GOVERNO DOS ALGORITMOS

Sergio Amadeu Silveira1

Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)

Resumo
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nições mostra o nível de penetração dos algoritmos em nossa sociedade e indica
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GOVERNMENT OF ALGORITHMS

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Terezinha - Santo André. CEP: 09210-580

Artigo recebido em: 13.06.2016 Aprovado em: 31.10.2016

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281
 Sergio Amadeu Silveira

1 INTRODUÇÃO
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e sua sintaxe incorpora uma estrutura de comando para permitir que
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a crescente presença dos algoritmos em nosso convívio. A paisagem
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268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281

 GOVERNO DOS ALGORITMOS

2 GOVERNO, GOVERNANÇA E GOVERNAMENTALIDADE

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da Ciência Política tratam da instituição ou da ação em torno do Es-
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nente europeu se designa com a expressão regime político. O que se
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usam outros termos como cabinet na Grã-Bretanha e administration
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poder e seu exercício. Uma das mais conhecidas tipologias dos regi-
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poucos e governo de muitos.
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bre as questões do governo e da governamentalidade a partir de sua
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saber a economia política e por instrumentos técnicos essenciais os
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281 269

 Sergio Amadeu Silveira

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signava a maneira de dirigir a conduta dos indivíduos ou dos grupos:
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sar o poder em relação aos dispositivos – os algoritmos – que são
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buscaram explorar outro termo menos comprometido com o Estado
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termo governança.
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[…] governo sugere atividades sustentadas por uma autoridade
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270 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281

 GOVERNO DOS ALGORITMOS

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te ao governo. Rosenau (2000) parece considerar melhor o acordo
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zir condutas dos indivíduos e dos processos coletivos disseminados
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dos operadores das instituições estatais.
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de saberes que redundaram em estratégias e políticas de controle das
populações. Também permite observar a relação dos dispositivos
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em interação com o Estado. O termo governança poderia ser empre-
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sobre os algoritmos que utilizam? Como deveria ser estruturada uma
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3 INVISIBILIDADE, NEUTRALIDADE E DIMENSÃO

PÚBLICA
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281 271

 Sergio Amadeu Silveira

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dentro de empresas e corporações que os vendem ao Estado. Para
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sadores da Universidade de West Virginia. O Conselho de Emissões
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lidade.
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nicidade neutra de uma racionalidade naturalizada que implicam o
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272 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281

 GOVERNO DOS ALGORITMOS

Um passo importante para recuperar a capacidade crítica

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ca. A primeira diz respeito aos padrões de inclusão utilizados pelos
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cada pessoa. Todas as operações algorítmicas portam a promessa da
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4 PERFORMATIVIDADE E TOMADA DE DECISÃO NO

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GHFLV}HVDGRWDGDVSRUDOJRULWPRV1DDGPLQLVWUDomRS~EOLFDEUDVL-
OHLUDDWXDORQtYHOGDVVROXo}HVGDGDVSRUDOJRULWPRVDLQGDpFRQVL-
GHUDGRGHXPEDL[RJUDXGHLPSRUWkQFLDPDVVXDUHOHYkQFLDDXPHQ-
WDUiFRPRDYDQoRGRELJGDWDGDGLVVHPLQDomRGHVHQVRUHVFRQHFWD-
dos às redes e com o crescimento das cidades digitais e inteligentes.
$WXDOPHQWH PXLWDV VROXo}HV Mi DXWRPDWL]DGDV HVWmR VXEVWLWXLQGR
HVTXHPDVRSHUDGRVSRUDOJRULWPRVPDLVFRPSOH[RVFRPRQRFDVR
GRV PXQLFtSLRV TXH SDVVDUDP D XWLOL]DU RV VHPiIRURV LQWHOLJHQWHV
Outro exemplo pode ser encontrado na organização do atendimento
S~EOLFRRVDOJRULWPRVSDVVDPDJHUHQFLDUDSULRULGDGHGHUHFHSomR
QDVUHSDUWLo}HVS~EOLFDVVXSHUDQGRDVLPSOHVRUGHPGHFKHJDGD
$OJRULWPRVSDUHFHPHQYROYHUGXDVIRUPDVGHDXWRPDomRUHODFLR-
QDGDVPDVPXLWRGLIHUHQWHV(PSULPHLUROXJDUHOHVDXWRPDWL]DP
RSURFHVVRGHVXEPHWHUGDGRVjDQiOLVHUHDOL]DQGRWDUHIDVTXHVH-

