School of Aerospace Engineering

Under/Overexpanded Nozzles A e

• Recall previous analysis of At

po pe pb
CD nozzles, e.g., as back To
pressure is reduced
M
• Have looked at range of pb Mes,sup
that produce 1
– isentropic solutions or Me,sh
Mes,sub
– shocks in nozzle p/po
1 x
• What happens when M<1, isen.
pes,sub
– pb< pes,sup (U) p*/po M<1, shock
pe,sh
– pes,sup<pb<pe, sh (O) O
pes,supU
x
AE3450
Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -1

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.

School of Aerospace Engineering

Underexpanded Nozzles
p/po
• Start with pb< pes,sup 1 M<1, isen.
pes,sub
– underexpanded case
p*/po M<1, shock
– pe>pb (not enough pe,sh
expansion has occurred) pes,sup
x U
• So boundary condition at exit
requires a supersonic expansion process
Þ (2-d) Prandtl-Meyer flow
– flow turns, pressure drops to CL
back pressure p1=pe
– but flow must not cross p2=pb
centerline (symmetry line; pb
like a wall)
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Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -2

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.

1
 School of Aerospace Engineering

Centerline Boundary Condition

nonsimple region

• Centerline 2 3
1
– flow along centerline CL
p1>pb
must be parallel to p3<pb
centerline p2=pb
– to get flow to turn inward again requires another pb
PM expansion
– but second expansion means pressure in region 3
drops below back pressure (p3<p2=pb)
– so now we will need to do something to match our
pressure boundary condition at the edge of the jet

AE3450
Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -3

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.

School of Aerospace Engineering

Jet Boundary Condition

slip line
• Jet boundary
2 3 4
1 5
– along “edge” of C
jet must satisfy L p1>pb p3<pb p5>pb
pressure b.c. p2=pb p4=pb
– to match pressure, p must rise Þ compression pb
– can get PM compression waves
– combine to form oblique shocks, turn flow inward
– centerline (velocity) boundary condition requires
reflected compression waves
– now pressure exceeds surrounding pressure (p5>pb),
way we started, so process/cycle repeats itself
AE3450
Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -4

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.

2
 School of Aerospace Engineering

Underexpanded Jet
2 3 4
1 5
CL
p1>pb p3<pb p5>pb
p2=pb p4=pb

• For pe>pb, nozzle produces a jet flow consisting of

regions of decreasing and increasing p (or density)
– inviscid flow (ideal), process would continue endlessly
– viscous case (real), viscous losses and turbulent mixing
with surroundings causes wave pattern to decay after
small number of cycles

AE3450
Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -5

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.

School of Aerospace Engineering

Overexpanded Nozzles
p/po
• pes,sup>pb>pe, sh 1 M<1, isen.
pes,sub
– overexpanded case
p*/po M<1, shock
– too much expansion has pe,sh
O
occurred pes,sup
x
• So boundary condition at exit
requires a supersonic compression process
Þ oblique shock (2-d)
– flow turns, pressure rises to
CL
back pressure p1<pb p3>pb
– flow must not cross centerline, p2=pb
so get reflected shocks pb
– then expansion to match p, etc.
AE3450
Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -6

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.

3
 School of Aerospace Engineering

Overexpanded Jet
2 4
1 3 5
CL
p1<pb p3>pb p5<pb
p2=pb
p4=pb

• For pe<pb, nozzle produces jet flow consisting of regions

of increasing and decreasing pressure (or density)
– same pattern as for underexpanded case, just “out-of-
phase” (compressions first, then expansions for
overexpanded vs. expansions then compressions for
underexpanded)

AE3450
Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -7

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.

School of Aerospace Engineering

Mach (Shock) Diamonds

• Regions of high pressure, also have high density (and
temperature)
– these hot, dense gases emit light (radiation)
4
2 3
1 5
CL
p1>pb p3<pb p5>pb
p2=pb p4=pb

SR-71
at
takeoff

AE3450
Under/Overexpanded Nozzles -8

Copyright © 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.