Topic

Wind Energy in Bangladesh

Contents

 Abstract
 Introduction
 Problem Statement
 Backgrounds of wind energy in Bangladesh
 Site selection of Wind Turbine
 Research Objectives
 Research Question
 Scope and Limitations
 Solutions of limitations
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy
 Literature Review
 Methodology
 Discussion on Major Findings
 Conclusion
 Recommendation
 References

1
Abstract

Man has harnessed the energy in wind for thousands of years, both for sailing boats and
powering wind mills at land. Of all renewable energy sources, wind power is the most mature
in terms of commercial development. This energy source is interesting because of its
renewability and its availability. Potential for development is huge, and the world’s capacity
is far larger than the world’s total energy consumption. Worldwide, a total capacity of about
60 000 MW have been installed, with a yearly production of about 100 TWh. The major
challenges for further development are connected to economy, land usage, environment and
grid capacity. The growth of renewable energy has been unprecedented over the past 25
years. No other segment of the energy sector has grown this fast. Wind power is the most
economic new power plant technology, due to reduced installations costs, no fuel costs and
construction time of less than one year, compared to over 10 years to construct nuclear power
plants. The effects of wind energy on the environment often are considered to be positive,
through the production of renewable energy and the potential displacement of mining
activities, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with non-renewable energy
sources. As a result, a more complete understanding of the environmental and economic
effects of any one energy source depends on a more complete understanding of how that
energy source displaces or is displaced by other energy sources, and it depends on a more
complete understanding of the environmental and economic effects of all other available
energy sources. This paper provides analyses to understand those environmental effects,
both positive and negative.

2
1. Introduction

In recent years, the growth of capacity to generate electricity from wind energy has been
extremely rapid, To the degree that wind energy reduces the need for electricity generation
using other sources of energy, it can reduce the adverse environmental impacts of those
sources, such as production of atmospheric and water pollution, including greenhouse gases;
production of nuclear wastes; degradation of landscapes due to mining activity; and damming
of rivers. Generation of electricity by wind energy has the potential to reduce environmental
impacts, because unlike generators that use fossil fuel, it does not result in the generation of
atmospheric contaminants or thermal pollution, and it has been attractive to many
governments, organizations, and individuals. But others have focused on adverse
environmental impacts of wind-energy facilities, which include visual and other impacts on
humans; and effects on ecosystems, including the killing of wildlife, especially birds and
bats, some environmental effects of wind-energy facilities, especially those concerning
transportation.

1.1 Problem Statement

Wind power is a fast growing form of alternative energy and has a potential to make an
impact on our campus and community. Although costs are reducing over time, but the
installation of a wind turbine is considered very expensive in Bangladesh. In our country
offshore and mountains wind turbine installation is very costly. Wind energy is sustainable
but the problem is that the wind is not always enough. It’s widely reported that wind turbines
pose a threat to wildlife, primarily birds and bats. One of the most popular disadvantages of
wind turbines is the noise pollution that they generate. A single wind turbine can be heard
from hundreds of meters away. Combine multiple wind turbines and the audible effects can
be much greater.

3
1.2 Backgrounds of Wind Energy in Bangladesh

Wind energy has the potential to provide mechanical energy or electricity without generating
pollutants. Historically it was used in many countries, especially, the Netherlands, as a source
of mechanical energy, e.g. grinding corn or pumping water. In Bangladesh, as in many other
countries, wind energy has also been used to provide some motive force to boats with sails of
various designs. Unfortunately, not much research has been conducted in these areas,
although renewed interest have recently been generated in utilizing the energy of wind for
wind pumps and sailing boats. Wind electricity for decentralized system or hybrid generation
of electricity using other energy sources as complementary to wind energy has now been
given some attention and this could be suitable in low wind regimes for localized small grid
systems or battery charging. For low wind speed, wind pumps could also be a viable option.

