Able of Ontents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 .......................................................................................öÖXnP Introduction 1
2 ............................................................................ÔÌÃÆC :1 KDL Chapter 1: Speech 2
4 ........................................................................KCn±ÏC :2 KDL Chapter 2: Inflection 4
6 ........................................................KCn±ÏC ODÕÌ± :3 KDL Chapter 3: Signs of Inflection 6
8 .......................................................................°mD¥ÖÆC È²»ÆC Present/Future Verbs 8
8 ............................................nfËC ÈQ²ÖÆC °mD¥ÖÆC È²»ÆC Present/Future Verbs with Weak Endings 8
9 ...........................................................................¹n¡ÚÕ nêµ Indeclinable Nouns 9
10 .....................................................................ODLn²ÖÆC :4 KDL Chapter 4: Inflected Words 10
12 .........................................................................ÅD²ºÍC :5 KDL Chapter 5: Verbs 12
14 ....................................................ôDÖrÍC OD±ÝºnÕ :6 KDL Chapter 6: Nominative Nouns 14
16 .........................................................................È±D»ÆC :7 KDL Chapter 7: Subject 16
18 .................................çÇ±Dº ÷û×sé ×Æ ìlÆC ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :8 KDL Chapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named 18
20 ..........................................................nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC :9 KDL Chapter 9: The Subject and Predicate 20
Chapter 10: Governing Agents of the Subject and
22 .............. nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC ëÇ± ùöÇfC÷ûjÆC ùÈÕCÝ²ÆC :10 KDL
Predicate 22
26 ..........................................................................R²÷ûÚÆC :11 KDL Chapter 11: Adjectives 26
28 .......................................................................¼©²ÆC :12 KDL Chapter 12: Conjunctions 28
30 ......................................................................jêÂÝQÆC :13 KDL Chapter 13: The Corroborative 30
32 ...........................................................................ÅjMÆC :14 KDL Chapter 14: The Permutative 32
34 ..................................................ôDÖrÍC ODLÝ¡ÚÕ :15 KDL Chapter 15: Accusative Nouns 34
36 ...............................................................çL ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :16 KDL Chapter 16: The Direct Object 36
38 .....................................................................mj¡ÖÆC :17 KDL Chapter 17: The Infinitive 38
40 ............................ØDÃÖÆC ¹n¬ Ü ØDÕ÷ûpÆC ¹n¬ :18 KDL Chapter 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers 40
42 ..........................................................................ÅDcÆC :19 KDL Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier 42
44 .......................................................................pêêÖQÆC :20 KDL Chapter 20: The Specifying Element 44
46 ................................................................... ôDÚUQrËC :21 KDL Chapter 21: Exception 46
48 ..................................................................................Ë :22 KDL Chapter 22: Absolute Negation 48
50 ......................................................................ÈiDÚÖÆC :23 KDL Chapter 23: The Vocation 50
52 ...................................................çÇXE ÛÕ ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :24 KDL Chapter 24: The Object of Reason 52
52 ............................................................ç²Õ ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :25 KDL Chapter 25: The Object of Accompaniment 52
54 ...............................................ôDÖrÍC OD¤Ý»gÕ :26 KDL Chapter 26: Genitive Nouns 54
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
INTRODUCTION
Before the advent for the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, the Arabic language had reached a pinnacle in
terms of style, beauty, precision and conciseness. Poets of this age were highly honored; a word from a good
poet could raise or debase a tribe by degrees in the eyes of the Arabs. It was in this atmosphere that the Qur’an
was revealed to the Unlettered Messenger, peace be upon him, and incapacitated everyone, from the best poet
to the layperson, by its power and beauty.
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, Islam saw explosive growth in Africa to the
West, Persia to the East and Europe to the North. Many peoples, who were until then not familiar with the
language of the Arabs, took to reading and memorizing the Qur’an in its original form. In order to facilitate this,
the Qur’an was compiled and eventually distributed as a text, something that had not been done in the time of
the Messenger, peace be upon him, though was seen as necessary to spread and preserve the revelation. The
scholars of this time realized that in addition to preserving the text of the Qur’an, every detail of the language of
revelation had to be preserved and documented. The fruits of their labor produced three sciences: Nahu
(Grammar), Sarf (Morphology) and Balagha (Terminological Usages). So, if people wanted access to the Book,
and by extension to the hadith literature and numerous other Islamic sciences derived from and based on these
primary texts, they had to first master the linguistic sciences.
The Ajrumiyyah is a classical text of Arabic grammar that found acceptance and praise throughout the Muslim
world, which is a proof of the author’s sincerity and that Allah accepted his efforts. It was one of the first books
taught to, and memorized by, enumerable scholars of Islam. The blessing of the text has also been attributed to
the report that the author, Ibn Ajarum, wrote it while seated in front of the blessed Kaaba.
It is hoped that this work will aid students in gaining access to the science of Arabic Grammar, and thus to the
various Islamic sciences. To facilitate this, in addition to translating the original text into English, each chapter
has been mapped in order to give the student an overall structure of the chapter being studied.
The compiler of the present work would like to extend his gratitude to Shaykh Hamza Yusuf for his translation
of the Ajrumiyyah, as it was used as a reference to the present translation. In addition, the compiler would like
to thank Maulana Abdur-Rashid, the Imam with whom he studied the present text.
Finally, if anyone benefits from this work, it is requested that they remember those who had a hand in
preparing it in their prayers in this world and in their intercession in the next, and praise is for Allah, Lord of
the Worlds.
Shariq Khan
1 - 1
CHAPTER 1: Speech ÔÌÃÆC :1 KDL

Speech

!
#" %
$ &" '
It is uttered, compounded, complete
and placed (in Arabic)
( ) *+ ,
Its types

-
Particle Verb Noun

Known
by
G
H

Genitive
Succeeds Succeeds
(
) ( + ) A
9=J
Succeeds Nunation
89#* :;<= >? ()

The feminine Known

"1 3
54
(@
) by
Definite
( ) . &$/
0 ) A D
article
A )

0 1 0 $ 2 E&D about BC
from
F on to G
H

1-
Known $ 2 Genitive
by in
Neither the particles
signs for the for # by K
J L
noun nor the like maybe
verb are *
I
1-
proper to it Adjuration
? 1 particles
by by by
2 - 2
CHAPTER 1: Speech ÔÌÃÆC :1 KDL

Speech is uttered, compounded, complete and placed (in :8 R
R ( ) *+ , 1 .
! #" %
$ &" ' :
Arabic). Its types are three: nouns, verbs and particles.
.AS >4 T
- 1 U 1 U
• Nouns are known by:
◦ the genitive case V
"1 3
54 W X2 1 UA
9=J1 UG H
:

◦ nunation
◦ the definite article
UF1 UE &D 1 UAD 1 UE C1 UA) :Y ' 1 UG H 1- 1
◦ the genitive particles, which are: :Y ' 1 U*
I
1- 1 V
"1 U 1 UM>N1 UJKL 1
· A ) (From) .>M J=1 UM>N1 U1
· E C (To)
· A D (About) .8 9# J* :
;< =J > ?1
1 P
*
J 1 U I

4
· E &D (On)
· F (In) . $ 2 0 1 0 $ 2 ( ) . &$/
0 )

· K
Jû÷ L (Perhaps)
· >M N (By)
· (Like)
·
" (For)
◦ the particles of adjuration, which are:
· 1
· >M N
· >M J=
• Verbs are known by being succeeded by:

· + (Indeed, perhaps)
· P * J (Will)
· (Will)
· 8 9# J* :
;< =J > ? (Closed feminine ta)
• Particles are known by the fact that neither the signs for
the noun nor the verb are proper to them.
3 - 3
CHAPTER 2: Inflection KCn±ÏC :2 KDL
K
D `
Inflection
Z
I ? 1 , Z[ \& D 8 & X ) =X 0 & X 1, ] ^? :
It is the change of the last syllable of words based on agents
of inflection governing them, explicitly or implicitly
( ) *+ ,
Its types
_ T G
X !
/
; L
Jussive Genitive Accusative Nominative

Noun

Verb
4 - 4
CHAPTER 2: Inflection KCn±ÏC :2 KDL

Inflection is the change of the last syllable of words based on 8 & X ) =X 0 & X 1, ] ^? :
agents of inflection governing them, explicitly or implicitly. Its
types are four: .Z
I ? 1 , Z[ \& D
• L (Nominative)
• ! / ; (Accusative) _ T 1 UG X 1 U!/
;1 U L :%$ &' # !" #
• G X (Genitive) _ T 0 1 UG H
1 U!/
9J1 U J a
b A ) > c 4 &
• _ T (Jussive) .\
G
X 0 1 U_ d 1 U!/
9J1 U J :a
b A ) W c
4 1
Nouns are nominative, accusative or genitive, but not jussive. .\
Verbs are nominative, accusative or jussive, but not genitive
5 - 5
CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection KCn±ÏC ODÕÌ± :3 KDL

K
D ` @
)D
Signs of Inflection
_ y
& Gr
& !
/
9J& J &
Jussive Genitive Accusative Nominative

x 4 M
.v/
J h
L ie$ $ ( /
9 e$ 2 e$ 0 ( 2 e$ 0 ( 2 e$ 0 (
Xw N) Declinable N) Singular noun N) Singular noun
V) Imperfect verbs
singular noun ]* =J T 1 ( ]* =J T 1 (
with a sound /
9 e$ ]* =J T 1 ( N) Broken plural N) Broken plural
ending N) Declinable broken fg" h
L ie$ $ ( J* :
;Jn e$ T (
plural
J* :
;Jn e$ T ( >j Y k l Xm /
=
N) Sound feminine
plural
V) Imperfect verb
N) Sound feminine
with nothing at its fg" h L ie$ $ (
plural
" = e h
L ie$ $ ( termination >j Y k l Xm / =
Xw f
V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at its
V) Imperfect verbs termination
with a weak
8* H
>M 54 (
ending
@
No \ L W$ 54 ( N) The five nouns
8* H
N) The five nouns
>M 54 (
1
t u9 8$ 9o? (
V) Verbs that are
N) Dual J* #g" $ T (
nominative by the J* #g" $ T ( N) Sound masculine
presence of the plural
N) Sound masculine
nun plural J* :
;Jn e$ T ( 8* H
>M 54 (
N) Sound feminine N) The five nouns
plural
4
/
9
0 0 ( f
N) Indeclinable 8$ 9o? (
nouns 8$ 9o? ( N) Dual
N) Dual
J* #g" $ T (
N) Sound masculine
t
plural
bC UhL ie$ $ (
t 1 , Up89o? ]
( /
?J
8 Nq re$ 8 o ;Jn e$ 1 , Ups