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281 273

 Sergio Amadeu Silveira

riam impossíveis de executar manualmente. Mas os resultados des-

VDVDQiOLVHVDMXGDPDDXWRPDWL]DUXPVHJXQGRHPXLWRGLIHUHQWH
FRQMXQWRGHRSHUDo}HVDWRPDGDGHGHFLVmR%$52&$6+22'
=,(:,7=SWUDGXomRQRVVD
Os riscos dessa automatização podem ser observados quando
RJUDXGHLPSRUWkQFLDVRFLDOGDVGHFLV}HVDXPHQWD1RV~OWLPRVWULQ-
WDDQRVRVPRGHORVHVWDWtVWLFRVHVRIWZDUHVWrPSHQHWUDGRQDMXVWLoD
SHQDOQRUWHDPHULFDQDSDUDDSRLDURVMXt]HVHSURFXUDGRUHVQDDYD-
OLDomRGRULVFRHQDGH¿QLomRGDVSHQDVGRVFULPLQRVRV&+5,6-
7,1526(1%$/7%2<'(PD$UQROG)RXQGDWLRQ
ODQoRX XP QRYR LQVWUXPHQWR R 3XEOLF 6DIHW\$VVHVVPHQW  &RXUW
36$TXHVHEDVHLDHPGLYHUVDVYDULiYHLVUHODFLRQDGDVFRPDLGD-
GHPRUDGLDKLVWyULFRFULPLQDOHQWUHRXWUDVSDUDGH¿QLUDSHQDD
¿DQoDHDOLEHUGDGHFRQGLFLRQDOGRVUpXV6HJXQGRRVSHVTXLVDGRUHV
&KULVWLQ5RVHQEODWH%R\GR36$HUDXVDGRSRUMXULV-
GLo}HV LQFOXLQGR WUrV (VWDGRV LQWHLURV $UL]RQD .HQWXFN\ H 1HZ
-HUVH\HWUrVFLGDGHVSULQFLSDLV&KDUORWWH&KLFDJRH3KRHQL[HP
'HDFRUGRFRPD)XQGDomR$UQROGDXWLOL]DomRGR36$WHP
UHGX]LGRDVWD[DVGHFULPLQDOLGDGHHWDPEpPDSRSXODomRFDUFHUiULD
QDVMXULVGLo}HVRQGHIRLXVDGR&RQWXGRDVGH¿QLo}HVDOJRUtWPLFDV
também têm sido apontadas como reprodutoras e ampliadoras do
UDFLVPR H VHOHWLYLGDGH GR -XGLFLiULR QRUWHDPHULFDQR 0$<%,1
2016).
(PERUDSRVVDPRVHQWHQGHUFRPRRDOJRULWPRIXQFLRQDRVUHVXO-
tados do algoritmo podem não ser previsíveis. Podemos entender
FRPRDVUHGHVQHXUDLVHRDOJRULWPRGHDXWRDSUHQGL]DJHPIXQFLR-
QDPPDVHOHVSRGHPJHUDUUHVXOWDGRVTXHQmRSRGHPVHUSUHYLVWRV
com antecedência. Isso complica a responsabilidade ex ante em
TXHRDOJRULWPRHVHXVSURMHWLVWDVVmRUHVSRQViYHLVSHODVGHFLV}HV
-$166(1.8.SWUDGXomRQRVVD
eQHFHVViULRGLVFXWLUDVLPSOLFDo}HVGDVGHFLV}HVDXWRPDWL]D-
GDVHIHWXDGDVSRUDOJRULWPRVTXHSRVVXHPDFDSDFLGDGHGHDSUHQGL-
]DJHPRXGHUHYLVmRDSDUWLUGHLQIRUPDo}HVREWLGDVDSyVVXDDomR
anterior. O algoritmo utilizado pelo motor de busca do Google é
GHVVHWLSR$FDGDEXVFDTXHID]HPRVRDOJRULWPRDSUHQGHFRPRV
WHPDV TXH PDLV QRV LQWHUHVVDP FRP DV HVFROKDV GH OLQNV TXH ID-
]HPRV H FRP RXWURV HOHPHQWRV TXH FRQIRUPDP DV QRVVDV RSo}HV
SUHIHUHQFLDLV$VVLPRDOJRULWPRUHFROKHGDGRVVREUHQRVVDVDo}HV
QRVVDVSUHIHUrQFLDVHGH¿QHPQRVVRSHU¿O(OL3DULVHUFKD-
PRXHVVHSURFHVVRGHSHUVRQDOL]DomRGHFODVVL¿FDomRHLQVHUomRGH

