The aim for today

• Recap momentum and mass flow

Energy Methods;
Momentum Methods • Examples exam questions

- Review • Common problems and strategies that help

Dr Bram Sengers

Continuous Mass Flow Example: Rocket Propulsion

• No external forces, no mass intake:
• Rate of change of momentum G: out

= -  out  v + v EXH 
vout dG
dG in vin M
= F EXT +  in v in   out v out dt
dt FEXT

vC • Vectors! Positive direction

r
O vEXH v
• σ is mass flow (kg/s)

• vin and vout must be absolute velocities

=   out v  v EXH 
• Convert to scalars: dG
dt
3 4

Example: Rocket Propulsion The Rocket Equation

• Work out rate of change of momentum:
Freaction  Ma    out vEXH 
dv dM
M = v EXH
dG d
=
dt dt
Mv = 
dM
dt
d
v +M v
dt
   dt dt
• Separate the variables and integrate:

• Note that dM M dM
=   out u dv =  v EXH M
v
dt 0 M
M0
  out v + M
dv
=   out v   out v EXH v - u = v = v EXH ln The Rocket
dt M Equation
dv
M =   out v EXH • Change in velocity Δv as a function of initial mass M0 and final
dt mass M for a constant exhaust velocity vEXH
5 6

1
Jet engines Jet engines

dG
= F EXT +  in v in   out v out
dt
7 8

Example problem 2008-09 exam Example problem 2008-09 exam

• A mass flow rate of a kg/s of inlet air enters the compressors of the dG
engines of a Boeing 757 with velocity vi. In each engine, the air is mixed = F EXT +  in v in   out v out
with fuel, which has a mass flow rate of f kg/s, and ignited in the dt
combustion chamber. The mixture then flows through the turbine. The
exhaust, with a mass flow rate equal to that of the air plus the mass flow
dG
rate of the fuel exits at a high exhaust velocity ve. =  R + 2 a vi  2( a   f )ve
dt
If the mass of the aircraft is 100,000 kg, the coefficient of static friction
between the tyres and the runway is 0.01, and the mass flow rate of the
inlet air, a, is 13 kg/s, find the velocity of the exhaust, ve, from the
aircraft’s two engines, which causes the aircraft to start rolling. You • But plane is not moving, so dG/dt = 0
may assume that
ve  4vi
 a  104  f R  2 a vi  2( a   f )ve
9 10

Example question
Example problem 2008-09 exam
 M v    in v in   out v out
dG d
R  Mg  a  104  f ve  4vi dt dt

v
dv
  EXH vEXH  EXH vEXH
Mg  2(104 f )vi  2(104 f   f )4vi (A) M
dt

dv
Mg (B) M   EXH vEXH
vi    124 m/s dt
632 f  leak
dv
(C) M   EXH (v  vEXH )
dt

ve  4vi  496 m/s (D) M

dv
  EXH (v  vEXH )
dt

dv
(E) M   EXH (v  vEXH )   Leak v
11 dt 12

2
Solution
Problem 1
dM dv
v + M   in v in   out v out • A glider of mass m kg lands on an icy runway at v0 m/s. In an
dt dt attempt to slow, the glider’s undercarriage snags a heavy
chain of mass  kg per metre and begins dragging it.
Neglecting air resistance and any friction with the runway,
dv write an expression for the speed v (m/s) of the glider as a
 ( EXH   Leak )v + M   Leak v   EXH (v  vEXH ) function of the length of chain, s (m) being dragged.
dt

dv
M   EXH vEXH
dt

13 14

Problem 1 Problem 1
dG
• Use: = F EXT +  in v in   out v out • Two routes to the solution:
dt
dG
– No friction or drag F EXT  0 1. Expand 0
dt
– Chain is stationary  in vin  0
– No mass leaving the glider  out v out  0 dm dv
v m0
dt dt
• Hence:
dG 2. Treat as a plastic collision
=0
dt
G  constant
– i.e. linear momentum is conserved mv0  m  mchain v
15 16

Problem 1 Problem 1
• Route 1:
dm dv
v m0 • Route 1:  v 2  v
dv
m   s   0
dt dt ds

– Use chain rule: – Separate variables and integrate:

dm dm ds
  v 1 v
dv
m   s   0
dt ds dt ds
s  v dv
 ds  
dv dv ds dv 0 m   s 
 v 2
v0 v

dt ds dt ds
 m   v  i.e. mv0
dv i.e. ln    ln   v
1 2  v2  v m0  v2  v
dv
m   s   0 m  s  v0  m s
ds ds 17 18

3
Problem 1 Common problems
• Route 2: mv0  m  mchain v • Explaining your reasoning
– There is mass flow, so why should the momentum be conserved?

– Mass of chain is: s

– Hence: • Using conservation of kinetic energy

mv0  m   s v – This is a plastic collision – only momentum is conserved

mv0 • Using constant acceleration formula

v
m s
• Integration (if using route 1)

19 20

Strategy Problem 2
dG
• For mass flow questions, start with = F EXT +  in v in   out v out • A roll-on roll-off vehicle ferry uses thrusters to maintain its
dt position at a dock while vehicles are loaded and off-loaded on
horizontal ramps. Cars of mass 1,000 kg leave at a rate of one
– Assess each term car every two seconds with speed 5 m/s, whilst trucks of mass
8,000 kg enter the ferry at a rate of one truck every eight
dG seconds with speed 2.5 m/s. Calculate the thrust required for
• If
 0 it may be possible to use theory of plastic collisions the ferry to maintain its position.
dt
• Otherwise:
– Define equation of motion (differential equation)
– Separate variables and integrate
– Check consistency of result

21 22