[Code-1] Atoms & Molecular Structure, Collision Processes and its Applications in Solar and Stellar

Plasma
ANALYSIS OF ELECTRON CYCLOTRON EMISSION SPECTRUM WITH
SUPERTHERMALS IN PRESENCE OF NEO-CLASSICAL TEARING MODE (NTM)
*Manvendra S. Gangwar1, P.V. Subhash2 and Kamlesh K. Sharma3
1
Department of Physics (ASH), Invertis University, Bareilly (UP) - 243123, India
Email : manvendrasingh.cool@gmail.com
2
ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat – 382428
Email : subhashpv@iter-india.org
3
Department of Physics (ASH), Invertis University, Bareilly (UP) - 243123, India
Email : kamlesh.phfiiet@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we have measured the radial temperature profile of plasma using Electron
Cyclotron Emission (ECE) spectrum in TOKAMAKS. ECE is used as a diagnostic which is
affected by many phenomena like harmonics overlap relativistic downshifting, presence of
nonthermals etc. For ITER like plasma, radial temperature profiles can be obtained from the
second harmonic ECE spectrum. Higher harmonics produced from the non-thermals can be
relativistically downshifted to second harmonics and introduce error in the measured temperature
profile. Generally, non-thermals are produced from Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating
(ECRH), Electron Cyclotron Current Drive (ECCD) etc. In the present study, the non-thermals
are assumed to be produced from proposed ECCD which is considered for suppressing
Neoclassical Tearing Modes (NTM). Here, we made a parametric study for the effect of non
thermal electrons in the measured temperature profiles. This is carried out using a well
established NOTEC computer code.

Keywords: Electron, Plasma, Superthermals, Neo-classical Tearing Mode, Spectrum

PACS 2010 :

Received :
 I. INTRODUCTION

Electron cyclotron emission

Cyclotron radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by moving charged particles

deflected by a magnetic field. Consider a particle with charge q moving in a magnetic field, B,
with a velocity v. Then it experience a force, and circulate along the magnetic field line in an
orbit. This motion is known as cyclotron motion. A charged particle which undergo cyclotron
motion emits radiation of frequency
𝑞𝐵
ωc =
𝑚

This is known as Electron Cyclotron Radiation. The electron temperature can be calculated using
the intensity of radiation. Inside tokamak, there is a gradient of magnetic field in plasma. By
relating the magnetic field profile with intensity profile of cyclotron radiation, the temperature
profile can be understood. So ECE can be used as a method to find the temperature of plasma in
the tokamak configuration.

Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) has been an important diagnostic for measuring the temporal
evolution of the electron temperature profile in magnetically confined plasma devices for more
than 25 years. Recent advances in ECE measurements, such as 2-D ECE imaging and ECE
intensity correlation techniques, have provided detailed information on sawtooth reconnection,
neoclassical tearing mode behavior, electron heat transport, fast electron dynamics, and fast
particle-driven Alfvén eigenmodes. ECE spectral analysis is benefiting from improved ECE
modeling and significant increases in computational power that allow fast, real-time, temperature
measurements. Modeconverted electron Bernstein wave emission (EBE) diagnostics are being
developed to study overdense (pe >> ce) plasmas, a regime where conventional ECE
diagnostics cannot be applied and one commonly encountered in high β devices, such as the
spherical torus and reversed-field pinch. While ECE diagnostic techniques are now well
established on many existing magnetically confined plasmas, significant challenges lie ahead for
applying ECE techniques to reactor-grade plasmas, such as ITER where Te(0) is expected to
reach 20-40 keV. The measurement of electron cyclotron emission (ECE) from magnetically
confined plasmas has been an important diagnostic technique for studying the temporal evolution
of the electron temperature profile (Te(R,t)) for more than a quarter-century. Electron cyclotron
emission (ECE) radiates from plasma confined in a magnetic field as the electrons spiral around
the magnetic field. ECE is radiated at the electron cyclotron frequency, ce = eB/me and its
harmonics, where e is the electronic charge, B is the magnetic field strength, me is the electron
mass and  is the Lorentz relativistic mass factor [1]. Confining magnetic fields used in nuclear
fusion research are typically in the range of 0.5-10 T, so that ECE is emitted in the 10-500 GHz
frequency band. In most devices used for magnetically confined nuclear fusion research, ECE at
the fundamental EC frequency with ordinary mode (O-mode) polarization and the second
harmonic EC frequency with extraordinary mode (X-mode) polarization is at blackbody levels.
Te(R,t) is measured by detecting this blackbody-level ECE along a magnetic field gradient.
The first ECE spectral measurements on a tokamak were made in the early 1970s [2] and the
potential for using ECE spectra to diagnose plasmas was suggested at about the same time [3, 4].
Much of the ECE research in the 1970’s was directed towards understanding the physical
processes that affect the ECE spectrum, such as wall reflections in optically thin plasmas and
mode mixing between O-mode and X-mode polarizations [5, 6]. O-mode polarized radiation at
fundamental ECE frequencies was found to be at the blackbody level in the Princeton Large
Tokamak (PLT) [7] and the measured ECE optical depth on PLT agreed with hot-plasma theory
[8]. By the early 1980’s ECE had been established as a standard Te(R,t) diagnostic on many
magnetically confined plasma devices used for nuclear fusion research. BORNATICI et al. [9]
published an excellent review of ECE research and its diagnostic potential during this early
period of development.
During the past 25 years there has been significant theoretical research on ECE from non-
thermal, anisotropic electron distributions [10] and on the effect of non-thermal distributions on
electron temperature measurements [11]. ECE diagnostics have studied the complex spatial and
temporal evolution of fast magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities [12, 13] and electron
temperature fluctuations [14]. Vertically [15] and obliquely [16] viewing ECE systems have
studied the generation and transport of energetic non-thermal electrons. In optically thin plasmas,
electron cyclotron absorption (ECA), combined with an independent measurement of density,
has been used to measure electron temperature [17] while being relatively insensitive to non-
thermal emission. ECA has also yielded valuable information on the electron distribution
function [18].
A relatively recent development is the use of mode-converted electron Bernstein wave emission
(EBE) to study overdense (pe >> ce) plasmas, a regime where conventional ECE diagnostics
cannot be applied and that is characteristic of high β devices, such as the spherical torus and
reversed-field pinch. EBE can mode-convert to electromagnetic radiation outside the plasma, by
either coupling to the X-mode (B-X conversion) [19] or to the O-mode (B-X-O conversion) [20].
After mode conversion conventional microwave radiometry techniques can be employed. T e(R,t)
was first measured successfully with EBE radiometry, via B-X-O conversion, on the
Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator (W7-AS) [21, 22] ECE diagnostic systems fall into two classes;
quasi-optic instruments including the Martin-Puplett Michelson interferometer [23-25] and the
multi-channel grating 4 polychromator [26, 27], and instruments that employ microwave
techniques, such as fast frequency scanning and multi-channel heterodyne radiometers [28-30].
Michelson ECE instruments have a large throughput, enabling absolute calibration and they are
well suited to broadband ECE studies of non-Maxwellian electron behavior. During the past 10-
15 years, heterodyne radiometry has benefited from major advances in millimeter wave
technology and microwave system integration. The temporal and spatial resolution of heterodyne
systems is generally far superior to quasi-optic instruments, allowing heterodyne ECE
diagnostics to be used in the study of fast phenomena such as energetic particle-driven modes
and turbulent fluctuations [14, 31]. A review of heterodyne radiometry techniques was published
by HARTFUSS, et al. [32] in the late 1990’s.
ECE spectral analysis is now clearly benefiting from the confluence of significantly improved
numerical modeling and ubiquitous, inexpensive computer systems. These technical
developments have, for example, allowed ECE diagnostics to provide fast, real-time, Te(R,t)
measurements for plasma feedback systems. Looking towards the future, as the electron
temperature in magnetically confined plasmas rises well beyond 10 keV, relativistic effects will
become increasingly important. The large relativistic downshift and spectral broadening
characteristic of plasmas in this high Te regime shifts the emitting layer and results in 5 increased
harmonic overlap that constrains radial access and degrades radial resolution. These issues will
only become more challenging as magnetically confined nuclear fusion research moves to
reactor-grade plasmas, such as ITER, where Te is expected to reach 20-40 keV.