V) Imperfect verb
Y=" 8$ *
H W$ 54 (
with an attached
t u9 @
No \ L pronoun, such as
V) Verbs that are that of ‘dual’,
nominative by the ‘plural’, or ‘2nd
presence of the person feminine’
nun
6 - 6
CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection KCn±ÏC ODÕÌ± :3 KDL
The nominative has four signs: dammah, waw, alif and nun. .t$ u91 U354 1 U11 U$8J i
J :*
)
+ &' # +,-
• Dammah is the sign of the nominative in four cases: 0 F :
) 8 L , F J & 8Z )
D t$ $= % ,/,0 , .
◦ the singular noun
◦ the broken plural 1 UJ* :
;Jn e$ T 1 U]* =J T 1 U2 e$
◦ the sound feminine plural .>j Y k l Xm /
=
fg" h
L ie$
◦ the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination
#g" $ T Y :A
) F J & 8Z )
D t$ $= , #
• Waw is the sign of the nominative in two cases:
◦ the sound masculine plural Uz - 1 UzX, 1 Uz, :Y ' 1 U8*
H
> 54 F1 J*
◦ the five nouns, which are: W
p ) 1$b Uz$ Uz - UzX, Uz, .Wp ) 1$b1 Uz$1
(your father, your brother, your in-law, your mouth, .8Z |
J X > 54 8 9o? Y J & 8Z )
D t$ $= 1 32 , #
possessor of wealth)
• Alif is the sign of the nominative in the dual case only /
?J bC UhL ie$ Y J & 8Z )
D t$ $= 4 56 , #
• Nun is the sign of the nominative in the imperfect verb .8 Nq re$ 8 o ;Jn e$ ]
1 , Ups
]
1 , Up89o? ]
(
with an attached pronoun, such as that of ‘dual’, ‘plural’,
UM>1 U$} *
1 U354 1 U$8v
= :*
)
7
/ 8 9
:
,6-
or ‘second person feminine’.
.t u9
g - 1
The accusative has five signs: fatha, alif, kasrah, ya and omission 0 F :
) 8 R
R Y !
/
9J& 8Z )
D t$ $= % ;
< , .
of the nun.
• Fatha is the sign of the accusative in three cases: !
S |
; ( & D X 2 bC h
L ie$ 1 U]* =J T 1 U2 e$
◦ the singular noun .>j Y k l Xm / =J
1
◦ the broken plural
:v; U8*
H
> 54 Y !
/
9J& 8Z )
D t$ $= :1
3 , #
◦ the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination
• Alif is the sign of the accusative in the five nouns, for .a
b ( Nk , )1 UzX, 1 z , {

, L
example: z
X, 1 z , {

, L (I saw you father and brother) .J* :
;Jn e$ T Y !
/
9J& 8Z )
D $t$= := !
, #
• Kasrah is the sign of the accusative in the sound feminine . d
1 8 9o=J F !
/
9J& 8Z )
D t$ $= :?> @ , #
plural.
• Ya is the sign of the accusative in the dual and the sound 8 *
H
W 54 F !
/
9J& 8Z )
D t$ $ 4 ,6
A B , #
masculine plural. .t u9 @
No \ L Y="
Omission of the nun is the sign of the accusative in those
.8$ v
= 1 UM>1 U$} *
:*
)
C

D EF
-
•
verbs that are nominative by the presence of the nun.
F :
) 8 R
R F G
r
& 8Z )
D t$ $= := !
, .
The genitive has three signs: kasrah, ya and fatha. T 14 U /
9e$ ] *
=J T 1 U /
9e$ 2 e$ 0
• Kasrah is the sign of the genitive in three cases:
◦ the declinable singular noun . J* : ;Jn e$
◦ the declinable broken plural > 54 F :
) 8 R
R F G
r
& 8Z )
D t$ $= :?@ , #
◦ the sound feminine plural
. d
1 U89o=J F1 U8*
H

• Ya is the sign of the genitive in three cases:
◦ the five nouns 0 fg" 0 Y G
r
& 8Z )
D t$ $= :% ;
< , #
◦ the dual .
/
9
◦ the sound masculine plural

• Fatha is the sign of the genitive in indeclinable nouns. .
g ~
1 U$t$*
u :4 <
H I
-
. v/
J h
L ie$ F _ y
& 8Z )
D t$ $ 4 5! , .
The jussive has two signs: sukun and omission.
. X w
• Sukun is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with a
sound ending. " = e h
Lie$ Y _ y
& 8Z )
D t$ $
A
, #
• Omission is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with .t u9 @
No \ L Y=" 8 *
H
W 54 F1 UX w
a weak ending and verbs that are nominative by the
presence of the nun.
7 - 7
IMPERFECT VERBS °mD¥ÖÆC È²

È²»ÆC
+J KL M
Plural Dual Singular
PQR /NA
-<
$ ; $ , 1st person masc/fem
NA 9ST
t $& ? t ? $ ? 2nd person masc
PQR 9ST
A & ? t ? P
& ? 2nd person fem
NA 9UV
t $&
t
$
3rd person masc
PQR 9UV
A &
t ? $ ? rd
3 person fem
>j Y k l Xm /
=
fg" h
L ie$ $ Imperfect verbs with nothing at their termination
8$ *
H
W$ 54 The five verbs
Y9N) Imperfect verbs with fixed endings
IMPERFECT VERBS WITH WEAK ENDINGS nfËC ÈQ²

ÈQ²ÖÆC °mD¥ÖÆC È²
È²»ÆC
Weak Ya Weak Waw Weak Alif Sound End
Y)
D
E
$ X
+' - Nom.
Y)
D
E
X
9:Q - Acc.

h

X
HW - Juss.
|
Original

g - Omission

I ? Implicit
8 - 8
INDECLINABLE NOUNS ¹n¡ÚÕ nêµ
A noun is indeclinable if it has the

following properties, unless it has the
definite article or is mudaf.
8 & 8| h d E\=9) 8^| :;<= 3,

Proper name Descriptive In the pattern of the }21 e 1, }L/Ie
utmost plural
Feminine that ends
with an alif maqsura
or alif and hamza
W t1 t9 1 35 }2

Changed Pattern of verb Superfluous t
3, ]^ :;<= 8 y !#=

Fem. with no alif Non-Arab origin Compounded
/9) ]
Indeclinable
Does not accept a

kasra, instead takes a
fatha, and can not
take a tanween.
9 - 9
CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ODLn²ÖÆC :4 KDL
@
e$
Inflected
Words

1~
$ @
# ~

By letters By vowels
L L
Nom. M Nom.
!
/
; 8$ 9o=J ( !
/
; 2 e$ 0 (
f Acc. N) Dual
4 Acc. N) Singular noun
G
X Decline
G
X
Gen. /
9
Gen.
L /
9
0 L
1 Nom. 4 Indecline M Nom.
!
/
; J* #" g e$ T ( !
/
; ] *
=J T (
f Acc. N) Sound masc. pl. 4 Acc. N) Broken Plural
G
X G
X
Gen. Gen.
L L
1 Nom. M Nom.
!
/
; 8$ *
H
>M 54 ( !
/
; J* :
;Jn e$ T (
N) The five nouns N) Sound fem. pl.
Acc.
4 Acc.
G
X
f G
X
Gen. Gen.
L L
t Nom. M Nom.
8$ *
H
W$ 54 ( fg" h L ie$ $ (
!
/
; !
/
; >j Y k l X m / =J

t
V) The five verbs
Acc. t ?1 t
) 4 Acc. V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at
t $& ?1 t $&
1 . v/
J
x
its termination
(P & ?1 Sound _ T
_ T Juss.
Juss. $ = e$
Weak
10 - 10
CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ODLn²

ODLn²ÖÆC :4 KDL
Inflected words are of two types: those inflected by vowels and K

*
+1 U@ # ~
K

*
+ :4 /!
" * & X
those inflected by letters. .
1~ $
• Those types inflected by vowels are four: the singular T 1 U2 e$ 0 :Y ) Q# %&2' # *
N & Z [ A\2
noun, the broken plural, the sound feminine plural and the
imperfect verb with nothing at its termination.
fg" h L ie$ $ 1 UJ* : ;Jn e$ T 1 U]* =J
◦ All of these are nominative by the dammah, accusative by
.>j Y k l X m /
=J
the fatha, genitive by the kasrah and jussive by the sukun, U} *
G r ?1 U8v = !
/ 9?1 U8J i J ? \&#$ 1
except in three cases:
.t $* u _ y
?1
· the sound feminine plural is accusative by the kasrah !
/ 9
J* : ;Jn e$ T :>4 k , 8$ R
R a b A D X 1
· the indeclinable noun is genitive by the fatha U8v = G r
/ 9
0 fg" 01 U} *
· the imperfect verb with a weak ending is jussive by .l X g v _ y

X w = e$ h
L ie$ $ 1
omission
#" g e$ T 1 U$89o=J :Y
) Q# % &' #

&
Z [ A\
• Those types inflected by letters are four: the dual, the
sound masculine plural, the five nouns and the five verbs, :Y ' 1 U$8*
H
W$ 54 1 U$8* H >M 54 1 UJ*
which are: P
& ? U t$& ? U t$&
Ut
? Ut

