Neglecting the longitudinal component displacement and f s 2 /f a 2 : the second symmetric/anti-symmetric mode natural
substituting the afore-mentioned static equilibrium equations,
therefore, the equation of motion is finally reduced to frequency)
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Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2014
First of all, in order to guarantee the validity of the effect on the first symmetric mode frequency is significant, in
following numerical results, a comparison of the solutions a particular range of tension force, with the decrease of the
obtained in literature [3] is performed. Fig. 2 shows the first tension force, the frequency is increasing. Referring to Zui et
two symmetric and anti-symmetric mode frequencies when al. [11] and Fang and Wang [12], the same conclusion based
the temperature effects are taken into account. In this case, the on the experiment results was proposed. For this reason, in the
initial horizontal tension force H = 9.38 ×106 N. As could be estimation of cable tension force, provided that the tension
clearly observed in this figure, a very good agreement is force in the cable is not large, higher order modes would be
presented. adopted [12].
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Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2014
mode (Fig. 6(a)), with the increase of temperature changes, temperature changes, the frequency is decreasing. It should be
the frequency ω a1 decreases. In contrast, in the case of pointed out that, as to the moderate initial horizontal tension
symmetric mode (Fig. 6(b)), provided that the temperature (eg. H = 1.5 × 10 7 N), the frequency is not a monotonic
changes are rising, whether the frequency ω s1 is ascending or function with the temperature changes. More importantly, it is
descending is largely dependent on the initial horizontal interesting to find out that there are some cross-points in Fig.
tension force, as shown in Fig. 6(b). Specifically, when the 6(b). Hence, assuming that the temperature changes are
properly chosen, the suspended cables which have different
initial horizontal tension is small (eg. H = 7.0 × 10 6 N), the
initial tension forces may have the same first symmetric mode
frequency has a positive correlation with the temperature frequency, it is because of that the temperature changes may
changes. The conclusion was confirmed by the finite element lead to the variation of the Irvine parameter. By comparison,
results obtained by Treyssede [3]. On the other hand, provided no cross-points are found in the case of the anti-symmetric
that the initial tension is large (eg. H = 2.5 × 10 7 N), the sag mode (Fig. 6(a)).
effect is negative. Therefore, with the increase of the
Figure 6. Temperature changes versus the frequencies: (a) the first symmetric mode, (b) the first anti-symmetric mode.
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Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2014
Figure 7. Initial horizontal tension forces versus three parameters of the cable under different values of temperature changes: (a)
tension force; (b) the first symmetric mode; (c) the first anti-symmetric mode
Figure 8. Initial horizontal tension forces versus the sensitivity difference under different values of temperature changes: (a)
tension force; (b) the first symmetric mode; (c) the first anti-symmetric mode
[2] H.M. Irvine, Cable Structure, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1981.
4 CONCLUSIONS [3] F. Treyssede, Free linear vibrations of cables under thermal stress,
Journal of Sound and vibration, 2009(327), 1-8.
In this study, the thermal stress equilibrium configuration of [4] G. Vairo and S. Montassar, Mechanical modelling of stays under
suspended cable is introduced, and then an analytical model is thermal loads, Mechanics, Models and Methods in Civil Engineering–
proposed to study the influences of temperature changes on Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, 2012(61),
481-498.
tension forces and frequencies. [5] M. Lepidi and V. Gattulli, Static and dynamic response of elastic
Generally speaking, the temperature changes have a global suspended cables with thermal effects, International Journal of Solids
negative effect on the tension forces, the anti-symmetric mode and Structures, 2012(49), 1103-1116.
and higher order symmetric mode frequencies. Whereas for [6] H. Sohn, M. Dzwonczyk, E.G. Straser, A.S. Kiremidjian, K.H. Law
and T. Meng, An experimental study of temperature effect on modal
the first symmetric mode frequency, both negative and parameters of the Alamosa Canyon bridge, Earthquake Engineering
positive effects are found, and they are largely dependent on and Structural Danamics, 1999(28), 879-897.
the initial tension forces of the suspended cable. Furthermore, [7] Y.L. Ding and A.Q. Li, Temperature-induced variations of measured
there are some peak values in the sensitivity analysis of modal frequencies of steel box girder for a long-span suspension bridge,
International Journal of Steel Structures, 2011(11), 145-155.
tension forces and frequencies, and these values are largely [8] G. Rega and R. Alaggio, Experimental unfolding of the nonlinear
dependent on the temperature changes. On the other hand, it is dynamics of a cable-mass suspended system around a divergence-hopf
important to emphasize that the sensitivity of tension forces bifucation, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2009(322), 581-611.
and frequencies to warming and cooling is not symmetric, [9] X.G. Hua, Y.Q. Ni, J.M. Ko and K.Y. Wong, Modeling of temperature-
frequency correlation using combined principal component analysis
although with the increase of the initial tension force, the and support vector regression technique, Journal of Computing in Civil
difference becomes smaller and smaller. Finally, it should be Engineering, 2007(21), 122-135.
pointed out that the temperature effects do change the values [10] Y.Q. Ni, H.F. Zhou and J.M. Ko, Generalization capability of neural
of tension forces and frequencies, but it does not change the network models for temperature frequency correlation using
monitoring data, Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, 2009, 1290-
natural relationships between frequencies and tension forces. 1300 .
[11] H. Zui, T. Shinke and Y.H. Namita, Practical formulas for estimation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT of cable tension by vibration method, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, 1996(122), 651-656.
The work was supported by the National Natural Science [12] Z. Fang and J.Q. Wang, Practical formula for cable tension estimation
Foundation of China (No.11032004) and the Funding Method by vibration method, Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, 2012(17),
161-164.
for Hunan University Graduate Students to Participate in
High-level International Academic Conference (HNU[2009].
No. 13).
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Xia, B. Chen, S. Weng, Y.Q. Ni and Y.L. Xu, Temperature effect on
the vibration properties of civil structures: a literature review and case
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