Literature Survey

This is a study on the effect of superthermals on ECE temperature measurement of ITER plasma.
The importance of plasma confinement using tokamak, various magnetic field required to
confine plasma etc are already studied by P.Martini and James Pasko independendly.M.
Bornatici etal [2] studied about electron cyclotron emission, absorption and emission, radiation
transpotr etc. This paper gives the basic knowledge about absorption and emission coefficient,
electron cyclotron emission in plasma required for this study. N. Bertelli etal [11] also studied
about the electron cyclotron emision. They presented a numerical analysis of electron cyclotron
wave beam propagation in the presence of edge density fluctuation by means of a quasi optical
code.They investigated the consequences of ECE beam propagation using a simplified model in
which density fluctuations are described by a single harmonic oscilation. Edge profiles of
electron temperature using electron cyclotron radiation transport modeling is studied by
S.K.Rathgeber etal [13]. They reported a method to obtain a reliable edge profiles of electron
temperature by forward modelling of the electron cyclotron radiation transport for ASDEX
upgrade plasmas. This is carried out in the frame work of integrated data analysis which applied
Bayesian prob- ability theory for joint analysis of electron temperature and density with data of
different independent complimentory diagnostics We know that the majour problem about the
ECE diagnostic is that the measured temperature differs from the temperature measured with
other means like Thomson scattering. This difference in temperature is reported in many studies.
G. Taylor reported a difference of 10-20 % between ECE and TS when heated with NBI at 10 K
electron temperature [8]. This descrepancy between ECE and Thomson scattering for ICRF
heated plasma is studied by A.E. White etal [17]. In their paper they reported a new experiment
at Alcator C-Mod performed to investigate the descrepancy between TS and ECE of electron
temperature measurement in high temperature tokamak plasmas. JET with NBI heating alone or
with combination of ICRH found a discrepancy about 30% at 12 K [7]. M.Bornatici and
U.Ruffina [3] studied the effect of superthermals on the electron temperature measurement using
ECE for TFTR supershot plasma. They compared the ECE spectrum with and without
superthermals. They obtained The ECE spectrum for different density fraction of superthermals.
In the same paper they also studied about the N parellel asymmetry arising due to the presence of
superthermals. There are a lot of studies reported for ITER. The differences in the ECE spectrum
from a tokamak plasma between normal view (normal to toroidal magnetic field) and a slightly
oblique view was modeled by P.V. Subhash etal [15]. They Examined Usefulness of such an
additional detector on obtaining a better radial resolution. They found that at certain frequencies
the radiation observed along the oblique view seems to come from a narrower region. This
affords the possibility of realizing better radial spatial resolution, than that possible by a direct
view alone, for localizing any fluctuations, identifying abrupt changes in the temperature profile
etc. They elucidated the physical reasons regarding the differences between the direct and
oblique spectra. In a study N.B. Marushchenko [9] calculated the efficiency for the
ITERScenario 2 using the ray tracing code TRAVIS. They showed that in the angle range
expected as optimal launch angles the momentum conservation correction produces a non
negligible contribution in ECCD, leading to the necessity to revise the previous predictions
carefully. They also checked the scenario with reduced magnetic field and showed that the
ECCD efficiency for the equatorial launcher may be significantly changed due to unwanted
absorption at the higher harmonics. P.V. Subhash etal [16] estimated the effect of a small
fraction of superthermal electron population on measured temperature profile for ITER-scenario
2. They considerd only the superthermals produced from ECCD which is used to suppress
Neoclassical Tearing Modes (NTM) and ignored all other source of superthermals. S. Danani
etal [5] reviewed the effect of harmonic overlap and polarization scrambling with the aim of
assessing the impact of any polarization change that might occur in the collected radiation before
the O and X polarizations are seperated. They confirmed that the polarization scrambling
occuring during the reflections at the wall would not alter the measured intensities of lower
harmonics of either O or X mode but would affect only the higher harmonics which are optically
thin.
II. THEORY
ECE Theory
The measurement of ECE emitted from a plasma is an important diagnostic tool for Tokamaks
since it gives information about electron temperature. It has many advantages over the other
methods.
• F or optically thick thermal tokamak ECE measured yield local temperature as function of time.
•T The measured radiation intensity at a f requency is directly proportional to the electron
temperature at certain location and independent of other plasma parameters .
When a charged particle is moving perpendicular to the magnetic field it undergoes cyclotron
gyration and emits electromagnetic radiation.This electromagnetic radiation propagates through
plasma in different modes called O mode and X mode. In ECE measurement we are collecting
these electromagnetic radiations at an antenna placed on the wall of the tokamak. The emitted
frequencies of the electromagnetic waves depends on the magnetic field at the location of
emission and hence corre- sponding to each frequency we can find out a point of emission if we
knows the radial magnetic field profile. In actual case this emission is not coming from a
particular point, but from a region around the point of emission. In the ECE measurement we are
calculating the intensity corresponding to each frequency. This intensity of a particular frequency
not only depends on the location of emission but also on the absorption by the medium,
reflection from walls etc. In order to calculate this intensity of radiation corresponding to each
frequency the radiation transport equation should be solved. The radiation transport equation is a
differential equation which gives idea about how an electromagnetic wave propagates in a
plasma. This intensity of radiation is directly proportional to the temperature and hence we can
easily obtain the frequency temperature spectrum. However if superthermal electrons are also
present it is not easy to calculate the radiation temperature directly. In that case we can obtain a
mathematical expression for the radiation temperature by using the solution of radiative transport
equation and the equation for Kirchoff’s law which connects emission and absorption of
radiation. The calculation of this radiation temperature requires the absorption coefficient,
temperature profiles for bulk electrons, for superthermal electron etc. Hence this equation for
radiation temperature is quite difficult to solve analytically. Usually this equation can be solved
numerically by using a computer program called NOTEC. For running this code we should give
the input parameters and it will give the ECE spectrum as the output. This chapter describes
ECE, radiation transport equation, intensity and temperature of radiation with and without
superthermals, NOTEC computer code in detail.