. .P
& ?1 U t$& ?1 U t$&
1 Ut
?1 Ut

◦ The dual is nominative by the alif and accusative and .> G
r
?1 !
/
9?1 U354 = :% @6 L ,< .
genitive by the ya. G
r

1 !
/
9
1 U1 :
,! \NA X + / W , #
◦ The sound masculine plural is nominative by the waw
.>
and accusative and genitive by the ya.
U354 !
/
9?1 U1 = :% !
/ ]
?> / , #
◦ The five nouns are nominative by the waw, accusative by
the alif and genitive by the ya. !
/
9?1 tu9 = 8$ *
H
W$ 54 J), 1 > G
r ?1
◦ The five verbs are nominative by the nun and accusative .\g v _ y
?1
and jussive by omission.
11 - 11
CHAPTER 5: Verbs ÅD²ºÍC :5 KDL

W$ 54
Verbs
) , h
L i)
p )
Imperative Imperfect Perfect
S, 1_y
) T 1 , !
|
; ( &D X
E=- UZ , h
$ ) ' 1 U{;, :a
$ + \ y

L 54 1_J - C ( 1J , F S, X w
= )
Always Always commences with one of the letters contained in {
;, Fatha always
jussive the last vowel
Always nominative unless acted upon by a accusative or jussive agent
!
|
9J d
t , t C Juss. agents
Acc. agents
If
That
)
A What
Will not Did not
( *
9 A )
Act by
themself
t b C Who J
Then \ ) Not yet
Whatever
Y # , 1
So that )b C Did not? _ y

Whenever
Make one
f
, "e, verb juss.
Not yet?
Which
Y # 0
Lam of cause E=) P
& _ y

> Du 1 ) 54 0
When Make two Lam of
verbs juss. imperative &
2 vd
$ 0 t J
, supplication
Lam of neg. When
EJ=- A
, > Du 1 Y \ 9J Y 0
}Z i
) t < Until Where No of prohibition
& supplication
Act by a EJ;,
concealed > How
(t,) So
o$-
1 Wherever
And
#
However
1 ,
Or
8J|X
J Y bC
‘If’ in poetry only
12 - 12
CHAPTER 5: Verbs ÅD²ºÍC :5 KDL

There are three types of verbs: the perfect, the imperfect and the UK
: v
; U) , 1 UhL i) 1 Up) :%$ D
D ^ 32
imperative. For example: K
UK i

UK
.K

1 UK i

1
The last vowel of a perfect verb is always a fatha. The imperative
is always jussive. The imperfect commences with one of the .S, X w
= ) :_ `/
letters in ‘{
;, ’ and is always nominative unless acted upon by an
accusative or jussive agent. .S, 1_y
) : 32
• The accusative agents are ten, they are:
◦ t , (That)
\ y

L 54 1_J - C ( 1J , F t # ) :Y
' 0X
◦ A (Will not)
1 , !
|
; ( &D X
E=- UZ, h
$ ) ' 1 U{;, :a
$ +
◦ t b C (Then)
. T
◦ Y # (So that)
◦ Y # 0 (Lam of cause) :_ a$= b
9 c ,6
◦ 2 vd $ 0 (Lam of negation) UEJ=- 1 U2vd
$ 0 1 UY# 0 1 UY# 1 Utb C1 UA 1 Ut,
◦ EJ=- (Until) .1 , 1 U11 U> K
d 1
◦ > K
d (Fa of reply)
◦ 1 (And) :_ a=b % @Q /D d e
◦ 1 , (Or) Y \ 9J Y 0 1 U>Du 1 ) 54 0 1 U"e, 1 U , 1 UJ 1 U
• The jussive agents are eighteen, they are: U tJ
, 1 UE=) 1 Uf, 1 U)b C1 U \ ) 1 A ) 1 )1 t C1 U>Du 1
◦ (Did not)
.8Z |
J X
J Y bC1 U #1 U o$- 1 UEJ;, 1 UA
, 1
◦ J (Not yet)
◦ , (Did not?)
◦ "e, (Not yet?)
◦ > Du 1 ) 54 0 (Lam of imperative & supplication)
◦ > Du 1 Y \ 9J Y 0 (No of prohibition & supplication)
◦ t C (If)
◦ ) (What)
◦ A ) (Who)
◦ \ ) (Whatever)
◦ )b C (Whenever)
◦ f
, (Which)
◦ E=) (When)
◦ t J
, (When)
◦ A
, (Where)
◦ EJ;, (How)
◦ o$ -
(Wherever)
◦ # (However)
◦ 8Z |
J X
J Y bC (‘If ’ in poetry only)
13 - 13
CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ôDÖrÍC OD±ÝºnÕ :6 KDL
>M 5 @
D$ e
Nominative
Nouns
Nr
,$ =N ( &D J *

fg" W$ e $ D
Predicate of a Subject of a The object whose
Subject
noun sentence noun sentence subject is unnamed
h
$ & J= \?X , 1 t" C NX X , 1 t #
Appositions Predicate of t " C Subject of t #
to nom. nouns or her sisters or her sisters
{
9J 3
#J= W$ N
Adjective Conjunctive Corroborative Permutative
14 - 14
CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ôDÖrÍC OD±ÝºnÕ :6 KDL

Nominative nouns are of seven types: :_ a$% f *
X
• the subject
• the object whose subject is unnamed Ul NX 1 U$, =Ne$ 1 U(&D J *
fg" W$ e 1 U$D
• the subject of a noun sentence and its predicate Uh$ & J=1 U\?X , 1 t" C NX 1 U X , 1 t # 1
• the subject of t
# or her sisters .W$ N1 U#J=1 U3 1 U{ 9J :>4 k , 8$ L , ' 1
• the predicate of t
" Cor her sisters
• appositions to nominative nouns, which are:
◦ adjectives
◦ conjunctives
◦ corroboratives
◦ permutatives
15 - 15
CHAPTER 7: Subject È±D»ÆC :7 KDL
$ D
Subject
( &$ ( & N+ L $#g e h

$ e 0 :
It is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb
A *
+
Its two types
i
) '
Implicit Explicit
v
;
For
+J - Plural KL - Dual M - Singular example
_`
W$ T / t 1
_J + t
_J + Y)
$ / z X, /
+ NA 9UV
Perfect
Y'0 3rd person
W$ T / t 1
_J $I
t
_J $I
Y)
$ / z X, /
$I
masculine
Imperfect
_`
2 9\ / @
9 {
) + t 9 {
) + 9' {
) + PQR 9UV
Perfect
Y'0 3rd person
2 9\ / @
9 $I? t 9 $I? 9' $I? feminine
Imperfect
+J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single
PQR / NA
-<
9
{

1st person masc/fem
NA 9ST
=
=
{

2nd person masc
PQR 9ST
v
; AJ =
=
{

2nd person fem
For NA 9UV
example

K

3rd person masc
PQR 9UV
A
=
{

3rd person fem
16 - 16
CHAPTER 7: Subject È±D»ÆC :7 KDL
The subject is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb. It E &D ' 1 .( &$ ( & N+ L $#g e h
$ e 0 :
is of two types: explicit and implicit. .p i
) 1 Up' :A *
+
Examples of the explicit subject include:

Ut
_J +1 U
$I
1 U
+ :a + v
; \g
•
◦ Y)
$ / z X, /
+ (Zaid/your brother/my servant stood
+ 1 U t1
_J $I
1 U t1
_J +1 Ut
_J $I
1
up)
◦ Y)
$ / z X, /
$I
(Zaid/your brother/my servant {
) +1 U9' $I?1 U9' { ) +1 UW$ TJ $I
1 U$WTJ
stands up) U@9\ $I?1 U@9\ { ) +1 Ut9\ $I?1 Ut9
◦ t
_J + (The two Zaids stood up) UzX, $I
1 UzX, +1 U29\ $I?1 U29\ { ) +1
◦ t
_J $I
(The two Zaid stand up) .a
b ( Nk , )1 UY)
$ $I
1 UY)
$ +1
◦ W$ T / t 1
_J + (The Zaids/men stood up)
◦ W$ T / t 1
_J $I
(The Zaids/men stand up) U9
1 U{

:a
+ v
; U
D 9R / 0
/
◦ 9' { ) + (Hind stood up) UK
1 UJA=
1 U=
1 U =
1 U{

1 U{4
1
◦ 9' $I? (Hind stands up) .A
1 U1 U 1 U{ 1
◦ t 9 { ) + (The two Hinds stood up)
◦ t 9 $I? (The two Hinds stand up)
◦ 2 9\ / @ 9 { ) + (The Hinds/Hinds stood up)
◦ 2 9\ / @ 9 $I? (The Hinds/Hinds stand up)
• Examples of the implicit subject include:

◦ {
(I hit)
◦ 9
(We hit)
◦ { (You (m) hit)
◦ { (You (f) hit)
◦ = (You two hit)
◦ = (You all (m or m/f) hit)
◦ AJ =
(You all (f) hit)
◦ K
(He hit)
◦ {
(She hit)
◦ (They two (m or m/f) hit)
◦ =
(They two (f) hit)
◦ (They all (m or m/f) hit)
◦ A

(They all (f) hit)
17 - 17
CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is çÇ±Dº ÷û×sé ×Æ ìlÆC ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :8 KDL

Unnamed
fg W e
(&D *

Object Whose Subject
is Unnamed
( &$D ( ) # g
fg" Uh$ e 0x : ' 4
It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned with it
l X N+ ) . =$1 ( $1J , J

:ZDLi) t # l X N+ ) *
#$ 1 ( $1J , J
:S
) $ t #
When its verb is imperfect, the first vowel When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is
is a dammah and the second last a fatha a dammah and the second last a kasrah
A *
+
Its two types
i
) '
Implicit Explicit
M – Singular
1 D # ,$
K

_`
NA 9UV v
;
Perfect
For
1 D

K
i

Y'0 3rd person masc example
Imperfect
+J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single

