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Aaron M. Fewkes
Mike McCabe
Nipissing University
Abstract
The article will explore how a selected provide expansive opportunities that one or more specific types of interdepen-
sample of secondary school students would “support the learning agenda” dency. Facebook, with more than 200
in Ontario have been using Facebook of classrooms, including opportunities million active users, and MySpace are
since it has become accessible to them such as online discussions and online the two largest social networks” (Har-
and whether or not this use “supports “extra help.” This vision is shared by ris & Rea, 2009, p.138). In May 2011 (2
the learning agenda” of classrooms as many of the other school boards in years after Harris and Rea’s research),
school boards have envisioned. The Ontario. Facebook has increased membership to
researchers collected both quantitative The following research is grounded more than 500 million users (Facebook,
and qualitative data from 63 Ontario within the theoretical framework that 2011). On average, 700 billion minutes
high school students via a questionnaire the use of Facebook moves beyond for- are spent on this social networking web-
distributed through Facebook. Stating mal academic learning to include corol- site per month (Facebook, 2011). The
many examples of use for educational lary aspects of learning such as effective challenge of using Web 2.0 technolo-
purposes, 73% of respondents reported collaboration and communication. The gies in the classroom is to use them in a
having used Facebook for educational research endeavors to answer the follow- way that enhances learning, not simply
purposes. Of the students surveyed, ing two questions: because they are available.
only 27% said that at least one teacher The increased use of virtual worlds
1. How have a selected sample of sec-
had found ways to include Facebook for entertainment, socializing, and
ondary school students in Ontario
in their lessons, and further, 77% of education will continue to grow (NMC,
been using Facebook since it has
students believed that teachers do not 2007). With more users acclimating to
become accessible to students?
support Facebook being unblocked. The a combined virtual and physical life,
2. Is there congruency between the
results of this research point to a need educators will also need to find ways to
vision for the use of social media
for the better utilization of Facebook bring these technologies into pedago-
in the classroom and how students
in classrooms and the need for school gies to keep instruction relevant and
have actually been using it?
boards who choose to “embrace” the applicable to the world our students are
increasing popularity of social media to By understanding how students in used to and will inhabit after graduation.
implement programs that better ensure this study use Facebook during class However, simply adopting a technology
teachers also feel comfortable enough time, teachers can better target and and not truly understanding its potential
to embrace this informal teaching tool. implement strategies that use social will not suffice. We must work to im-
(Keywords: social media, Facebook, ed- media to “support the learning agendas” prove our research in the area of Web 2.0
ucational technology, Web 2.0, second- of their classrooms. By determining the and virtual world technologies (Rollett,
ary schools, Ontario, censorship, policy) congruency of a school board’s vision Strohmaier, Dosinger & Tochtermann,
of social media in the classroom and its 2007). “Without it, we will be using old
current, actual use, this research will technologies in a 21st century world. Stu-
I
n 2010, the Waterloo Regional Dis- provide school boards with invaluable dents will realize it because they will be
trict School Board (WRDSB) made information that will aid future direction ahead of us” (Harris & Rea, 2009, p.143).
the decision to “embrace” the gain- about the use, governance, and training
ing popularity of social media among related to social media implementation Adolescent Communication and Collaboration
students by allowing any student 13 in secondary schools. using Online Social Networking
years of age or older to access popular As of the fall of 2009, 73% of teens
social media websites such as Facebook Literature Review between the ages of 12 and 17 use social
while at school. As stated by Peter networking sites, which is an increase
Rubenschuh, the assistant to the super- Web 2.0 from 58% in 2007 (Lenhart, Purcell,
intendent of learning services for the “A social network is a social structure Smith & Zickuhr, 2010). Further, recent
WRDSB, the decision to allow students made of notes, generally individuals or research shows that 83% of teenage social
to access social media websites would organizations, which are connected by networking users have added comments
Copyright © 2012, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.3777 (Int’l), iste@iste.org, iste.org. All rights reserved.
to pictures that friends have posted, 77% ing to McMillan and Chavis (1986). For students with greater access to multi-
have posted public messages to a friend’s learners to sustain meaningful edu- media presentations (catered to various
page, 71% send private messages to cational experiences, a sense of com- types of learning styles) and ultimately
friends, 66% post comments to friends’ munity is a must (Garrison & Kanuka, can provide students with instruc-
blogs, and 54% send instant messages 2004). According to Bowers-Campbell, tional interaction outside the classroom,
or chat through these sites (Lenhart, Facebook can be used to create more whereby questions could be answered,
2009). All of these statistics highlight communication amongst teachers and online collaboration on an assignment
the current popularity of social media students (2008). The creation of a com- could occur, or students could engage
among adolescents. However, although munity of learners, or learning net- in more than one class simultaneously.