Electron Cyclotron Emission

ECE (Electron Cyclotron Emission) is one of the important methods used to find out the
temperature of plasma. As already specified, cyclotron radiation is the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by moving charged particles deflected by a magnetic field. Suppose a particle with
charge q moving in a magnetic field, B, with a velocity v. Then it experience a Lorentz force,
F = q(v × B)
And it circulate along the magnetic field line in an orbit of radius r, such that
 𝑚𝑣 2
qvB =
𝑟
where, m is the mass of the particle. Thus the cyclotron frequency,
𝑞𝐵
ωc =
𝑚
A charged particle which undergo cyclotron motion emits radiation of frequency
𝑛𝑞𝐵
ω=
𝑚
This is known as Electron Cyclotron Radiation. Here, n is the harmonic number.

Relativistic Broadning
It is find out that for temperatures above 5 keV, the relativistic effects become considerable. In
the above expression for frequency, m is the rest mass of electron. When relativistic effect is
considered the equation 2.4 become [12],

𝑛𝑞𝐵
ω=
𝑚

where  is the relativistic factor and is given by

1
= 2
√1−𝑣2
𝑐
The temperature measured will be the average temperature within the emitting region. So, the
location is affected by relativistic broadening. The broadening due to relativistic effect is
approximately given by,

𝑛𝑒𝐵𝑣𝑡 2
δωrel =
𝑚𝛾𝑐

Here vt is the spread in velocity. The charge of the particle q is replaced by the electronic charge
e. Hence, due to relativistic effects certain frequencies are downshifted.

Doppler Broading
When the source and the observer are in relative motion to each other, it experience Doppler
effect and constitute Doppler broadening. In the case of ECE measurement, Doppler shift is
caused by the relative motion between emitting electrons and observer [5]. It is given by the
expression

𝑛𝑒𝐵𝑣𝑡
δωD = 𝑁 cos 𝜃
𝑚𝛾𝑐

where, θ is the angle between wave vector and magnetic field, N is the refractive index which is
a function of ω. For the case of normal view, there will not be Doppler broadening. It is present
only in oblique view. But for the case of oblique view, relativistic broadening will be larger than
Doppler broadening in high temperature system like ITER. The modification in the radiation
frequency due to Doppler broadening is given by,