PQR / NA
-<
9
{

1st person masc/fem
NA 9ST
v
; =
=
{

2nd person masc
For PQR 9ST
example AJ =
=
{

2nd person fem
NA 9UV

K

3rd person masc
PQR 9UV
A
=
{

3rd person fem
18 - 18
CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is çÇ±Dº ÷û×sé ×Æ ìlÆC ÅÝ²

ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :8 KDL
Unnamed
t # t .( &$D ( ) # g
fg" Uh$ e 0x : ' 1
It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned with it. t # t C1 Ul X N+ ) * #$ 1 ( $J1, J
:S ) $
When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is a dammah and the :A *
+ E &D ' 1 .l X N+ ) . =$1 ( $1J , J :ZDLi)
second last a kasrah. When its verb is imperfect, the first vowel is
a dammah and the second last a fatha. It is of two types: explicit p i
) 1 Up'
and implicit.
• Examples of the explicit include: U1 D # ,$1
K
i

1
K

a
+ v
; \g
◦
K

(Zaid was hit) .1 D
1
◦
K
i

(Zaid is being hit)
U{
1 U9
1 {

a
+ v
; U
D 9R / 0
X
◦ 1 D # ,$ (Amr was honored) U{
1 UK
1 UJA=
1 U=
1 U =
1 U{ 1
◦ 1 D
(Amr is being honored) .A
1 UM
1 U
1
• Examples of the implicit include:

◦ {

(I was hit)
◦ 9
(We were hit)
◦ {

(You (m) were hit)
◦ {

(You (f) were hit)
◦ =
(You two were hit)
◦ =
(You all (m or m/f) were hit)
◦ AJ =
(You all (f) were hit)
◦ {

(She was hit)
◦
(They two (m or m/f) were hit)
◦ =
(They two (f) were hit)
◦
(They all (m or m/f) were hit)
◦ A
(They all (f) were hit)
19 - 19
CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC :9 KDL

H1 ,=Ne
The Subject and
Predicate
8 J[ &" ) A D fL h

$ e$ 0 ' :#h <f X
( C 9*
e$ h
$ e 0 ' : fF

The Subject: Nominative noun free of explicit agents
The Predicate: Nominative noun connected to the subject
v
; For example
+

2p ) t *
+ Nr
Zaid is t *
+ , =Ne$ i
)
standing
Not single Predicate’s two Subject’s two Implicit
types t + t
_J types
The two Zaids are
2 ) standing '
Single Explicit
t÷ + t 1
_J
The Zaids are
standing
F

For +J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single
L J
example
L 1y
e 1 Lu d PQR / NA
-<
v
; A v
; ;,
Preposition 1st person masc/fem
and its object NA 9ST
=;, =;, {
;,

2nd person masc

["
z 9D PQR 9ST
Adverbial + ;, AJ =;, =;, {
;,
expression 2nd person fem
A v
; NA 9UV
( &D ) $ ' ' '
3rd person masc
t +
Verb and its +
PQR 9UV
subject AJ ' ' Y '
l , 3rd person fem
l NX ) ,$ =Ne$
Subject and its
predicate
8 N' b ( =
L T

20 - 20
CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC :9 KDL

The subject is a nominative noun that is free of explicit agents .8 J[ &" ) A D fL h
$ e$ 0 ' :#h <f X
and the predicate is a nominative noun connected to it. For
example: .( C 9*
e$ h
$ e 0 ' : fF

• +
(Zaid is standing) .t + t 1
_J 1 t + t
_J 1 +
a
+ v
;
• t + t
_J (The two Zaids are standing)
• t + t 1
_J (The Zaids are standing) . i
) 1 U' :4 /!" #h <f X
The subject is of two types: explicit and implicit. .l # b J I ? ) \g
• Examples of the explicit subject include those that have
:_ ab
6D / 0
X
been mentioned above.
• There are twelve implicit subjects, they are: U' 1 UJA=;, 1 U=;, 1 U =;, 1 U{
;, 1 U{;, 1 UAv ;1 U;,
◦ ;, (I), for example: A v
;1 + ;, :a + v
; UJA' 1 U' 1 U ' 1 UY' 1
◦ A v
; (We), for example: .a
b ( Nk , )1 t +
◦ { ;, (You (m))
◦ {
;, (You (f)) .2p ) 1 U2 ) :4 /!" fF

◦ =;, (You two) . +
: v
; M /
◦ =;, (You all (m or m/f)) $ 1 U [" 1 UL1y
e 1 Lu d :>4 k , 8$ L , M X @ V
◦ AJ =;, (You all (f)) ULJ F
:a + v ; Ul NX ) ,$ =Ne$ 1 U(&D )
◦ ' (He) .8 N' b ( =
L T
1 Ul, +
1 Uz 9D
1
◦ Y ' (She)
◦ ' (Them two)
◦ ' (Them all (m or m/f))
◦ AJ ' (Them all (f))
• For example:
◦ + ;, (I am standing)
◦ t + A v
; (We are standing)
The predicate is of two types: single and not single.
• Examples of the single predicate include:
◦ +
(Zaid is standing)
◦ t + t
_J (The two Zaids are standing)
◦ t + t 1
_J (The Zaids are standing)
• There are four types of predicates that are not single, they
are:
◦ the preposition and its object, for example:
· L J F
(Zaid is in the house)
◦ the adverbial expression, for example:
· z 9D
(Zaid is with you)
◦ the verb and its subject, for example:
· l , +
(Zaid’s father stood up)
◦ the subject and its predicate, for example:
· 8 N' b ( =
L T
(Zaid’s slave-girl is going)
21 - 21
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ëÇ± öÇfCjÆC ÈÕCÝ²ÆC :10 KDL

the Subject and Predicate
nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC...............
EjQMÖÆC...............
E&D 8&X )
H 1 ,=Ne
Agents Governing
the Subject and
Predicate
>4 k ,
Types
Nr
1 , =Ne$ !
/
9? \;J :ij8 # k
6 6l Nr
?1 0 !
/
9? \;J :ij8 # \4m Nr
!
/
9?1 0 ? \;J :ij8 # 4 N
Dhanna and her sisters: Make Inna and her sisters: Make the Kana and her sister: Make the
the subject and predicate acc. noun acc. and the predicate nom. noun nom. and the predicate acc.
. N|
, t #
Past Was
. N/

t$ $
# =J& YJT =J& Pres. Is

Emphasis Possible . N4|
, A #$
{
N*
- {
Order E*) , 2 ) Be!
t" , "
)
. N|
,
{
& X {
& T
t" C Ev, = )
{
99 t #
{
D @
g r
?J AJ {

" a
J ; )
t" < #
@
W )
{

, L @
T 1
z L = YJ9 =J&
{
&D L |

Correction ( N
=J& Impossible
Comparison
+ Z
t" C
X k Z D {

Truly Zaid is standing I wish Amr was alone
Z/Xk Z D {
& X ZI&[ 9) Z
{
99 Z +
t # Z/Xk 1 D

I thought Amr was alone I thought Zaid left Zaid was standing Amr was not alone
22 - 22
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing the Subject nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC ëÇ± öÇfCjÆC ÈÕCÝ²ÆC :10 KDL
and Predicate
{
99 1 U\?X , 1 t" C1 U\?X , 1 t # :?2 @n # % D
D _
They are of three types: kana and her sisters, inna and her
.\?X , 1
sisters and dhanna and her sisters.
• Kana and her sister make the noun nominaitve and the
predicate accusative. They are: UNr
!
/
9?1 0 ? \;J Uij 8 # 4 N , .
◦ t # (Was) U@1 U" 1 UEv, 1 U.N| , 1 UE*), 1 U t # :Y ' 1
◦ E*), (In the evening) U )1 U = )1 UJa ; )1 U W )1 U 1 UL|1
◦ . N| , (In the morning) UA#$ 1 U$t$
1 U t # : v ; \9)
J / ? )1 U2 )1
◦ Ev, (In the mid-morning)
1 UZ +
t # :W$ $I? U.N4|
, 1 . N/

1 . N|
, 1
◦ " (Occurred) .a
b ( Nk , )1 UZ/Xk 1 D
◦ @ (In the night)
◦ L | (Occurred) :Y ' 1 UNr
?1 0 !
/
9? \;J aij8 # \4m , #
◦ (Not) Z
t" C :W$ $I? U" 1 U{ 1 U"t< # 1 UJA 1 U"t, 1 U"tC
◦ W ) (Has not finished) a
b ( Nk , )1 UX k Z D {
1 U+
◦ a
J ; ) (Still is)
◦ = ) (Still is)
◦
) (Still is)
◦ 2 ) (Still is)
• These also include conjugations of the above, for example:
◦ t # (Was)
◦ t$ $
(Is)
◦ A #$ (Be!)
◦ . N| , (Last morning) - Past
◦ . N/
(This morning) - Present
◦ . N4|
, (In the morning!) - Order
• For example:
◦ Z +
t # (Zaid was standing)
◦ Z/Xk 1 D (Amr was not alone)
• Inna and her sister make the noun accusative and the
predicate nominative. They are:
◦ t" C (Truly)
◦ t" , (Truly)
◦ AJ (But/except)
◦ t" < # (Like)
◦ { (Wish)
◦ " (Hope)
• For example:
◦ + Z
t" C (Truly Zaid is standing)
◦
X k Z D {
(I wish Amr was alone)
23 - 23
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ëÇ± öÇfCjÆC ÈÕCÝ²ÆC :10 KDL

the Subject and Predicate
nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC...............
EjQMÖÆC...............
E&D 8&X )
H 1 ,=Ne
Agents Governing
the Subject and
Predicate
>4 k ,
Types
Nr
1 , =Ne$ !
/
9? \;J :ij8 # k
6 6l Nr
?1 0 !
/
9? \;J :ij8 # \4m Nr
!
/
9?1 0 ? \;J :ij8 # 4 N
Dhanna and her sisters: Make Inna and her sisters: Make the Kana and her sister: Make the
the subject and predicate acc. noun acc. and the predicate nom. noun nom. and the predicate acc.
. N|
, t #
Past Was
. N/

t$ $
# =J& YJT =J& Pres. Is

Emphasis Possible . N4|
, A #$
{
N*
- {
Order E*), 2 ) Be!
t" , "
)
. N|
,
{
& X {
& T
t" C Ev, = )
{
99 t #
{
D @
g r
?J AJ {