Facebook’s popularity continues to surge, works, as referred to by Dorothy Chun However, despite the capabilities for
it is important to discuss what corollary (1994) and Mark Warschauer (1996), new technologies to share knowledge
aspects of learning Facebook can bring to levels the playing field for shy, intro- and connect people, technology also has
(and outside of) the classroom, as doing verted students. When a community of challenges that we must recognize.
so will move beyond the argument that learners is established, such students Most important, beyond issues of ac-
one ought to adopt the medium simply may become more comfortable, allow- cess, the benefits of technology can also
because of its pervasiveness. The nature ing them to make greater contributions be limited by how it is used (Boostin,
of Web 2.0 moves beyond its predecessor to the community. Psychologists have 1980). “Knowledge is the result of cogni-
“read-only Web 1.0” to include “ ‘partici- argued that once the characteristics of a tive work reflected in integrative, synthe-
patory,’ ‘collaborative,’ and ‘distributive’ learning community, including connect- sizing, evaluative, and critical thinking
practices” (Greenhow et al., 2009). As edness and trust amongst the learners, about information. Information is the
both Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory are established, such characteristics have raw material, but knowledge is the
(1986) and Johnson and Johnson’s (1994) a direct impact on the continuance of foundation of education” (American
work on cooperative learning have illus- participation within the community Psychological Association, 2009, p. 456).
trated, knowledge acquisition is enhanced (Whitworth & DeMoor, 2003). The When implementing new technologies
through social learning experiences, such American Association of School Librar- in classrooms, it is of the utmost impor-
as group work or collaboration. ians states that 21st century learners tance that teachers create a rich environ-
require the skills necessary to participate ment focused on promoting knowledge
Connecting Informal and Formal Learning and collaborate within social and intel- rather than “simply being a source of
“The informal learning that occurs in lectual networks of learners, and such information” (American Psychological
the context of participatory media offers collaboration can take place through Association, 2009, p. 456).
significant opportunities for increased online learning (2007). A second challenge for educators “in-
student engagement in formal learning volves the distinction between entertain-
settings. The experience with communi- Technology and Education ment and true intellectual engagement”
cation technologies that teenagers today “Although technology per se is not new (American Psychological Association,
possess must be tapped by educators to the education process of teaching 2009, p. 456). The nature of multimedia
and connected to pedagogy and content and learning, education is one of the can captivate students easily, but this
in order to address learning objectives areas most heavily impacted by tech- visual engagement does not necessar-
in schools. Teacher education faculty nology” (American Psychological As- ily represent intellectual engagement
members are experienced in this arena. sociation, 2009, p. 455). Further, “The (American Psychological Association,
We are currently at a moment in time in Internet and related technologies have 2009, p. 456). In fact, too much multi-
which the current and next generation the power to bring literature, research, media stimulation can interfere with the
of educators each can make a genuine information, and people from around deeper cognitive processing that is criti-
contribution by working together” (Bull, the world directly into the classroom” cal to learning (American Psychological
Thompson, Searson, Garofalo, Park, (American Psychological Association, Association, 2009, p. 456).
Young & Lee, 2008, p.106). 2009, p. 456). As the 2008 Annual In conclusion, “Particularly because of
This idea of “working together,” as Report of the APA Policy and Planning the immediacy, vividness, and on-demand
suggested by Bull et al., has also been Board suggested, new technologies nature of technology in the classroom,
reflected within the education system, have the capability to improve the way satisfaction may be mistaken for achieve-
where a push to foster classroom com- interaction occurs among students and ment. Thus, more than ever, attention
munities or a community of learners has instructors. needs to be devoted to the scholarship of
gained strong support. This “sense of “Material can [now] be presented in teaching and specifically to how technolo-
community” has been defined as a mu- more vivid ways than in the past, which gy inside and outside the classroom affects
tual interdependence among members, may engage students more actively” learning outcomes for new generations
connectedness, trust, interactivity, and (American Psychological Association, of students” (Mayer, Griffith, Jurokwitz &
shared expectations and goals, accord- 2009, p. 456). Going “virtual” provides Rothman, 2008, p.338).
Copyright © 2012, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.3777 (Int’l), iste@iste.org, iste.org. All rights reserved.
Fewkes & McCabe
Methodology
Participants in this research consisted of
both male and female secondary school
students from Ontario, Canada, who
actively engage with the social network-
ing website Facebook and are over the
age of consent (16 years old). In total,
approximately 700,000 students attend
850 publicly funded secondary schools
in Ontario (Ontario Ministry of Educa-
tion, 2011). Each secondary school is
governed by one of the 72 school boards
in Ontario (Ontario Ministry of Educa-
tion, 2011).