𝑛𝑒𝐵
ω=
𝑚(𝛾−𝑁||u|| )

where, N|| is the parallel component of refractive index and is given by N || = N cos(θ). u|| is the
parallel component of normalized electron momentum, and is given by u|| = p/m0c

Neo-classicsl Tearing Mode (NTM)

The neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) is an instability that is linearly stable and nonlinearly
unstable at high beta. Neo-classical tearing modes (NTMs) are resistive tearing mode islands that
are sustained by a helically perturbed bootstrap current. The NTMs degrade both plasma energy
and angular momentum and can lead to disruption in a high beta plasma. With finite plasma
resistivity, ideal MHD breaks down around rational surfaces with safety factor q = m / n, where
m is the poloidal mode number and n is the toroidal mode number. The neoclassical tearing
mode is a high-beta phenomenon, which can occur even when the plasma is classically stable. A
lot of progress has been made in recent years in the physics and control of NTMs, which are a
different means for a tearing mode to destabilize and lower the magnetic energy of a
plasma.Although NTMs are expected to be unstable in ITER, the techniques are at hand to
suppress them and maintain stability. Control of NTMs is being done by (1) keeping the plasma
“quiet” to avoid seeding, (2) applying other helicity magnetic fields, from either other NTMs or
external coils, to ͒ interfere with the helically perturbed bootstrap current, or (3) employing
precisely located co-microwave power current drive to both increase the linear stability and
replace the “missing” bootstrap current. Understanding the elements of NTM physics and
stabilization allows design of control methods for future burning- plasma experiments ITER.
Threshold physics strongly indicates that ITER will be metastable to both the major deleterious
NTMs at q = 3 / 2 and 2/1. Although the high magnetic Reynolds number in ITER may strongly
decouple seeding sources from reconnecting at q = 3 / 2 and 2/1, the physics is too uncertain to
do other than assume these NTMs will routinely occur in ITER unless controlled.The electron
cyclotron current drive (ECCD) system in ITER is an essential element for NTM stabilization.

Superthermal Electrons

Superthermals are generally high energy electrons which are not in a thermal equilibrium and
does not obays Maxwellian distribution function. Just like bulk electrons superthermals also
emits electromagnetic radiation but due to high energy the relativistic factor is more prominent
and the emitted frequency in higher harmonics will be down shifted to the lower harmonics. In a
plasma the density of super thermals are usually less than that of the density of bulk electrons
and the temperature is usually a few times larger than the temperature of bulk electrons. These
down shifted frequencies of superthermals increases the intensity of that particular frequency and
hence there will be an enhancement in the measured temperature due to this superthermals.
Profiles of Superthermals

To evaluate the radiation temperature we require the evaluation of absorption coefficient of bulk
electrons from which we can calculate the absorption coefficient of superthermals by taking
Lorents transform (this is possible because we can consider the frame of superthermals as a co-
moving frame of bulk). Along with this we should provide the radial temperature, density and
velocity profiles of superthermals. Refer the equation for radiation temperature 2.25. For that we
are assuming temperature profile [3]

𝑥
Ts (x) = Ts(0) [1 – ( )2 ] 3/2
𝑎𝑠

Which gives the radial distribution of superthermal temperature. as is the extend of

superthermals and is always obays the inequality as ≤ a. Similarly we have

𝑥
ns (x) = ns (0) [1 – ( )2 ]
𝑎𝑠

Ts (0) and ns (0) are the value of temperature and density at the plasma centre. If we know the
density at the centre and the extend of superthermals we can calculate the velocity at the center vs
(0) by the equation

[1.5×102 ] 𝑣𝑠(0) 𝑛𝑠(0) 𝑎𝑠

Is = 3 [ ][ ][ ]2
[1+1+ ] 𝑐 1011 𝑐𝑚 10𝑐𝑚
2
Where Is is the current contributed by superthermals, given in kA. The velocity profile of
superthermals is given by

𝑥
vs (x) = vs (0) [1 – ( )2 ] 3/2
𝑎𝑠

We should know the various profiles of superthermals to run the NOTEC code .