" a
J ; )
t" < #
@
W )
{

, L @
T 1
z L = YJ9 =J&
{
&D L |

Correction ( N
=J& Impossible
Comparison
+ Z
t" C
X k Z D {

Truly Zaid is standing I wish Amr was alone
Z/Xk Z D {
& X ZI&[ 9) Z
{
99 Z +
t # Z/Xk 1 D

I thought Amr was alone I thought Zaid left Zaid was standing Amr was not alone
24 - 24
U(N
=J& t" < # 1 UzL = AJ 1 U# =J& t" , 1 t" C ) 1
• t" , & t" C are for emphasis. . +" =J1 YJT =J& " 1 UYJ9 =J& {
1
• AJ is for correction.
• t" < # is for comparison. E &D Nr 1 , =Ne$ !
/ 9? \;J aij8 # k
6 6l , #
• { is for wishing for the impossible. U{& X 1 U{N* - 1 U{99 :Y ' 1 U\ t 0 ) \ ;J,
• " is for hoping for the possible. U@g r ?J1 U@ T 1 1 U{ &D 1 U{
, L 1 U{ D 1
Z D { & X 1 UZI&
9) Z
{
99 :W$ $I? V{ 1 U{& T 1
• Dhanna and her sisters make the subject and the predicate
a
b ( Nk , )1 UZ/Xk
accusative as they are both objects of them. They are:
◦ { 99 (I thought)
◦ {
N*
- (I thought)
◦ {
& X (I thought)
◦ {
D (I thought)
◦ {

, L (I saw)
◦ {
&D (I knew)
◦ @
T 1 (I found)
◦ @
g r ?J (I made)
◦ {
& T (I made)
◦ {
(I heard)
• For example:
◦ ZI& 9) Z
{
99 (I thought Zaid left)
◦ Z/Xk Z D { & X (I thought Amr was alone)
25 - 25
CHAPTER 11: Adjectives R²ÚÆC :11 KDL
{ 9
Adjectives
:F @
9 & ? {
9J
Adjectives imitate what they describe in being:
( i
X ( N/
; ( L
Gen. Acc. Nom.
}$ 9J l ] 9? (
? 8$ e
Indefinite nouns Indefinite Definite Definite nouns
v
; For example
$ +
+
Intelligent Zaid i
e$ 0
stood up
({
;, 1 ;, )
+ Z
{

, L
Personal pronouns
I saw intelligent Zaid (I, you)
0 ( *
9T Y p k p #$ + p
_ @
L ) & 0
( N
I ?1 UX t 12 - 1 ( u =r

I passed by (8 " ) 1 p
)
intelligent Zaid Proper names
U(& D "1 3 54 W$ X2 . & | ) #$ (Zaid, Mecca)

1 T J v
; \ Ne$ 0
All nouns that describe a general (> 0n'1 Ulg '1 U g')
category and do not refer to only Demonstrative pronouns
some within a category to the (This)
exclusion of others. Also, all ‘W’ ( fg" 0
nouns to which it is proper to (
^ 1 T J )
attach the definite article, for
Nouns with the def. article
example: the man, (The man, the boy)
the horse.
E C 3 ,$ )
8 L 54 l g ' A ) p - 1
That in conjunction with
the above four
26 - 26
CHAPTER 11: Adjectives R²÷ûÚÆC :11 KDL

Adjectives imitate what they describe in being nominative, (
?1 U(i
X1 ( N/ ;1 ( L F @
9 & ? :k ,6
accusative or genitive, and in being definite or indefinite. For
example: U + Z
{
, L 1 U$+
+ :W$ $I? Vl] 9?1
• $ +
+ (Intelligent Zaid stood up) . + p
_ @
L ) 1
• + Z
{

, L (I saw intelligent Zaid)
• + p
_ @
L ) (I passed by intelligent Zaid) U{;, 1 ;, : v ; i e$ 0 :?2 @n # % !
/ 8 % X
U g' : v ; \ Ne$ 0 1 U 8" ) 1 p
: v
; & 0 1
Definite nouns are of five types: : v
; " 1 3 54 ( fg" 0 1 U>0n'1 Ulg '1
• i
e$ 0 (Personal pronouns), for example:
.8 L 54 l g ' A ) p - 1 E C 3 ,$ )1 U ^ 1 T J
◦ ;, (I)
◦ { ;, (You (m)) t 12 - 1 (
u =r
0 ( * 9T Y p k p #$ := ,6
• & 0 (Proper names), for example: v
; U(& D
"1 3
54 W$ X2 . & |
) #$ ( N
I ?1 UX
◦ p
(Zaid) .
1 T J
◦ 8 " ) (Mecca)
• \ Ne$ 0 (Demonstrative pronouns), for example:
◦ g' (This (m))
◦ l g ' (This(f))
◦ > 0n' (These)
•
" 1 3 54 ( fg" 0 (Nouns with the definite article), for
example:
◦ T J (The man)
◦ ^ (The boy)
• 8 L 54 l g ' A ) p - 1 E C 3
,$ ) (That in conjunction with the
above four)
Indefinite nouns are that which describe a general category, and

do not refer to only some within a category to the exclusion of
others. Also, all nouns to which it is proper to attach the definite
article, for example:
• T J (the man)
•
(the horse)
27 - 27
CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions ¼©²Æ

¼©²ÆC :12 KDL
3
Conjunctions
EJ=- 0 J)C , J R$ 1
A 1 , >M
:E &D \ {
D t" C
If you connect with
them to:
{
) _ T p 1_y
) {
i
X
p $r
) {
N/
;K
p /9) {
L h
p $ )
a juss., the word a gen., the word an acc., the word a nom., the word
connected is juss. connected is gen. connected is acc. connected is nom.
I
1 I$

1p D 1 p
_ @
L ) Z D 1 Z
{

, L 1 D 1
+
Zaid did not sit, nor I passed by I saw Zaid Zaid and
did he stand Zaid and Amr and Amr Amr stood
28 - 28
CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions ¼©²

¼©²ÆC :12 KDL
The particles of conjunction are ten, they are: :_ a$= b
1 o > B
• 1 (And)
UA 1 U 01 U1 UJ)C1 U, 1 U1, 1 UJR$ 1 UM> 1 U1
>M (Then/So)
.
e G
F EJ=- 1
•
• J R$ (Then/Later)
• 1 , (Or) K
p /9) E &D 1 , U{ L h
p $ ) E &D \ {
D t"
• , (Either... or) p 1_ y
) E &D 1 , U{i X p $r ) E &D 1 , U{N/ ;
• J)C (Either) UZ D 1 Z
{
, L 1 U1 D 1
+ :W$ $I? U{) _ T
• (Rather) . I
1 I$

1 U1p D 1 p
_ @
L ) 1
• 0 (Not)
• A (But)
• EJ=- (Until) in some instances
If you connect a word with them to a nominative word, the

connected word is also nominative.
If you connect a word with them to an accusative word, the

connected word is also accusative.
If you connect a word with them to a genitive word, the

connected word is also genitive.
If you connect a word with them to a jussive word, the

connected word is also jussive.
For example:
• 1 D 1
+ (Zaid and Amr stood)
• Z D 1 Z
{
, L (I saw Zaid and Amr)
• 1p D 1 p
_ @ L ) (I passed by Zaid and Amr)
• I
1 I$

(Zaid did not sit, nor did he stand)
29 - 29
CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative jêÂÝQÆC :13 KDL
#=
The Corroborative
(
?1 ( i
X 1 ( N/
;1 ( L F #" n & ? '
The corroboratives imitate the corroborated
in nom., acc., gen., and definiteness
Appositives T , #$ A
9J
? All All Self Self
=# ,
=,
\ &"#$ I {

, L ( *
;
+
I saw the entire Zaid himself
/
, community stood up
P
T , I @
L )
I passed by the entire
community
30 - 30
CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative jêÂÝQÆC :13 KDL

The corroboratives imitate the corroborated in being nominative, .(
?1 ( i
X 1 ( N/
;1 ( L F #" n & ? :h @ N ,<
accusative or genitive, and being definite. This is with certain
known words, which are:
• 9J (Self) U#$ 1 UA 1 U 9J :Y '1 Up8) $& ) p < $
1
• A (Self) :W$ $I? U/ , 1 U=, 1 U=# , :Y ' 1 U T , ?1 U T , 1
• #$ (All) I @
L ) 1 U\ &"#$ I {
, L 1 U(* ;
+
• T , (All) and the appositives of T , , which are: .P
T ,
◦ =# ,
◦ =,
◦ / ,
For example:
• ( *
;
+ (Zaid himself stood up)
• \ &"#$ I {

, L (I saw the entire community)
• P T , I @
L ) (I passed by the entire community)
31 - 31
CHAPTER 14: The Permutative ÅjMÆC :14 KDL
WN
The Permutative
( D C T Y ( N? p A ) 1, p A ) W ,$ bC

The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another noun,
or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its inflection
( ) *+ ,
Its types

& ^ W =k 0 > Y
J A ) > Y

" $ A ) G
N
Correction of Specific from a One thing for
Part of a whole
an error general another

Z
{

, L ( & D
Y9 ; ( o &$R$ 3
J {
& # , z X,
+
I saw Zaid, (I Zaid benefited I ate a loaf of Zaid stood,
mean) the me, (with) his bread, a third your brother
horse knowledge of it
32 - 32
CHAPTER 14: The Permutative ÅjMÆC :14 KDL

