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1. Dial Indicator
2. The Johansson ‘Mikrokator’
3. Reed Type Mechanical Comparator
4. Sigma comparator
Systems of Displacement Amplification used in
Mechanical Comparators:
Magnification:
First stage magnification: The ratio of effective length (L) of arm and
the distance (a) of the knife edge from the pivot i.e. L/a
Second stage magnification: The ratio of the pointer length (l) and
the radius (r) of the driving drum i.e. l/r
Advantages:
1. Weightless and have less number of moving parts, due to this
there is less wear and hence less friction.
2. Higher range even at high magnification is possible.
3. No parallax errors.
4. They are used to magnify parts of very small size and of
complex configuration such as intricate grooves, radii.
Disadvantages:
1. The accuracy of measurement is limited to 0.001 mm
2. Electrical supply is required.
3. Eyepiece type instrument may cause strain on the operator.
4. Occupy large space and they are expensive.
5. Dark room is required as the scale is projected on a screen.
x
Zeiss Ultra Optimeter:
Magnification:
x- distance from the plunger centre line to the first mirror pivot
f- focal length
h- plunger moves a height
Then, the angular movement of the mirror δθ = h/x
Movement of the scale = 2f.δθ = 2f h/x
Therefore, magnification = 2fh/xh = 2f/x
Overall magnification: (2f/x) x (Eyepiece magnification)
Electrical Comparator:
Pneumatic Comparators:
Working Principle: It works on the principle of pressure difference generated
by the air flow. Air is supplied at constant pressure through the orifice and the air
escapes in the form of jets through a restricted space which exerts a back pressure.
The variation in the back pressure is then used to find the dimensions of a
component.
Solex Pneumatic Gauges:
Angular Measurement
Sine Bars:
Sine bar is a precision measuring instrument used along with
slip gauges for the measurement of angles.
It consists of steel bar and rollers.
Sine bar is made up of high carbon, high chromium corrosion
resistant steel, suitably hardened, precision ground and stabilized.
It should be noted here that the holes are drilled in the body of
sine bar to
(i) make it lighter
(ii) facilitate handling
Most common types of Sine bar:
Characteristics of Sine Bar:
1. The axes of the rollers must be parallel to each other and the
center distance L must be known. The size of the sine bar is
specified by this distance.
2. The top surface of the bar must have a high degree of flatness.
It should be parallel to the plane connecting the axes of rollers.
3. The rollers must have identical diameters and round within a
close tolerance,
Disadvantages:
1. The application is limited for a fixed center distance between
two plugs or rollers.
2. It is difficult to handle and position the slip gauges.
3. If the angle exceeds 45°, sine bars are impracticable and
inaccurate.
4. Large angular error may results due to slight error in sine bar.
Sine Centers:
Conical
Auto-collimator