274 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281

 GOVERNO DOS ALGORITMOS

QRVVDVLGHQWLGDGHVHPJUXSRVHVSHFt¿FRVGH¿OWHUEXEEOH1HPRV
desenvolvedores que criaram o algoritmo conseguem saber como
HOHDJLUiGHSRLVGHXPWHPSRGHIXQFLRQDPHQWRSRLVHOHDSUHQGHX
FRP RV GDGRV FROHWDGRV HQ¿P DV GHFLV}HV GR DOJRULWPR SRVVXHP
YtQFXORFRPVXDRULJHPPDVVXDDXWRQRPLDGHFLVyULDpJUDQGHGL-
ItFLOGHHVWLPDU
(VVHVDOJRULWPRVVmRGLVSRVLWLYRVSHUIRUPDWLYRV(POLQJXtV-
WLFDXPHQXQFLDGRpSHUIRUPDWLYRTXDQGRRFRUUHVLPXOWDQHDPHQWH
DDomRTXHHOHDSUHVHQWDRXVHMDKiXPDFRLQFLGrQFLDHQWUHDSDOD-
YUDHRDWR³$SHUIRUPDWLYLGDGHpXPDSHUVSHFWLYDSDUWLFXODUVREUH
D QDWXUH]D GD LQWHUDomR TXH p R UHVXOWDGR OyJLFR GH XPD SRVLomR
RQWROyJLFDGRWRUQDUVHWDPEpPFRQKHFLGDFRPR¿ORVR¿DGRSUR-
FHVVRHPRSRVLomRDXPDRQWRORJLDGRVHU´,17521$S
WUDGXomRQRVVD3RUWDQWRRFRQWUROHGHGLVSRVLWLYRVTXHVHDOWH-
UDPFRQVWDQWHPHQWHWUD]XPDVpULHGHQRYRVGHVD¿RVSDUDTXHPRV
utiliza. Os problemas podem ser maiores quando tratamos do uso de
DOJRULWPRVSHUIRUPDWLYRVQDVGHFLV}HVGRVHWRUS~EOLFRRQGHDUHV-
SRQVDELOLGDGHSHORVDWRVGDJHVWmRDWUDQVSDUrQFLDHDHVWDELOLGDGH
MXUtGLFDpIXQGDPHQWDO
0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJRX$SUHQGL]DJHPGH0iTXLQDpRFDPSR
de estudo que se concentra em algoritmos de indução e em outros
DOJRULWPRVTXHVmRGH¿QLGRVSRUVXDFDSDFLGDGHGHDSUHQGHU.2-
+$5, 3529267  (VVHV DOJRULWPRV TXH DSUHQGHP FRP D
H[SHULrQFLDMiHVWmRVHQGRHPSUHJDGRVSRUDXGLWRUHV¿VFDLVSDUDD
GHWHFomRGHIUDXGHVPDVSRGHUmRVHUXWLOL]DGRVSDUDDGPLQLVWUDUR
WUkQVLWRGHXPDFLGDGHSDUDRUJDQL]DURVLVWHPDGHPDWUtFXODVHDV
turmas em uma grande universidade ou em um sistema regional de
HQVLQRHQWUHRXWURVH[HPSORV7RGDYLDHVVHVDOJRULWPRVSRGHPHQ-
JHQGUDU SURFHGLPHQWRV QmR SUHWHQGLGRV PDV FULDGRV SRU LQGXomR
6HJXQGRRSURIHVVRUGR0,70HGLD/DE.HYLQ6ODYLQHPR
algoritmo que regula os preços na Amazon entrou em um processo
GHFRQFRUUrQFLDGHVHQIUHDGDHQWUHRVWtWXORVGDSUySULDORMDYLUWXDO
8PGRVOLYURVGH%LRORJLD7KH0DNLQJRID)O\FKHJRXDFXVWDU
86PLOK}HV(63(&,$/,67$(UURVVLPLODUHVSR-
GHPVHUSURGX]LGRVSRUDOJRULWPRVSUHGLWLYRVRXVHMDTXHUHDOL]DP
SURJQyVWLFRVDSDUWLUGRDFRPSDQKDPHQWRGHSHU¿VHGHHOHPHQWRV
TXHFRPS}HPVXDiUHDGHGHFLVmR
8PDGDVSULQFLSDLVTXHVW}HVTXHDSDUHFHPSDUDDJHVWmRS~-
EOLFDHPWRUQRGHDOJRULWPRVSHUIRUPDWLYRVHSUHGLWLYRVpDVHJXLQWH