The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another T Y ( N? p A ) 1 , p A ) W ,$ bC
noun, or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its
inflection. It is of four types, which are: .( D C
• > Y
J A ) > Y
(One thing for another)
• " $ A ) G
N (Part of a whole) :) !" # % &' #
• W =k 0 (Specific from a general) W$ 1 U"$ A ) G N W$ 1 U> Y J A ) > Y W$
• & ^ (Correction of an error) UzX,
+ :a + v ; U& ^ W$ 1 UW =k 0
Z
{
, L 1 U( & D
Y9 ;1 U(o &$R$ 3 J { & # , 1
For example: .( 9) Z
{ < {&^ :W $I? t , @
2 L , U
• z X,
+ (Zaid stood, your brother)
• ( o &$R$ 3
J { & # , (I ate a loaf of bread, a third of it)
• ( & D
Y9 ; (Zaid benefited me, (with) his knowledge)
• Z
{

, L (I saw Zaid, (I mean) the horse)
◦ You intended to say ‘the horse’, but you mistakenly said
‘Zaid’.
33 - 33
CHAPTER 15: Accusative Nouns ôDÖrÍC ODLÝ¡ÚÕ :15 KDL
>5 @/9)
Parts of Speech
in Accusative
0 W$ ~
_ =J t e
t )_J
( W$ e
Noun E9o=*
e$ Circum- L /
e
Specifying Place Time Direct
Negated Exception stantial Infinitive
Element Qualifier Qualifier Object
by la Qualifier
K
/9 & J= \?X , 1 {
99 0 ) \?X , 1 t" C \?X , 1 t # NX ( ) W$ e
( &T , A ) W$ e 29e$
Appositions Two Subjects of
Subject of Predicate of Object of
to an Inna & Kana & Accom- Object of
Dhanna & Sisters Vocation
Accusative Sisters Sisters paniment Reason
{
9J 3
# =J W$ N
Adjective Conjunctive Corroborative Permutative
34 - 34
CHAPTER 15: Parts of Speech in Accusative ôDÖrÍC ODLÝ¡ÚÕ :15 KDL

The accusatives are fifteen, they are: UL / e 1 U( W$ e :Y ' 1 U b % ! / 8 * &:6 X
• ( W
$ e (The Direct Object)
UE9o=* e$ 1 U_ =J1 U$W ~1 Ute 1 t )_J 1
L /
e (The Infinitive)
NX 1 U( ) W$ e 1 U(&T , A ) W$ e 1 U29e$ 1 U 0 1
•
t )_J (The Time Qualifier)
\?X , 1 { 99 0 ) U\?X , 1 "tC 1 U\?X , 1 t #
•
t e (The Place Qualifier)
U3 1 U{ 9J :>4 k , 8$ L , ' 1 UK/9 & J=1
•
W$ ~ (The Circumstantial Qualifier)
.W$ N1 U# =J1
•
• _ =J (The Specifying Element)
• E9o=* e$ (Exception)
• 0 (The Noun Negated by la)
• 29e$ (Vocation)
• ( &T , A ) W$ e (The Object of Reason)
• ( ) W$ e (The Object of Accompaniment)
• \?X , 1 t # NX (The Predicate of Kana and her Sisters)
• \?X , 1 t" C (The Subject of Inna and her Sisters)
• \?X , 1 {
99 0 ) (The Two Subjects of Dhanna and her
Sisters)
• K
/9 & J= (The Appositions to an Accusative), which are
of four types:
◦ { 9J (The Adjective)
◦ 3 (The Conjunctive)
◦ # =J (The Corroborative)
◦ W$ N (The Permutative)
35 - 35
CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object çL ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :16 KDL
( W e
The Direct
Object
$ ( I
fg" K
/9e 0 '
It is an accusative noun that is
Z
{

the object of a verb’s action
I hit Zaid

{
N# L
I mounted the t *
+
horse Its two types
' i
)
Explicit Implicit
+J - Plural KL - Dual M - Single

PQR / NA
-<
9
Y9

1st person masc/fem
NA 9ST
$
$ a

2nd person masc
PQR 9ST Connected
AJ
$ a

2nd person fem /
=J)
NA 9UV
\
\
(

3rd person masc
PQR 9UV
AJ \
\
\

3rd person fem
t *
+
+J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single Its two types
PQR / NA
-<
;J
C f
J
C
1st person masc/fem
NA 9ST
#$ J
C #J
C z J
C
2nd person masc
PQR 9ST /
9)
AJ #$ J
C #J
C z J
C
2nd person fem Unconnected
NA 9UV
' J
C ' J
C l J
C
3rd person masc
PQR 9UV
AJ ' J
C ' J
C 'J
C
3rd person fem
36 - 36
CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object çL ÅÝ²

It is an accusative noun that is the object of a verbs action, for {

: v
; U$ ( I
fg" K
/9e 0 : ' 1
example:
.
{
N# L 1 UZ

• Z
{

(I hit Zaid)
•
{
N# L (I mounted the horse) .p / 0
ap l :4 /!
"
Direct objects are of two types, explicit and implicit. Examples of .l # b J I ? ) \g
the explicit include what has already been mentioned.
. /
9) 1 U/
=J) :t *
+ / 0
X
The implicit is of two types, connected and unconnected.
• The connected are twelve, they are: Ua 1 U9 1 UY9 :Y ' 1 U D 9R $ / =J
◦ Y9
(He hit me) U(
1 UJA 1 U$ 1 U $ 1 Ua
1
◦ 9
(He hit us) .AJ \
1 U\
1 U \
1 U\
1
◦ a
(He hit you (m)) Uz J
C1 Uz J
C1 U;J
C1 UfJ
C :Y ' 1 U D 9R $ / 9e$ 1
◦ a
(He hit you (f)) U' J
C1 U ' J
C1 U'J
C1 UlJ
C1 UJA#$ J
C1 U#$ J
C1 U #J
C1
◦ $ (He hit you two) .AJ ' J
C1
◦ $ (He hit you all (m or m/f))
◦ AJ (He hit you all (f))
◦ (
(He hit him)
◦ \ (He hit her)
◦ \
(He hit them two)
◦ \
(He hit then them all (m or m/f))
◦ AJ \
(He hit them all (f))
• The unconnected are twelve, they are:
◦ f J
C (Only me)
◦ ;J
C (Only us)
◦ z J
C (Only you (m))
◦ z J
C (Only you (f))
◦ #J
C (Only you two)
◦ #$ J
C (Only you all (m of m/f))
◦ AJ #$ J
C (Only you all (f))
◦ l J
C (Only him)
◦ 'J
C (Only her)
◦ ' J
C (Only them two)
◦ ' J
C (Only them all (m or m/f))
◦ AJ ' J
C (Only them all (f))
37 - 37
CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive mj¡ÖÆC :17 KDL
L/e
The Infinitive
3

/
? Y Zo R >M Yy
fg" UK/9e 0 '
It is an accusative noun that occupies the third place in the conjugation of a verb
v
;
Z
K
i

K

For example
t *
+
Its two
types
f
9 ) Yu [
Synonymous Homonymous
v
; For example
v
; For example
Z2 +$ {
*
& T
I sat, reposed!
Z =+ ( =& =+
Z$+1 {
+$ I killed him,
I stood, erect! killed!
38 - 38
CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive mj¡ÖÆC :17 KDL

The infinitive is an accusative noun that occupies the third place 3

/
? Y Zo R >M Yy
fg" UK/9e 0 : ' h :
X
in the conjugation of a verb, as in:
• Z
K
i

K

(He hit, he hits, hitting) .p
K i

K
: v ; U
It is of two types, homonymous and synonymous. f

9 ) 1 Yu [ :4 /! "
• If the infinitive is derived from its verb it is homonymous, .
Z =+ ( =& =+ : v
; Yu [ \ ( & %
( [$ 1 t
as in:
◦ Z =+ ( =& =+ (I killed him, killed!) {
*
& T : v
; Uuf 9 ) \ ( [ t 12 ( & E9 ) 1 t C1
• If the infinitive has the same meaning as its verb, but is not .a
b ( Nk , )1 UZ$+1 {
+$1 UZ2 +$
derived from it, it is synonymous, as in:
◦ Z2 +$ {
*
& T (I sat, seated!)
◦ Z$+1 {
+$ (I stood, erect!)
39 - 39
CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and Ü ØDÕ÷ûpÆC ¹n¬ :18 KDL
Place Qualifiers
ØDÃÖÆC ¹n¬
te 1 t)_

The Time Qualifiers and
Place Qualifiers
t e
t )_J

Place Qualifiers Time Qualifiers
(F)
I = K
/9e t e ' (Y)
I= K
/9e t )J_ '
It is an accusative noun the denotes It is an accusative noun the denotes
place and is preceded by a hidden fi time and is preceded by a hidden fi
v
; For example v
; For example
9D ), 8Z =D
) 3
& X Z-N|
8 & &"
>4 C J+$ > *) }Z 1 $
>4 g- >4 L1 Z, }Z
>4 I& ?
Z), Zv
9' {
v
? Z9- Z
J R
40 - 40
CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and ØDÃÖÆC ¹n¬Ü ØDÕ÷ûpÆC ¹n¬ :18 KDL
Place Qualifiers
v
; Y
I= K /9e t )J_ : 4 ,H l
The time qualifiers are accusative nouns that denote time and UZ8 =D 1 UZ 1 UZv 1 U}Z 1 UZ}1 $ 1 U 8& &"1 U
are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include:
• (Day) .a b ( Nk , )1 .Z9-1 UZ), 1 UZ, 1 U >*) 1 UZ-N|
1
• 8 & &" (Night)
: v
; F
I = K
/9e t e : 4 X l
• }Z 1 $ (Morning)
U ) 1 U9D 1 U{v ?1 U 1 U4>L1 1 UJ+$1 U3& X 1 U),
• }Z (Tomorrow)
.a
b ( Nk , )1 UJ R 1 U9' 1 U4> I& ?1 U4> g- 1 U4>C1
• Zv (Pre-Dawn)
• Z (Tomorrow)
• 8Z =D (One-Third of the Night)
• Z-N| (Morning)
• > *) (Evening)
• Z, (Perpetually)
• Z), (A Period)
• Z9- (Once)
The place qualifiers are accusative nouns that denotes place and
are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include:
• ), (In Front)
• 3
& X (Behind)
• J+$ (In Front)
• >4 L1 (Behind)
• (Above)
• { v ? (Below)
• 9D (At/With)
• ) (With)
• >4 C (In Front)
• >4 g- (Facing)
• >4 I& ? (In Front)
• 9' (Here)
• J R (There)
41 - 41
CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier ÅDcÆC :19 KDL
W~
The Circumstantial
Qualifier
@
m¡\ A ) \ N; *
J e$ UK/9e M 0 '
It is an accusative noun that explains an
uncertainty about external circumstances
v
; For example
{
N# L
ZN#L ¢
ND {
I ZN#L
>4 T
ZT* )
I met Abdullah Zaid came,
as he was riding I rode the horse,
riding
saddled
}Z ; 0" C W$ ~ t$ $
0
It is not except indefinite