Bangladesh is situated between 20O34'-26038 North Latitude and 88001'-92041' East

Longitude. The country has a 724 km long coast line and many small islands in the Bay of
Bengal, where strong south-westerly trade wind and sea-breeze blow in the summer months
and there is gentle north-easterly trade wind and land breeze in winter months .meteorology
department are usually meant for weather forecasting and are insufficient for determining
wind energy potential. In an early study report in 1982, a 30-year meteorological data from a
number stations throughout the country were considered. It was found that wind speeds in the
districts of Chittagong and Cox's Bazar were the only ones which showed promise. In
Bangladesh, little systematic wind speed study has been made. Data collected by the
Extending the idea, only coastal area and the bay islands showed promise for possible
electricity generation from wind .Recently, some measurements were made by F. Rahman in
some coastal areas followed by a year's measurement in Patenga (Chittagong) at a height of
20 m in 1995. It was found that wind speed is higher than the values obtained by the
meteorological department. This led to a year-long systematic wind speed study at seven
coastal sites in 1996-97 at a height of 25 m by Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies
(BCAS), in collaboration with Local Government and Engineering Department (LGED) and
Energy Technology & Services Unit (ETSU), UK which was financially supported by the
British Government Wind speeds exhibit a diurnal cycle, generally peaking in the afternoon
and weakest at night (the trends are also similar in West Bengal, India).The wind speed
measurements by BCAS Group and GTZ group confirmed that wind speed is much higher in
summer months (due to monsoon wind) than in winter months. Actual wind speed found by

4
GTZ was slightly higher than those of BCAS Group; but the frequency distribution was
similar. Diurnal variation confirmed the trend observed by the meteorological department
.Power curves of wind turbines with two different installed capacities from two different
manufacturers have been used to calculate energy generation. The estimated annual energy
outputs for Kutubdia and Kuakata are 133 MWh and 160 MWh for a 150 KW wind turbine;
while the outputs are about 200 MWh and 230 MWh respectively from a 250 KW station at
these places.

1.3 Site Selection of Wind Turbine:

Choosing the right site for wind turbine is the most important decision that anyone will make
throughout the installation. In these sense, Location plays a vital part in the performance and
efficiency of a wind turbine so get it wrong and it could be disastrous - but get it right and
turbine will have a long, happy and profitable future together. To help to evaluate the site and
confirm whether or not it is suitable for a wind turbine, designed the following guidelines
could be followed for designing a wind turbine:

i. Firstly, Turbines work and perform at the best when it will be placed on high exposed
sites. Coastal sites are especially good.
ii. Town centers and highly populated residential areas are usually not suitable sites for
wind turbines.
iii. It could be avoid roof mounted turbines as there is no guarantee that this device will
not damage the property through vibration.
iv. The further the distance between turbine and power requirement, the more power will
lose in the cable. The distance of the cabling will also impact the overall cost of the
installation.

5
1.4 Research Objectives

a) To examine the cost of installation of wind turbine.

b) To study the effect of wind energy on wild life.
c) To study about the hazardous of wind turbine.

1.5 Research Question

a) Is wind energy bad for the environment?

b) Are wind turbines hazardous to birds and bats?
c) Are wind turbines noisy?
d) Do wind turbines pose a safety hazard?
e) Is wind power a reliable source?
f) Is wind energy more expensive?
g) How long is a wind turbine expected to last?

1.6 Scope and Limitations

We have enough space in our country to build wind energy .The mounted area, the coastal
area is the most suitable place to establish wind power. The limitation of wind power is that
no electricity is produced when the wind is not blowing. Thus, it cannot be used as a
dependable source of base load power. Utilities and merchant generators will not invest huge
sums of money into a technology that does not work when the wind is not blowing.
Americans want the lights on when they flip the switch, no questions asked. Wind power will
probably increase its market share when we develop a 'smart grid' that can handle multiple
distributed generation input sources of electrical power.

1.7 Solutions of limitations

We should build wind turbines where there is too much of wind like near sea so there will be
24 hours electricity and the problem of electricity will be solved and there are less birds near
sea so the problem of killing birds will also be solved.
6
1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy

There are many advantages and disadvantages of wind energy, most of which will be
discussed in this article. We’ll take a look at the pros and cons of wind turbines to determine
whether the controversy surrounding this clean and renewable energy technology is justified.

Advantages of Wind Energy

Wind energy has numerous benefits in helping to provide a source of clean and renewable
electricity for countries all over the world. This section takes a look at the many different
advantages of wind energy.

1. Renewable & Sustainable

Wind energy itself is both renewable and sustainable. The wind will never run out, unlike the
earth’s fossil fuel reserves (such as coal, oil and gas), making it the ideal energy source for a
sustainable power supply.