The primary researcher recruited
participants using a snowball technique:
He created a “group” called Facebook:
Learning Tool or Distraction using his
personal Facebook account. Using both
the researcher’s friend list and a rela- Figure 1. Academic averages of respondents.
tive of the researcher’s friend list, the
researcher added current Ontario high The analysis of data employed both in the classroom and how students
school students to the group with the quantitative and qualitative method- have actually used it?
option of opting out at any time. The ologies. For the quantitative analysis,
researcher asked students added to the In total, 51 completed the question-
the researcher used frequency distri-
group to direct others to the Facebook naire in full, whereas 12 others com-
butions involving simple percentages.
page and then subsequently to the pleted parts of the questionnaire. The
For the qualitative data, an inductive
online questionnaire (provided via a link researcher examined simple frequency
approach to analysis provided a conve-
on the Facebook group page). To ensure distributions using simple percentages
nient and efficient mode to recognize
that the results reflected Ontario student and therefore used all responses (com-
main themes. The researcher colour
responses only, the researcher disre- plete or incomplete questionnaires).
coded all of the qualtitative responses
garded all questionnaires found to be Of questionnaire respondents, 58%
that made mention of a particular
completed by non-Ontario students (as were female and 42% were male. Fur-
educational use, such as “collabora-
determined through the question on the ther, 90% were enrolled in university-
tion,” “discussion,” “asking questions,”
questionnaire about which school board track courses. Figure 1 outlines the self-
or “extra help.” Once these were colour
the student was enrolled with). reported, academic averages (based on
coded, the researcher reviewed the
Research participants completed the their second-term report card in March
data again to find quotations that best
online questionnaire that contained 2010) of all respondents.
illustrated the common themes.
questions pertaining to their use of Figure 1, which outlines the mean
Facebook in a classroom setting. It took grade received in respondents’ academic
Results
approximately 20 minutes to complete. courses (academic average), shows that,
To reiterate, the following research is
The majority of the responses provided of all the students who responded to
grounded within the theoretical frame-
the researcher with quantitative data in the research questionnaire, nearly half
work that the use of Facebook moves
the form of 25 Likert-type scales. How- had averages between 80 and 89%, with
beyond formal academic learning to in-
ever, participants also had eight oppor- all students having an average of at
clude corollary aspects of learning, such
tunities to provide written, qualitative least 60%. Eighteen percent of students
as effective collaboration and com-
responses. The researcher separated the reported having an average in the
munication. The research endeavors to
questions into four main themes (use of 90–100% range.
answer the following two questions:
facebook, facebook at school, teach- It should also be noted that 98%
ers and facebook, and demographics) 1. How have a selected sample of of the 63 students who answered the
and subsequently presented to research secondary school students in On- question about how long they have been
participants in this manner. This mixed tario been using Facebook since it using Facebook answered between 1
methodology provided the opportunity has become accessible to students? and 5 or more years. The majority of
to gain both breadth and depth of re- 2. Is there congruency between the these students (60%) have been using
sponses from an online questionnaire. vision for the use of social media Facebook for 3–4 years. Coupled with
Copyright © 2012, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.3777 (Int’l), iste@iste.org, iste.org. All rights reserved.
Facebook: Learning Tool or Distraction?
Copyright © 2012, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.3777 (Int’l), iste@iste.org, iste.org. All rights reserved.
Fewkes & McCabe
Copyright © 2012, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.3777 (Int’l), iste@iste.org, iste.org. All rights reserved.
Facebook: Learning Tool or Distraction?
Copyright © 2012, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.3777 (Int’l), iste@iste.org, iste.org. All rights reserved.
Fewkes & McCabe
Again, the research outlined in this References Lenhart, A. (2009). The democratization of
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Author Notes McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of
college readers. Journal of College Reading
Aaron M. Fewkes is an undergraduate student in his
and Learning. 39(1), 74-87. Retrieved January community: A definition and theory. Journal of
final year of the concurrent education program at
3, 2012, from http://www.eric.ed.gov:80/ Community Psychology, 14, 6–23.
Wilfrid Laurier University and the Schulich School
ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_ New Media Consortium (NMC). (2007,
of Education at Nipissing University in Brantford,
storage_01/0000 January 23). Two to three years: Virtual
Ontario, Canada. His main research interests in-
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clude the implementation of new collaborative tech-
Park, J., Young, C., & Lee, J. (2008). Connecting horizonproject/2007/virtual-worlds
nologies into classrooms and the creation of policy at
informal and formal learning: Experiences in Ontario Ministry of Education. (2011, July 13).
an administrative level. He plans to attend graduate
the age of participatory media. Contemporary Education facts. Retrieved from http://www.edu.
school to obtain his master’s in education, and he
Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, gov.on.ca/eng/educationFacts.html
hopes to become a school administrator. Please ad-
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M. Fewkes, Schulich School of Education/Nipissing
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University, 46 Ritz Crescent, New Hamburg, ON,
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Canada. E-mail: fewk4680@mylaurier.ca
Facebook. (2010, December 22). Facebook’s & Tochtermann, K. (2007) The Web 2.0 way of
Mike McCabe is an associate professor of mathemat-
Privacy Policy. Retrieved from http://www. learning with technologies. International Journal
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Philosophy of Education programs at the gradu-
Facebook. (2011). Facebook press room: Statistics. Upper Grand District School Board. (2010).
ate level in the Schulich School of Education at
Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/ Acceptable use of digital technology procedure
Nipissing University in Brantford, Ontario, Canada.
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His central research focus is the implementation
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of technologies as a means to supporting children,
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St., Brantford, ON, Canada. E-mail: michaelm@
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Copyright © 2012, ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education), 800.336.5191 (U.S. & Canada) or 541.302.3777 (Int’l), iste@iste.org, iste.org. All rights reserved.