? 0" C t$ $
0
It is not except at the end of a statement
8Z ) 0" C \N-| t$ $
0
It does not explain except a definite noun
42 - 42
CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier ÅDcÆC :19 KDL

The circumstantial qualifier is an accusative noun that explains
U@m¡\ A ) \ N; *
J e$ UK/9e M 0 : ^
an uncertainty about external circumstances, as in:
• ZN#L
>4 T (Zaid came, riding) {
I 1 ZT*
) {
N# L 1 ZN#L
>4 T :a + v
;
• ZT* ) { N# L (I rode the horse, saddled) .a
b ( Nk , )1 ZN#L ¢ ND
• ZN#L ¢ ND {
I (I met Abdullah as he was riding)
It is not except indefinite, it is not except at the end of a
U
? 0" C t$ $
0 1 UZ} ; 0" C W$ ~ t$ $
0 1
statement and it does not explain except a definite noun. .8Z ) 0" C \N-| t$ $
0 1
43 - 43
CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element pêêÖQÆC :20 KDL
_e
The Specifying
Element
@
1g" A ) \ N; e *£ $ UK/9e 0 '
It is an accusative noun that explains
uncertainty about the essence of something
v
; For example
Z*; J v
) K
q
8Z y
; P
*
? {
& ) Z+D
!
NJ/
?
Muhammed
I own ninety Zaid poured
was content in
ewes forth sweat
spirit
Z , a
9) # ,

{

=k
Z\T1 a
9) $ T , 1 Z v
k < I" ?
Z) $ A

D Bakrun was
Zaid is nobler than you
I bought twenty bursting with
as a father and more
servants fat
handsome in
countenance
}Z ; 0" C _ =J t$ $

0
It is not except indefinite

? 0" C t$ $
0
It does not come except at
the end of a statement
44 - 44
CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element pêêÖQÆC :20 KDL

The specifying element is an accusative noun that explains U@1g" A ) \ N; e *£ $ UK/9e 0 : H @ @/ ,<
uncertainty about the essence of something, as in:
• Z+D
!
NJ/
? (Zaid poured forth sweat) K
q1 UZ v k < I" ?1 UZ+D
! NJ/ ? :a + v ;
• Z v k < I" ? (Bakrun was bursting with fat) P
*
? {
& ) 1 UZ) $ A
D {
=k 1 UZ*; J v )
• Z*; J v ) K q (Muhammed was content in spirit) .Z\T1 a 9) $ T , 1 UZ , a
9) # ,
1 UZ8y
;
• Z) $ A
D {
=k (I bought twenty servants)
.
? 0" C t$ $
0 1 UZ} ; 0" C _ =J t$ $
0 1
• 8Z y
; P
*
? { & ) (I own ninety ewes)
• Z\T1 a 9) $ T , 1 Z , a 9) # ,
(Zaid is nobler than you as a
father and more handsome in countenance)
It is not except indefinite and it does not come except at the end
of a statement.
45 - 45
CHAPTER 21: Exception ôDÚUQrËC :21 KDL

>9o=0
Exception
> 9o= 0
1-
Particles of
Exception
D >j

S
k-
X
S 0" C
l u T1 ( N/
; y
L 1y
)
Can be acc. or gen. Gen.
p
1 Z

X I +
v
;
The people stood except
For ex.
Zaid & Zaid Z
0" C I +
The people stood
1p D 1 Z D D I + except Zaid
The people stood except v
; ZNT) J)?
t # bC !
/
9
Amr & Amr The excepted noun is accusative if the

Z D 0" C
J9
X For
sentence is complete and positive
ex.
p 1 Z k- I + The people left
except Amr
The people stood except
Bakr & Bakr
Z
0" C I + ) v
; W$ N
The people stood not For Permutative ( T Z)J ? ZJ 9)
t # t C
except Zaid ex.
If the sentence is

0" C I + ) v
; > 9o= 0 E &D !
/
9J
It can
negative and complete
be a
The people stood not
For Acc. as above
except Zaid
ex.

0" C + )
Stood not
except Zaid
Z
0" C {

) v
; ) !
*
- E &D t # Z/+;
t # t C
I hit not If the sentence is incomplete, the
For
except Zaid excepted noun is governed by agents
p
_ 0" C @
L ) ) ex.
I pass not
except Zaid
46 - 46
CHAPTER 21: Exception ôDÚUQrËC :21 KDL

The particles of exception are eight, US 1 U 1 U"0C :Y ' 1 U%$ @Q /D ? 6L <
B
• 0 " C
.k-1 UD1 U X 1 Uj> 1 US 1
•
•
S : v
; UZNT) J)? t # bC !
/ 9
0" E9o=*

•
S
t # t C1 Z D 0" C J9
X 1 Z
0" C I +
• >j ) : v
; U>9o= 0 E &D !
/ 9J1 W$ N ( T Z)J ? ZJ 9)
•
X t # Z/+; t # t C1
0" C1 Z
0" C I +
• D 0" C {

)1
0" C + ) : v ; U) ! * - E &D
• k- .p
_ 0" C @
L ) )1 Z

The noun excepted by illa is accusative if the sentence is

. 0 L 1y
) Up> 1 US 1 US 1 U^ E9o=*
e$ 1
complete and positive, as in:
• Z
0
" C I + (The people stood except Zaid)
: v
; l u T1 ( N/
; y
Uk-1 UD 1 U r E9o=* e$ 1
• Z D 0" C
J9
X (The people left except Amr)
If the sentence is negative and complete, the excepted noun can Z k- 1 1p D 1 Z D D 1 p
1 UZ

X I +
be a permutative or accusative as above, as in: .p 1
•
0
" C I + ) (The people stood not except Zaid)
• Z
0" C I + ) (The people stood not except Zaid)
If the sentence is incomplete without the illa, the excepted noun
is governed by agents, as in:
•
0
" C + ) (Stood not except Zaid)
• Z
0" C {
) (I hit not except Zaid)
• p
_ 0" C @
L ) ) (I pass not except Zaid)
The noun excepted with ghair, siwan, suwan or sawa’un is

genitive, and nothing else.
Words excepted by khala, ada, or hasha can be accusative or

genative, as in:
• p
1 Z

X I + (The people stood except Zaid and Zaid)
• 1p D 1 Z D D I + (The people stood except Amr and Amr)
• p 1 Z k- I + (The people stood except Bakr and Bakr)
47 - 47
CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation Ë :22 KDL
0
Absolute
Negation
' k N? t C 0 L J =? 1 } 9J @

k bC
0 @
L J ? t C If the la does not If the la precedes the
If the la is repeated precede the negated indefinite and
negated indefinite is not repeated
T It can be
0 L ? !
T 1 1 J Ap
9? ^ @
9J !
/
9?
'¤ ^C \$ D C The negated is nom. The negated is acc.
with tanween and the without tanween
Ignored Incited la is repeated
v
; For v
; For
example example
}Z , ) 0 1 L J Y T L 0 L J Y T L 0

There is no man in the v
; For There is no
For house & no woman man in the
example
example v
; house
} ,) 0 1 T L L J F 0
} , ) 0 1 L J Y T L 0 In the house there is no
There is no man in the man & no woman
house & no woman
48 - 48
CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation Ë :22 KDL

Know that negated indefinite words are accusative without } 9J @
k bC Ap
9? ^ @
9J !
/ 9? 0 t" , & D
tanween if the la immediately precedes them and the la is not
repeated, as in: .L J Y T L 0 : v ; 0 L J =? 1
• L J Y
T L 0 (There is no man in the house)
F 0 : v
; 0 L ? !
T 11 J !
T 1 ' k N? t
If the la does not immediately precede the negated indefinite, the .} ,) 0 1 T L L J
negated must be nominative with a tanween and the la must be
repeated, as in:
• } ,) 0
1 T L L J F 0 (In the house there is no man & no 0 :{
& +$ {
¡k t U'¤ ^C1 \$ D C T 0 @ L J ? t
woman) .} , ) 0 1 L J Y T L
If the la is repeated, it can be incited or ignored, as in:

• }Z , ) 0 1 L J Y T L 0 (There is no man in the house & no
woman)
• } , ) 0 1 L J Y T L 0 (There is no man in the house & no
woman)
49 - 49
CHAPTER 23: The Vocation èiDÚÖÆC :23 KDL
29e
The
Vocation
& 2 e$

i ( NJ
e$
ie$ } 2 /I e }$ 9J }$ 2 /I e }$ 9J
Single
Similar to Unintended Intended
Annexed Proper
Annexed Indefinite Indefinite
Name
E&D t 9N
A ) i
J
0 8 /9)
Ap
9?
Accusative,
Formed
nothing else
with a
dammah
v
; v
;
and no
For tanween For
ex. ex.
$ T L