Superthermal ECE Spectrum

In plasma we have thermal and superthermal electrons. Thermal electrons obeys Maxwellian
distribution function and it emits resonance peak at frequency

ω = nωc
But superthermal electrons are high energy electrons which does not obay Maxwellian
distribution function and emits resonance peak around

𝑛𝜔𝑐
ω=
𝛾
In the case of superthermals γ is prominent and hence the emitted frequency will get
downshifted. If we are considering the normal view only N|| = 0 the relativistic down shift is the
only effect present. In the case of oblique view where N|| ≠ 0 the emitted frequency will be in

between nωc < ω< nωc ̸√(  − N||u|| )

That means the emitted frequency get upshifted. The relativistic downshift is negligible for law
electron temperature but it become prominent when Te > 6Kev . To study the superthermal ECE
spectrum it is convenient to adopt a modal distribution function. This model distribution function
is such that it should be simple, and should account for the superthermal features of plasma
under consideration. Bi-Maxwellian function is a function which satisfies the above two
conditions

f = (1 − ) fb +  fs

Where fb denotes the relativistic Maxwellian distribution of the bulk electrons and fs denotes the
distribution of law density population of Superthrmals having temperature Ts > Tb and density

ns = [ ] nb
1−

Where η = ns/nb, ns , ne , nb are number of superthermals, number of total electrons, number of

bulk electrons respectively.The important feature of this bi-Maxwellian function is that it obays
Kirchoff’s law. Kirchoff’s law states that for a body of any arbitory material the emitting and
absorbing electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio
of its emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorbtion is equal to a universal
function of radiative wavelength and temperature, a perfect blackbody emissive power.
Mathematically we can represent Kirchoff’s law in the below form also [3].

[𝑇𝑠 (𝑖) 𝑎𝑠 (𝑖) ]

Tr(i)α(i) = Tb(i)αb(i) +
[𝛾𝑠 (1−𝑁||vs )]

where Tb , Ts are the temperature of bulk electrons and superthermal electrons α(i) = α b(i) +αs(i)
with αb and αs are the absorption coefficients of bulk and superthermals respectively. Also from
the above equation it is clear that the emission coefficient can be expressed interms of absorption
coefficient , αb symmetric and αs asymmetric with respect to N||. The equation for radiation
temperature can be obtained by using the equation 2.23 and substituting 2.22 into 2.16.

8𝜋3 𝑐 2
T(i)rad( ω,N||) =[ ] I(i) ( ω,N||)
𝜔2

we are using simulations by a code known as NOTEC (Non Thermal Electron Cyclotron
emission code) to get numerical results.
III. COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

Notec Code
Notec is a 3-D code which calculate ECE spectra taking into account antenna pattern, refraction,
reflection effects and superthermal population. This NOTEC code can be readily adapted to a
vide verity of plasma configurations and parameter ranges required to simulate ECE spectrum.
To calculate the spectrum the programme needs a discription of plasma parameteres (magnetic
field, density, tem- perature), the parameters specifying superthermal populations and a set of
frequencies to build the spectrum [14]. In NOTEC the ECE spectrum is calculated in the
following way. When the antenna pattern is known several rays are launched in to the plasma
from the antenna. The total radiation emitted along a ray in the direction of the antenna is
calculated using ray tracing. In ray tracing the appropriate dispersion relation and the equation of
radiative transport should be solved. Knowing the local absorption and emission coefficients we
can calculate the absorption and emission coefficient of the plasma. As a starting point of
determining the ray and coefficients we should know the electron temperature profile Te(r),
density profile, magnetic field strength at different points and angle between magnetic field and
wave vector.

Important Variables in NOTEC Code

In NOTEC code there are mainly four file types.

INPUT: These are read only files which contain all the input data for the program .
OUTPUT: Gives few lines of output for every ray traced. This is optional file intented for
monitoring the program .
RESUL: Gives one line of output for every step taken. For the complete spectrum this will be
very long.
SPECT: Contains the spectrum and can be used for post processor programs like gnuplot.

INPUT PARAMETERS

Machine Parameters
The machine wall of the tokamak is simulated by three circles
RZW: Macine majour radius .
RO(3): Radius of the circles .
XO(3),YO(3): Coordinates of the circles .
RCOF(5): 5 reflection coefficients.