2. Environmentally Friendly

Wind energy is one of the most environmentally friendly energy sources available today.
After the manufacture and installation of wind turbines, there will be little to no pollution
generated as a result of the wind turbines themselves.

Wind turbines produce no greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or methane (CH4)
which are both known to contribute towards global warming.

It should be noted that noise and visual pollution are both environmental factors, but they
don’t have a negative effect on the earth, water table or the quality of the air we breathe.

3. Reduces Fossil Fuel Consumption

Generating electricity from wind energy reduces the need to burn fossil fuel alternatives such
as coal, oil and gas. This can help to conserve dwindling supplies of the earth’s natural
resources, allowing them to last longer and help to support future generations.

7
4. Wind Energy is Free

Unlike some other energy sources, wind energy is completely free. There’s no market for the
supply and demand of wind energy, it’s there to be used by anyone and will never run out.
This makes wind energy a viable option for generating cheap electricity.

5. Small Footprint

Wind turbines have a relatively small land footprint. Although they can tower high above the
ground, the impact on the land at the base is minimal. The area around the base of a wind
turbine can often be used for other purposes such as agriculture.

6. Industrial & Domestic Installations

Wind turbines aren’t just limited to industrial-scale installations such as wind farms. They
can also be installed on a domestic scale, with many landowners opting to install smaller, less
powerful wind turbines in order to provide part of a domestic electricity supply. Domestic
wind turbines are often coupled with other renewable energy technologies such as solar
panels or geothermal heating systems.

7. Remote Power Solution

Wind turbines can play a key role in helping to bring power to remote locations. This can
help to benefit everything from a small off-grid village to a remote research station.

8. Wind Technology Becoming Cheaper

The first ever electricity-generating wind turbine was invented in 1888. Since then, wind
turbines have improved significantly and nowadays the technology is beginning to come
down in price, making it much more accessible.

Government subsidies are also helping to reduce the cost of a wind turbine installation, with
many governments across the world providing incentives for not only the installation of such
technologies, but also for the ongoing supply of environmentally friendly electricity.

8
9. Low Maintenance

Wind turbines are considered relatively low maintenance. A new wind turbine can be
expected to last some time prior to any maintenance work needing to be carried out. Although
older wind turbines can come up against reliability issues, each new generation of wind
turbine is helping to improve reliability.

10. Low Running Costs

As wind energy is free, running costs are considered to be low. The only ongoing cost
associated with wind energy is for the maintenance of wind turbines, which are considered
low maintenance in nature anyway.

Disadvantages of Wind Energy

So, we’ve seen the advantages, now it’s time to take a look at the main disadvantages of wind
energy. Wind energy has a number of drawbacks, with the NIMBY (not in my back yard)
factor playing a large role.

1. The Wind Fluctuates

Wind energy has a similar drawback to solar energy in that it is not a constant energy source.
Although wind energy is sustainable and will never run out, the wind isn’t always blowing.
This can cause serious problems for wind turbine developers who will often spend significant
time and money investigating whether or not a particular site is suitable for the generation of
wind power.For a wind turbine to be efficient, the location where it is built needs to have an
adequate supply of wind energy. This is why we often see wind turbines built on top of hills
or out at sea, where there are less land obstacles to reduce the intensity of wind energy.

2. Installation is Expensive

Although costs are reducing over time, the installation of a wind turbine is considered
expensive. First, a site survey will need to be carried out which may involve having to erect a
sample turbine to measure wind speeds over a significant period of time. If deemed adequate,
the wind turbine will need to be manufactured, transported and erected on top of a pre-built
foundation. All of these processes contribute to the overall cost of installing a wind turbine.

9
When the above is taken into account for offshore wind farms, costs become much greater.
It’s much harder to install wind turbines out at sea than it is on land, and some companies
have even commissioned bespoke ships capable of transporting and installing wind turbines
at sea.

3. Threat to Wildlife

It’s widely reported that wind turbines pose a threat to wildlife, primarily birds and bats. It is
however believed that wind turbines pose less of a threat to wildlife than other manmade
structures such as cell phone masts and radio towers. Nevertheless, wind turbines are
contributing to mortality rates among bird and bat populations.

4. Noise Pollution

One of the most popular disadvantages of wind turbines is the noise pollution that they
generate. A single wind turbine can be heard from hundreds of meters away. Combine
multiple wind turbines and the audible effects can be much greater.