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281 275

 Sergio Amadeu Silveira

como o gestor pode governar um algoritmo que se altera constan-

WHPHQWH"&RPRpSRVVtYHOWRUQiORWUDQVSDUHQWHSDUDRVJHVWRUHVH
para a sociedade que é governada por ele? Esses questionamentos
WrPXPDGLPHQVmRWpFQLFDPDVVmRSROtWLFRVSRLVGL]HPUHVSHLWRD
decisões sobre a vida das cidadãs e cidadãos. Com base no potencial
SHUIRUPDWLYRHSUHGLWLYRGRVDOJRULWPRVpSRVVtYHODGRWDUQRVHWRU
S~EOLFRDOJXQVSDVVRVLPSRUWDQWHV
6RIWZDUHVHDOJRULWPRVGHYHPWHURFyGLJRIRQWHDEHUWR
(VVDGHFLVmRHVEDUUDQRVPRGHORVGHQHJyFLRVGHHPSUH-
VDVIRUQHFHGRUDVGHWHFQRORJLDSDUDR(VWDGRTXHVHED-
seiam em licenças de propriedade intelectual restritivas.
&yGLJRDEHUWRQmRpVX¿FLHQWHSDUDDFRPSDQKDUDDWXD-
omRGRVDOJRULWPRVSHUIRUPDWLYRV3RULVVRpQHFHVViULR
DGRWDUSURFHGLPHQWRVGHDXGLWRULDDYDOLDomRIUHTXHQWHH
correção de rumos e de decisões adotadas.
3 - Delimitadores de decisão devem ser incorporados nos al-
JRULWPRVRXVHMDRJHVWRUS~EOLFRGHYHLPSRUIURQWHLUDV
GHFLVyULDV SDUD RV DOJRULWPRV R TXH HYLWDUi HTXtYRFRV
SUHYLVtYHLVHFRQVLGHUDGRVLQDFHLWiYHLV
,QFRUSRUDUQRVSURMHWRVGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVRIWZDUHV
e algoritmos os procedimentos que assegurem a privaci-
GDGHQRDUPD]HQDPHQWRSURFHVVDPHQWRHXVRGHGDGRV
SHVVRDLVLQGLVSHQViYHLVSDUDRVHUYLoRS~EOLFR,VVRLP-
SOLFDQHFHVVDULDPHQWHDDGRomRGHFULSWRJUD¿DHQtYHLVGH
acesso para proteger os dados dos cidadãos.
  'DGRV SHVVRDLV TXH QmR VmR LQGLVSHQViYHLV QmR GHYHP
VHUFROHWDGRV,VVRHYLWDGLYHUVDVGL¿FXOGDGHVHFXVWRVHP
sua proteção.
6 - Toda gestão de dados deve possuir documentos descre-
vendo sua guarda e utilização. Essas declarações de po-
lítica de privacidade e de gestão algorítmica devem ser
WUDQVSDUHQWHVGHIiFLODFHVVRHSRVVXLUPHFDQLVPRVFOD-
ros para garantir o seu cumprimento.
$OJRULWPRVGHGLPHQVmRS~EOLFDQmRSRGHPVHUFULDGRVH
desenvolvidos sem a participação dos gestores e adminis-
WUDGRUHVS~EOLFRV1mRVmRQHXWURVQHPDSHQDVWpFQLFRV
SRUWDQWR QmR GHYHP VHU FRPSUDGRV FRPR VH FRPSUDP
PHUFDGRULDV SDGURQL]DGDV 1mR p D JHVWmR S~EOLFD TXH