O man! O Zaid!
50 - 50
CHAPTER 23: The Vocation (&T A) èiDÚÖÆC :23 KDL

The vocation is of five types:
U$}2 /I e }$ 9J1 U& 2 e$ :Y
) Q# % !
/ 8 rM6X
• & 2 e$ : (Single Proper Name)
. i ( NJ e$ 1 Uie$ 1 U}2 /I e }$ 9J1
• }$ 2 /I e }$ 9J (Intended Indefinite)
• } 2 /I e }$ 9J (Unintended Indefinite) A ) i
J E&D t 9N }$ 2 /I e }$ 9J1 & 2 e$ J)<
•
ie$ (Annexed) 0 8 /9) 8$ +N 8$ R
o"1 .$ T L
1 U

v ; UpA
9?
•
i ( NJ
e$ (Similar to Annexed) Z q
1 U¢ ND
1 Uf Y;g T ZT L
v ;) U
The single proper name and the intended indefinite are formed
(
Z NT
with a dammah and no tanween, as in:
•

(O Zaid!)
• $ T L
(O man!)
The remaining three are accusative and nothing else, [as in:
• f Y;g T

Z T L
(O man, take me by my hand!)
• ¢
ND
(O slave of Allah!)
•
Z NT Z q
(O mountain climber!)]
51 - 51
CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason çÇXE ÛÕ ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :24 KDL
(&T, A) W e
The Object of
Reason
h
$+1 !
N*
Z; # g
fg" UK
/
9e 0 '
It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an action
v
; For example
a
1 ) >4 ^= a
? /
+ 1p 0Z
T C
+
I have come to for Zaid stood out of
your favor respect for Amr
CHAPTER 25: The Object of Accompaniment ç²Õ ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :25 KDL
( ) W e
The Object of
Accompaniment
$ ( ) $ A ) t N # g
fg" UuK/9 0 '
It is an accusative noun that explains with whom an action was done
v
; For example
8 N
H 1 >M e = ¥
d1 ] ) 54 >4 T
The water is level The Amir came
with the wood with the army
52 - 52
CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason çÇXE ÛÕ ÅÝ²

It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an action, as h
$+1 ! N* Z; # g
fg" UK /9e 0 :
in:
• 1p 0
Z
T C
+ (Zaid stood out of respect for Amr) >4 ^= a
? /
+ 1 1p 0Z T C
+ a
+ v
; U
• a
1 ) >4 ^= a
? /
+ (I have come to for your favor) .a 1 )
CHAPTER 25: The Object of Accompaniment ç²Õ ÅÝ²

It is an accusative noun that explains with whom an action was ( ) $ A ) t N # g
fg" UuK/9 0 :
done, as in:
• ¥ d1 ] ) 54 >4 T (The Amir came with the army) >M e = 1 ¥
d1 ] ) 54 >4 T :a
+ v
; U$
• 8 N
H 1 >M e = (The water is level with the wood) .8 N
H 1
The predicate of kana and her sisters, and the subject of inna and J I ? I U\?X ,1 t" C 1 U\?X , 1 t # NX J), 1
her sisters, have already been dealt with in the section on .z 9' { ) J I ? I V=J a
g #1 U@D$ e F ' # b
nominative nouns. Similarly, the words in apposition to an
accusative have been dealt with there also.
53 - 53
CHAPTER 26: The Nouns in Genitive ôDÖrÍC OD¤Ý»gÕ :26 KDL
>5 @¦
The Nouns in
Genitive

$ r
& ? 8 4`
~

By Apposition to a By Annexation By Preposition
Genitive
E C A )
A L J I

" L J I
Acts like Acts like

E &D A D
min lam
v
; For v
; For K
J L Y
ex. ex.

p K
p

> N
Door made of teak Servant of
K
J L 1 1
"
_§ X K
R Zaid
Garment made of silk g$ 9) g )
p
- ?X
Ring made of iron *
I
1-
54 - 54
CHAPTER 26: Genitive Nouns ôDÖrÍC OD¤Ý»gÕ :26 KDL

The nouns in genitive are of three types: nouns genitive by
$ r
) 1 U
~

$ r
) :) !" # % D
D * `F X
preposition, by Annexation and by apposition to a genitive.
.
$ r & ?1 U8
`
The prepositions that cause a noun to be genitive are:
• A ) (From) UAD 1 UE C1 UA
=r

) : i

& s
F X , .
• E C (To)
1v 1 U
" 1 U1 U>N1 UJKL 1 UY1 UE &D 1
• A D (About) Ug 1 UJKL 1 1 UM>J=1 UM>N1 U1 :Y ' 1 U* I
• E &D (On) .g$ 9) 1
• Y (In)
• K
J L (Some) E &D ' 1 p

$ :a
+ v
9 U% `2 & E
F
Z , #
• > N (With)
" L J I
fg" VA L J I
)1 U" L J I
) :A * +
• (Like) K R Up K 1 : v
; UA L J I
fg"1 p
: v
;
•
" (For) . & D , ¢
M 1 Up
- ?X1 U_§ X
• *
I
1- (Particles of Adjuration)
• K
J L 1 1 (Some)
• g ) (Since)
• g$ 9) (Since)
An example of a noun in genitive by due to annexation is:

• p

(The servant of Zaid)
Though, it is of two types: annexations that act like lam and

those that act like min.
• An example of an annexation that acts like lam is:

◦ p

(The servant of Zaid)
• Examples of annexations that act like min include:

◦
p K
(A door made of teak)
◦ _§ X K R (A garment made of silk)
◦ p
- ?X (A ring made of iron)
And Allah knows best.
55 - 55

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: Speech ÔÌÃÆC :1 KDL

The feminine Known

CHAPTER 1: Speech ÔÌÃÆC :1 KDL

• Verbs are known by being succeeded by:

CHAPTER 2: Inflection KCn±ÏC :2 KDL

CHAPTER 2: Inflection KCn±ÏC :2 KDL

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection KCn±ÏC ODÕÌ± :3 KDL

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection KCn±ÏC ODÕÌ± :3 KDL

◦ the sound masculine plural

IMPERFECT VERBS °mD¥ÖÆC È²

Y9N) Imperfect verbs with fixed endings

IMPERFECT VERBS WITH WEAK ENDINGS nfËC ÈQ²

INDECLINABLE NOUNS ¹n¡ÚÕ nêµ

A noun is indeclinable if it has the

8 &  8| h d E\=9) 8^| :;<= 3,

W    t1 t9 1 35 }2

3, ]^ :;<= 8 y  !#=

Does not accept a

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ODLn²ÖÆC :4 KDL

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ODLn²

Inflected words are of two types: those inflected by vowels and K

CHAPTER 5: Verbs ÅD²ºÍC :5 KDL

CHAPTER 5: Verbs ÅD²ºÍC :5 KDL

CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ôDÖrÍC OD±ÝºnÕ :6 KDL

CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ôDÖrÍC OD±ÝºnÕ :6 KDL

CHAPTER 7: Subject È±D»ÆC :7 KDL

( &$   ( & N+ L $#g e  h

+J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single

CHAPTER 7: Subject È±D»ÆC :7 KDL

Examples of the explicit subject include:

• Examples of the implicit subject include:

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is çÇ±Dº ÷û×sé ×Æ ìlÆC ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :8 KDL

l  X   N+ ) . =$1 ( $1J , J 

+J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is çÇ±Dº ÷û×sé ×Æ ìlÆC ÅÝ²

• Examples of the implicit include:

CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC :9 KDL

8 J[  &"  )    A D fL  h

CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate nMgÆC Ü EjQMÖÆC :9 KDL

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ëÇ± öÇfCjÆC ÈÕCÝ²ÆC :10 KDL

 # =J& YJT =J& Pres. Is

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ëÇ± öÇfCjÆC ÈÕCÝ²ÆC :10 KDL

 # =J& YJT =J& Pres. Is

CHAPTER 11: Adjectives R²ÚÆC :11 KDL

CHAPTER 11: Adjectives R²÷ûÚÆC :11 KDL

Indefinite nouns are that which describe a general category, and

CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions ¼©²Æ

EJ=- 0 J)C  , J R$ 1 

A   1 , >M  

CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions ¼©²

If you connect a word with them to a nominative word, the

If you connect a word with them to an accusative word, the

If you connect a word with them to a genitive word, the

If you connect a word with them to a jussive word, the

CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative jêÂÝQÆC :13 KDL

CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative jêÂÝQÆC :13 KDL

CHAPTER 14: The Permutative ÅjMÆC :14 KDL

( D C   T Y ( N? p   A )    1, p   A )    W  ,$  bC

CHAPTER 14: The Permutative ÅjMÆC :14 KDL

CHAPTER 15: Accusative Nouns ôDÖrÍC ODLÝ¡ÚÕ :15 KDL

CHAPTER 15: Parts of Speech in Accusative ôDÖrÍC ODLÝ¡ÚÕ :15 KDL

CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object çL ÅÝ²»ÖÆC :16 KDL

Y9N) Imperfect verbs with fixed endings

8 & 8| h d E\=9) 8^| :;<= 3,

W t1 t9 1 35 }2

3, ]^ :;<= 8 y !#=

( &$ ( & N+ L $#g e h

+J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single

l X N+ ) . =$1 ( $1J , J

+J - Plural KL - Dual M – Single

8 J[ &" ) A D fL h

# =J& YJT =J& Pres. Is

# =J& YJT =J& Pres. Is

EJ=- 0 J)C , J R$ 1

A 1 , >M

( D C T Y ( N? p A ) 1, p A ) W ,$ bC

+J - Plural KL - Dual M - Single

te 1 t)_

}Z ; 0" C _ =J t$ $

D >j

' k N? t C 0 L J =? 1 } 9J @

}Z , ) 0 1 L J Y T L 0 L J Y T L 0

CHAPTER 23: The Vocation (&T A) èiDÚÖÆC :23 KDL