SCIENCE REVIEWER 7

THE PH SCALE
ACIDS
 An acid is a compound that increases the number of hydrogen ions
when dissolved in water (H+)
 An acid solution tastes SOUR
 An acid can change the color of certain compounds
ION
 An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron giving it a
positive (+) or negative (-) charge
USES OF ACIDS
 Citric acid and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) are found in orange juice
 Carbonic acid and phosphoric acid give a “bite” to soft drinks
 Acids in your stomach aid in digestion
 Sulfuric acid is the most widely used industrial acid in the world. It is
used in making metals, paper, paints, and fertilizers.
BASES
 A base is any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions
(OH-) when mixed with water
 A base solution tastes BITTER
 A base solution feels SLIPPERY
 A base can change the color of certain compounds
USES OF BASE
 Bases are used in soaps (remember, bases are slippery)
 Bases are used to make paper, in oven cleaners, and to unclog drains
 Ammonia is a base and is used in many household cleaners
SALTS
 No change in color of litmus paper
 Produced by mixing acid and base
MEUTRALIZATION
 Process in which bases combine with acids
HCI + NaOH – NaCI + H2O
DETECTING ACIDS AND BASES
 You can detect an acid using an indicator
 INDICATOR- a substance that changes color in the presence of an
acid or a base
INDICATORS
 Litmus paper is an indicator
 An acid turns BLUE litmus paper RED
 A base turns RED litmus paper BLUE
 Cabbage juice can be used as an indicator
THE pH SCALE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Strong Acid weak acid Neutral weak alkali strong alkali
BATTERIES LEMON UMBRELLA WAVES TOOTHPASTE SOAP TIDE
EFFECTS OF ACIDS AND BASES IN THE ENVIROMENT
ACID RAIN
 It is a result of air pollution
 Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water in clouds and
form sulphuric and nitric acid which cause that the rain is acidic
 Power stations, factories and cars all burn fuels and therefore they
all produce polluting gases

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THE PROPERTIES OF ACID RAIN
 The acid rain can be carried great distances in the atmosphere
 It can take the form of snow, mist and dry dusts
 It can have a serious effect on soil, trees, buildings and water
HOW ACIDIC IS ACID RAIN?
 Unpolluted rain would have a pH value of between 5 and 6. When
the air becomes more polluted with nitrogen oxides and sulphur
dioxide the acidity can increase to a pH value of 4
EFFECTS ON FORESTS
ACID RAIN
 Dissolves and washes away the nutrients and minerals in the soil
which help the trees to grow
 Causes the release of harmful substance such as aluminum into the
soil
 Wears away the waxy protective coating of leaves, damaging them
and preventing them from being able to photosynthesis properly
EFFECTS ON LAKES AND RIVERS
 As the acidity of a lake increases, the water becomes clearer and the
numbers of fish and other water animals decrease
 The acidity of the water does not just affect species directly, it also
causes toxic substances like aluminium to be released into the water
from the soil, harming fish and other aquatic animals
SOLUTION
 Solution: a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances in the
same physical state
 Properties:
 Particles are small
 Particles are evenly mixed
 Particles will not separate

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Examples:
 Air (nitrogen & oxygen)
 Gatorade (water, sugar, etc)
 NaCI(aq) (salt & water)
Solute: substance that is dissolved
Ex. Sugar
Solvent: does the dissolving
Ex. Water
Concentration: the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent
Ex. [HCI]
(AQ)= aqueous= A solution where water is the solvent
Solubility
 the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of
solvent at a specified temperature
 when two liquids are completely soluble in each other they are said
to be MISCIBLE
 when two liquids do not mix to form a solution are generally
insoluble in each other, this is called IMMISCIBLE
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
 POLARITY is the tendency to form distinctive opposing charges based
on the orientation of chemical bonds and spatial structure of the
molecule

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MISCIBLE & IMMISCIBLE
 Two liquids that completely dissolve in each other are miscible
liquids
 Two liquids that are not miscible in each other are immiscible liquids
 Polar water and nonpolar oil are immiscible liquids and do not mix to
form a solution
2. Effect of Temperature on Solubility
 For solutions of gas in liquid –the solubility decreases with
temperature
 For solids being dissolved in liquids–the solubility increases with
temperature
 Some substances wherein–the solubility remains relatively constant
despite changes in temperature
 There are some substances where –the solubility decreases as the
temperature increases
3. Effect of Pressure on Solubility
 The solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas above the liquid
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE AT WHICH SUBSTANCES DISSOLVE
 PARTICLE SIZE
 AGITATION OR STIRRING
 INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
 CONCENTRATION OF THE SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
CONCENTRATION
 Express the amount of solute dissolve in a given quantity of solvent
or solution

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CONCENTRATED
 A solution that has a lot of solute per solvent
DILUTE
 A solution that has a lot of solvent
SATURATED
 A solution with the maximum amount of solute
SUPERSATURATED
 A solution with more solute that it can hold
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
 A point at which the solvent can no longer dissolve any additional
solute
UNSATURATED SOLUTION
 Contains less amount of solute than a saturated solution
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 Life in the past and now
 Scientific inventions and discoveries
 Practical technologies
 Misuse of science and technology
 Science and technology in the future
SCIENCE BREAKTHROUGHS:
PENICILIN
 An early breakthrough in medicine
 Discovered by ALEXANDER FLEMING
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION- TEST TUBE BABY
 IVF is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic
problems and assist with the conception of a child