276 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281

 GOVERNO DOS ALGORITMOS

GHYHVHDGHTXDUjVVROXo}HVGLVSRQtYHLVQRPHUFDGRPDV
as soluções adquiridas devem ser adequadas aos interes-
VHVHSHFXOLDULGDGHVGRVHWRUS~EOLFR
Esses procedimentos não evitam as possíveis distorções e
implicações negativas que os algoritmos podem gerar na organiza-
omRHQDVGHFLV}HVHSUiWLFDVGRVVHUYLoRVS~EOLFRV/XFDV,QWURQD
DOHUWDTXHDOyJLFDDOJRUtWPLFDpUHGXFLRQLVWD2VSUREOHPDV
VmR UHGX]LGRV SDUD TXH VHMDP H[SUHVVRV DOJRULWPLFDPHQWH H VmR
IRUPDWDGRVFRQIRUPHRVFRQKHFLPHQWRVWpFQLFRVGLVSRQtYHLVSHORV
SURJUDPDGRUHV$OpPGLVVRHPJHUDORVSUREOHPDVVmRDGHTXDGRV
às soluções disponíveis e aos produtos vendidos pelas corporações.
(VWHUHGXFLRQLVPRSRGHWHUFRQVHTXrQFLDVSHUIRUPDWLYDVVLJQL¿FDWL-
YDV,17521$
'RQDOG0DF.HQ]LHD¿UPRXTXHRVDOJRULWPRVQmRH[SUHVVDP
VLPSOHVPHQWHRPXQGRDVLQWHQo}HVGRVSURJUDPDGRUHVDVIXQo}HV
e os processos que automatizam. Os algoritmos não modelam o
PXQGRPDVH[HFXWDPSHUIRUPDWLYDPHQWHDo}HVVREUHXPDUHDOLGD-
GHTXHYDLSURGX]LQGRGLIHUHQWHVHQWLGDGHVjPHGLGDTXHDJHP2E-
VHUYDQGRRPHUFDGR¿QDQFHLUR0DFNHQ]LHQRVPRVWUDTXH
RVPRGHORVPDWHPiWLFRVHRVVLVWHPDVGHQHJRFLDomR¿QDQFHLUDQmR
DSHQDVDXWRPDWL]DPRFiOFXORGRYDORU(VVDPRGHODJHPHGLQkPLFD
DOJRUtWPLFD FULD QRYDV SUiWLFDV H JHUD QRYRV FRPSRUWDPHQWRV GRV
JHVWRUHVGHIXQGRVGRVDQDOLVWDVHGRVLQYHVWLGRUHVTXHLQFRUSRUDP
a agência de tais modelos na realização de suas escolhas. (MA-
&.(1=,(
1HVWHVHQWLGRRXVRFUHVFHQWHGHDOJRULWPRVQDJHVWmRHQRV
VHUYLoRVS~EOLFRVQmRSRGHVHUYLVWRFRPRVLPSOHVPHQWHXPDLQR-
vação ou uma mera modernização. Deve ser compreendido no con-
WH[WRTXH/XFDV,QWURQDFKDPRXGDSHUIRUPDWLYLGDGHGRVDO-
JRULWPRVGHJRYHUQRGRVDOJRULWPRVTXHJRYHUQDPDViUHDVGRVHWRU
S~EOLFRHPTXHDWXDP,QWURQDSURS}HTXHVHMDPRVFDSD]HV
GHORFDOL]DUFRPSUHHQGHUDQRomRGDDWULEXLomRGHDJrQFLDGDGDDRV
algoritmos. Precisamos assumir que os algoritmos possuem conse-
TXrQFLDVQRUPDWLYDVHSHUIRUPDWLYDVUHODFLRQDGDVDRSRGHUGHVWLQD-
GRDRVHXSURMHWR

5 CONCLUSÃO: controle e governo dos algoritmos

Governar implica utilizar dispositivos e tecnologias de con-
WUROH3DUDRH[HUFtFLRGRJRYHUQRGDVSRSXODo}HVGHVGHRVpFXOR

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281 277

 Sergio Amadeu Silveira

;9,,,WrPVLGRXWLOL]DGRVLQVWUXPHQWRVHVWDWtVWLFRVDVFLrQFLDVVR-
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PHQWHDVWHFQRORJLDVGDLQIRUPDomRWUD]HPYDQWDJHQVLUUHFXViYHLV
para a gestão dos governos e instituições do Estado. A aplicação
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)28&$8/7D(TXHPGHYHUHSUHVHQWDUHVHSUROLIHUDUQHVVH
mundo concorrencial são as empresas. Elas devem ser a medida da
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RXQmR³eHVVDPXOWLSOLFDomRGDIRUPDµHPSUHVD¶QRLQWHULRUGRFRU-
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)28&$8/7DSJULIRGRDXWRU
$VVRFLHGDGHVGHPRFUiWLFDVSUHFLVDPDVVXPLUTXHRFHQiULR
atual é tecnopolítico. Tal como o velho tecnocrata que acreditava
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JHVWRUHV S~EOLFRV HQFDQWDGRV FRP DV SURPHVVDV QHROLEHUDLV H VHX
GLVFXUVR GH LQRYDomR DFUHGLWDP TXH DV HPSUHVDV FULDP VRIWZDUHV
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ULHGDGHGHRIHUWDVFRQFRUUHQWHV$EUHPPmRGHFULDUHGHVHQYROYHU
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A alternativa ao positivismo e às perspectivas da neutralidade
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278 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281

 GOVERNO DOS ALGORITMOS

VRIWZDUHV SDUD R VHWRU S~EOLFR p XP SURFHVVR H QmR XP SURGXWR

acabado a ser adquirido no mercado. Também pode estar na criação
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PDLVGDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVHGRVFROHWLYRVGHFXOWXUDWHFQROyJLFDGRV
hackers e dos makers.

REFERÊNCIAS
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281 279

 Sergio Amadeu Silveira

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v21n1p267-281 281