Noise pollution from wind turbines has ruined the lives of some homeowners. Although steps
are often taken to site wind turbines away from dwellings, they do sometimes get built too
close to where people live and this is why new wind farms often come up against strong
public objection.

5. Visual Pollution

Another widely reported disadvantage of wind turbines is visual pollution. Although many
people actually like the look of wind turbines, others do not and see them as a blot on the
landscape. This tends to come down to personal opinion, and as more wind farms are built,
public acceptance is becoming commonplace.

10
2. Literature Review

Wind energy is a form of solar energy. It is a process by which wind is used to generate
electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power and a
generator can convert mechanical power into electricity. Power is the backbone of
development of a country. It is the most important factor for a developing country like
Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, demand for power is increasing day by day, but the sources of
energy are not increasing in satisfactory level. Fossil fuels are getting diminished day by day.
The growth rate of industrialization in Bangladesh has slowed down due to shortage of
energy supply. Wind can be a solution to this problem. Wind energy has the potential to
provide mechanical energy or electricity without generating pollutants. Bangladesh is situated
between 20.30 - 26.38 degrees North latitude and 88.04 - 92.44 degrees east. Bangladesh has
a 574 km long coast line and many small islands in the Bay of Bengal, where strong south-
westerly trade wind and sea-breeze blow in the summer months and there is gentle north-
easterly trade wind and land breeze in winter months .Bangladesh is encountering difficulties
in supplying energy to maintain its economic growth. Government of Bangladesh is looking
for renewable energy sources to meet up the total power demand in this country. The present
study aims to assess wind energy potential in Bangladesh as a sustainable solution to
overcome the energy crisis. Wind speed at six coastal zones Patenga , Cox’s Bazar, Teknaf
, Char Fassion, Kuakata and Kutubdia at Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh have been
analyzed. A near shore wind farm has been considered at these locations having a coastal line
of 574 km. The turbines are spaced 7D apart in the prevailing wind direction, and 3D apart in
the perpendicular direction, where D is rotor diameter. This near shore wind farm with an
array of 5104 horizontal axis wind turbines with hub height of 100 m and rotor diameter of
75 m with a wind speed of 7 m/sec is capable to generate 1855.25 MW of electrical power.
This can mitigate 55.93 per cent of energy shortage in 2016. By developing renewable
energy sources it is possible to compensate 11.25 per cent of total power demand by
2020.

11
3. Research Methodology

3.1 Sources of Data

In this research paper my data would be from secondary data.

3.2 Methods of Data Collection

In this research I will collect online data and use books, journals and documentary in terms of
qualitative data collection.

3.3 Samples

In this research I will select 50 samples for my secondary data from 200 population.

3.4 Data Analysis

I will analysis my secondary data from the sample particularly.

4. Discussion on Major Findings

The following conditions are the major findings.

4.1 Wind Energy and the Energy Market

Bangladesh is rapidly developing and by that it has to deal with many challenges typical for
developing countries. Amongst others the building of an extensive national electricity grid
and sufficient power generation is one of these challenges. The demand for electricity is
growing rapidly and power generation has difficulties to keep up the pace. At the moment
and in the near future power generation is fossil fuel based (coal, natural gas). The
development of the national grid is aimed at more stability, enlarging grid access and
connecting new (fossil fuel based) power plants.

Grid connection and stability .The power grid of Bangladesh is expanding rapidly. Grid
connection of larger wind farms (tens of MW's) is a concern and will need to be considered

12
further for specific locations. Certainly in many remote areas there will be insufficient grid
connection capacity available. Also the grid stability is a point of concern. Delivering wind
energy is the only source of income for a windfarms, an uninterrupted grid connection is
vital. Overseeing this, it can be concluded that in its present status the national grid will not
be suitable to connect large scale windfarms. This means that the costs for grid connection of
windfarms will be relatively high because of the large distances to nearest suitable national
grid connection point (cable costs) and large investments in hard ware (transformer stations,
switches, regulators etc.). However connecting eventual future windfarms could be combined
with the (already scheduled) development of the national grid in these areas and costs could
be ‘socialized’ and not charged at account of the windfarm. Because there is no history or
experience in doing so, this has to be sorted out and agreed upon, before the development of a
specific windfarm can become concrete.