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IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
 The first test tube baby was born to LESLEY BROWN
 LOUISE JOY BROWN The world’s first test tube baby (July 25, 1978)
CLONING
 The process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an
organism
 DOLLY the SHEEP the first clone mammal
 The first cloned DOG, SNUPPY
 Cloned MONKEY
SUPERSTITIONS BELIEF
 BLACK CAT
 SPOON ON THE FLOOR
 FRIDAY THE 13TH
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES
B- believe in cause and effect relationship
O-open minded
R-respect the ideas of others
I-imaginative
N-naturally curious
G-generate opinion based on evidence
CURIOSITY/FASCINATION
 Desire to learn
 Asks questions about the world around him/her
SKEPTICISM
 Ability to question the validity and authenticity of something
considered factual

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POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD FAILURE
 Failing in one’s work may lead a scientist to find a new way to
resolve a problem
OPEN-MINDEDNESS
 Ability to accept new ideas and information
 Adaptable and flexible
PATIENCE & PERSEVERANCE= RISK TAKER
 Ability to continue to work in spite of many obstacles
 Determination to finish one’s work
SELF-CONFIDENCE
 Confident and is ready to depend his work especially if he knows
that he is right
INTELLECTUAL HONESTY
 Acknowledge the work of others
SCIENTIFIC INTUITION
 The gut feeling to intuitively predict that something will happen
APTITUDE FOR SERENDIPITY
 Serendipity is discovering things that no one is expected to happen
ETHICS
 Scientists’ work should be guided by some moral code
SCIENTIFIC
 Hunch, ability in mathematics, intellectual honesty, love or
appreciation’s for nature’s beauty and willingness to study

CHEMISTRY: THE SECRET SCIENCE OF MATTER

MATTER

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  Anything that occupies space and has mass
SUBSTANCE
 Matter of uniform composition; its constituents cannot be separated
by ordinary physical means
ELEMENT
 A substance that is composed of only one kind of atom
COMPOUND
 A substances made up of two or more elements combined in a
definite proportion by weight
MIXTURES
 Are classification of matter made up of two or more substances
combined physically
PURE SUBSTANCE
 Classification of matter having fixed and defined composition and
properties
ELEMENTS
 A pure substance that cannot be chemically separated
COMMON ELEMENTS
Aluminum Al
Bromine Br
Calcium Ca
Carbon C
Gold Au
Helium He
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
PROPERTIES OF METAL AND NON-METALS
Property Metals Non-metals

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 Conductivity Good conductors of Poor conductors, used
heat & electricity as insulators
Hardness Hard Soft
Luster Reflect light & shiny Mostly dull
Malleability & Ductility Malleable & ductile Mostly brittle

METALS
 Most of the naturally occurring elements are metals
EXAMPLE OF METALS
 Lithium Zinc Platinum
 Sodium Aluminum Titanium
 Potassium Gold Chromium
 Iron Silver Manganese
 Copper Lead
 Nickel Mercury
NON-METALS
 About half of non-metals are gases at room temperature, one is
liquid, Bromine, the rest are solids
EXAMPLE OF NON-METALS
 Hydrogen Neon
 Helium Sulfur
 Carbon Phosphporus
 Nitrogen Chlorine
 Oxygen Argon
 Fluorine Krypton
METALLOIDS
 Substances which act either as metal or non-metal
EXAMPLE OF METALLOIDS
 Boron

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  Silicon
 Germanium
 Antimony
 Selenium
 Astatine
 tellurium
Material Element or Compound
Water Compound
Coal Element
Carbon dioxide Compound
Oxygen Element
Chalk Compound
Wax Compound
Table salt Compound
Caffeine Compound

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
 has two substances where the particles are blended completely
 the properties and composition are uniform throughout the sample
 Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
 The properties and composition are not uniform throughout the
mixture and individual substances can still be observed or detected
 Many heterogeneous mixtures are immiscible liquids, emulsions, or
generally colloids
 Milk, toothpaste, and mayonnaise are heterogeneous mixtures. They
are also colloids
MASS PERCENT
 Concentration expressed as the percentage of solute in a given mass
of solution

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Mass%= g of solute x 100 or Mass%= g of solute x100
g of solute + solvent g of solution

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1¶) What is the mass percent of sodium chloride in a solution that is
made by dissolving 2.35 g of sodium chloride in 7.45 g of water?

2¶) How many grams of sucrose and water are needed to make 300.0
g of 20.0% solution?

VOLUME PERCENT
 The concentration expressed as the volume of a liquid in 100 ML of
solution
Volume%= volume of solute in a solution x100
Total volume of solution
1.) What is the percent by volume of ethanol (ethyl alcohol, C2H6O) in
final solution when 75 ML of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250
ML water?

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