4.2 Renewable Energy Targets and Wind Energy

Becoming more and more aware of the necessity of renewable energy to diminish the
amount of greenhouse gasses, Bangladesh has set renewable energy goals. These renewable
energy targets can be realized using biomass, solar and wind energy. Hydropower does not
have much potential because no large height differences are present in the country. Because
the available land should be mainly utilized for food production, large scale production of
biomass is not possible. Solar energy has great potential and has had a successful rollout so
far. However these solar systems are limited to small-scale generation at household level in
areas where no grid connection is available. The big disadvantage of multi-megawatt solar
energy plants is that a large area has to be available to establish the PV-panels. This space is
hard to find because all the available space in Bangladesh is used for agriculture and food
production. Wind energy needs significantly less space and can easily be combined with
agriculture and is therefore an interesting option. Gob has set renewable energy development
targets for several technologies for each year from 2015 to 2021, the “RE Development
Targets”. These targets require an additional 3,100 MW of renewable energy capacity to be
installed by 2021. Most of the new capacity should be provided by solar (1,676 MW, or 54
percent) and wind (1,370 MW, or 44 percent). These targets can be seen as ‘challenging’.
The targets, especially for wind energy, have proven to be not feasible looking at the figures
for 2016 and 2018.

13
4.3 Wind Resources

There are no long-term wind assessment studies available based on relevant heights and data
with respect to wind energy. An extensive measurement campaign is executed at the moment
and results are expected in 2018. Available data (some measurements and satellite data)
indicate however that onshore wind speeds are below 5 meters per second average a year. For
wind energy purposes this is quite a low wind speed. It will set requirements for turbines such
as high hub heights and large rotors. The occasionally tropical storm (typhoon) that hits
Bangladesh (wind speeds up to 150185 km/h) means additional demands on the strength of
wind turbines. However, wind turbine manufacturers indicate that under similar conditions
wind parks have been realized in other countries. No measurement data are available on
offshore wind speeds, but available satellite data indicates that offshore wind speeds are
slightly higher but relatively low as well (approx. 5-6 m/s average).

4.4 Available Suitable Space for Wind Farms

The pressure on space is high in Bangladesh because of the large number of inhabitants per
square kilometer and the mainly agriculture-based economy. However a combination of wind
energy and agriculture seems to be possible. Points of attention are the large almost yearly
flooded areas. In technical terms wind turbines in these areas are possible but this will come
with higher costs. Maintenance and operation will be more difficult in these areas and
projects will be more costly because of supplementary technical provisions (foundations,
adjusted tower access). Another point of attention with regard to the noise levels of wind
farms is the presence of houses/residences close to the wind turbines. This seems
insurmountable due to the high population density. Specific legislation in this regard does not
exist however. Offshore limitation in space seems not to be a problem. Interference with
shipping traffic is a concern, but this seems soluble considering the practices in the
Netherlands (one of the busiest seas in the world in combination with the largest port in
Europe and large scale wind farms), but will involve (time consuming) regulation of shipping
routes. Offshore soil conditions require

14
4.5 Cost of Wind Energy and Energy Pricing

Combining the not very promising wind resources and the expected rather high investments
for grid connection means that wind energy in Bangladesh will be rather expensive. The
combination of low average wind speeds and sometimes harsh stormy conditions (typhoons)
and floods will require dedicated wind turbine designs, making wind energy even more
expensive. This compared to wind energy prices in quite some other countries, and compared
to the present fossil fuel based energy prices in Bangladesh, although these prices are kept
low with subsidies by the government (see paragraph 2.2.2). On the other hand wind energy
needs significantly less space than solar energy, can easily be combined with agriculture and
is therefore an interesting option for renewable energy. The economic feasibility of wind
energy is therefore a matter of pricing, or maybe better, of amount of available subsidy per
kilowatt-hour (kWh) to close the gap between the current market price and the cost price of
wind energy. Preliminary contracts reached with developers of 0.12 US $ per kWh have
turned out to be not feasible. Only after extensive feasibility study it will be possible to
determine a price per kWh which will be location specific. The government of Bangladesh
has not yet specified a maximum reimbursement per kWh. Setting up a stable subsidy system
with a long term perspective will be crucial to attract investors in wind energy. Such a
program is not in development at the moment

15
5. Conclusion

This study has assessed the possibilities for wind energy in Bangladesh by studying available
literature and by consulting people from several organizations and institutions in the
Netherlands and Bangladesh. Thought behind this study is that if wind energy has a good
potential it might deliver a substantial amount of renewable energy for Bangladesh and
promising business opportunities for the extensive Dutch wind energy sector. As drawn out
in the previous chapters, there are several relevant factors in the Bangladeshi energy market
when looking at the potential of wind energy. Main factors are the fast growing energy
demand, the rapid growth in grid-connected households and the aim of the Government of
Bangladesh to install a total capacity of 1.370 MW of wind energy before the year 2022.
These factors combined hold a potential for wind energy developments in Bangladesh.
Although the need for renewable energy is felt increasingly in Bangladesh and wind energy
can play a role in this, there are some disadvantages. Low wind speeds seem to be the biggest
concern at the moment although good insight in average annual wind speeds is still lacking.
A wind resource mapping project is in progress at the moment. Other issues are a possible
lack of grid connection and flood risks. Finding suitable areas for wind farms is a point of
attention because of the density of the population. Political and administrative cooperation is
indispensable. If wind resources turn out to be sufficient and sufficient subsidy per kWh
comes available and could be granted for a longer term, wind energy projects could be
possible, offering opportunities for Dutch companies3. Because of the lack of experience
with wind energy in Bangladesh, these opportunities lie in the field of providing services and
knowledge as well as to export technology and materials to Bangladesh.

16
6. Recommendation

Day by day the necessity of power and energy is increasing. In today’s world, where a
greener source of energy is the need of the hour, wind energy is a promising resource, waiting
to be harnessed to its true potential. Though Bangladesh has a large potentiality for producing
power from wind energy, enormous potential in the wind remains untapped. For pumping
purposes, some of the wind turbine is installed in our country. Wind generated electricity and
wind pumps can be provided for irrigation facilities from May to August when wind speeds
are higher. These data collection and experiment have been done for coastal areas and can be
implemented to produce electricity in those areas and also to run ice mills and preserve
fishes. The lowest value is observed in Teknaf while the highest value is observed in kuakata.
In saint- martin, the wind velocity is very good in all the year round and very good enough to
produce electricity. The wind speed is very high during monsoon period (June-July) and very
lean from October to February. During the driest season, there is a very strong flow of NW
direction wind and this is the season for paddy cultivation in Bangladesh. So, wind pump can
provide irrigation facilities during this period. For getting the required output, HAWT has to
be designed with suitable rotor and here the suitable one is the type 2 rotor. It is cost efficient
and perfect for the purpose we need in our country. Other two types also show good power
output but the wind velocity has to be high which is not possible in our country. So, type 2
has to be chosen. As the pumping head is less than 6m in most of the areas in Bangladesh,
wind turbine with rotor type 2 can produce good result for producing electricity in the coastal
areas and to offer good irrigation facilities for the rural areas in Bangladesh.

17
7. References

[01] Islam, M. Rafiqul, Islam, M. Rabiul and Alam Beg, M. Rafiqul. (2008) Renewable
Energy Resources and Technologies Practices in Bangladesh. International Journal of
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 12, Issue 2, p. 299 – 343.

[02] Randall D.G., Betz, A. (1966). Introduction to the Theory of Flow Machines. Oxford
University. Press, Pergamum.

[03] Amin M. Tajnin. (2015). Prospect of Wind Energy in Bangladesh. International Journal
of Advanced Renewable Energy Research. Vol. 2, Issue 8. p. 213-218.

[04] http://www.powerdivision.gov.bd/user/brec/112/58

[05] Khan, M.J., Iqbal, M.T., Mahboob, S. (2004). A wind map of Bangladesh. Renewable
Energy. Vol. 29, Issue 5.p: 643-660.

[06] Hossain Dr. Anwar. (1999). Committee for Promotion and Dissemination of Renewable
Energy in Bangladesh.

[07] http://www.thewindpower.net/country_windfarms_en_90_bangladesh.php

[08] Hongxing, Yang., Wei, Zhou and Chengzhi, Lou. (2009). Optimal Design and Techno-
economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar-Wind Power Generation System. International Journal
of Applied Energy, Vol. 86, p. 163-169.

[09] Kaiser, M. S., Rahman, M. A., and Sharna, S.A. (1995) Wind energy assessment for the
coastal part of Bangladesh. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue. 2,
p. 87-92.

18