Antenae Specification
NANG: Number of rays launched .
VO(4): phi direction of antenna.
VD(5): Parameters of the antinna aperture.
Plasma Specification
Mainly three parts
Flux coordinate
BOPHI: Phi component of magnetic field at R=RZERO .
RZERO: Center of the plasma .
RSHIFT: Shift of the plasma center in direction of majour radius .
ZSHIFT: Shift of the plasma center in z direction .
RLIM: Limiter radius .
Density field
DMAX: Density at the center of the plasma .
DMIN: Density at psi ≪1

Temperature field
TMAX: Temperature at the center of the plasma .
TMIN: Temperature at psi ≪1

Superthermal Population
NNONTH: Superthermal population (can have values from zero to ten) .
PSIL: Lower psi limit .
PSIH: Upper psi limit .
THEL: Lower theta limit .
THEH: Upper theta limit .
POPTB(10): Temperature parellel to magnetic field .
POPTP(10): Temperature perpendicular to magnetic field.
POPUR(10): Normalised velocity of the particle in the direction of B .
POPEP(10): Density fraction of superthermals relative to total population.
The minor radius is normalised to psi such that minor radius varry from zero to one.
FREQ:Frequencies in one tracing.
The above mentioned are only few important input parameters of NOTEC.
IV. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

The variation in temperature measured using ECE spectrum analysis and other methods like
Thomson scattering etc. may be due to many reasons like harmonics overlap, relativistic down
shifting, presence of non-thermals etc. Among these, the temperature-difference due to the
presence of non-thermal electrons is studied here. The aim is to eliminate the effect of
superthermals in the ECE spectrum so that temperature more similar to the actual temperature
can be obtained. For this the ECE spectrum for normal view and at angles 5, -5, 10, -10, 20, -20
are obtained. The studies are done with the help of NOTEC code. In NOTEC code, an angle of
00 is corresponding to an angle in which the observation is done perpendicular to the magnetic
field. So, 50 is the actual 850 and −50 is the actual 950 . ECE spectrum with frequency along x
axis and electron temperature along y axis is obtained. This frequency can be converted into
radius by using radial dependence of magnetic field and radius verses temperature spectrum can
be obtained. The parameters of ITER are specified in table 1.1.

Magnetic field Profile

In the case of ITER the radial magnetic field profile is given by B0R0 /r, where B0 is the magnetic
field at the center of plasma, R0 is the majour radius, and r is the distance from the center of
tokamak. Accordingly the radial profile of magnetic field will be figure:1 . Like this radial
frequency profile also can be determined. If the radial frequency profile is known it is easy to re
produce radial electron temperature profile.

Fig 1: Radial magnetic field Profile of ITER

Profile of Superthermals

The input block for superthermals in NOTEC requires the number of superthermals and various
profiles of superthermals. These superthermals are assumed to be distributed in the circular
region around the plasma center and forms a ring of superthermals. This superthermal flows with
a velocityvs and hence a superthermal current is produced in the plasma along toroidal direction.
The profiles for temperature, density and valocity of superthermals are specified in section 2.
Superthermals distributed upto 20 cm on both sides of the plasma center are considerd here.The
x axis is normalised by deviding the extend of superthermals by the value of minor radius in the
profiles given below and the profiles of superthermals on one side of plasma center only is
ploted. The same behaviour repeats in the opposit side also.

Fig 2: Temperature profile of superthermals. Temperature in Kev is plotted in y axis.

The value of temperature of non-thermal electrons at the center is taken as 200 KeV.

The total density of electron ne = 1.02 × 1020 m−3 at the center. Taking η = 1% the maximum
superthermal density at the plasma center (Rzero,Zzero) is 1.02 × 1017 m−3 . Input file of NOTEC
requires density fraction which has the profile given below in fig :3.

Fig 3: Density profiles of superthermals.

The density fraction ns /ne is plotted on the Y axis.The X axis is the normalised minor radius. It
is normalised by dividing with 2, which is the actual minor radius. The value for as , which is the
extend upto which non-thermals are present, is taken as 20 cm and the streaming velocity is
0.5717 c at the center. The velocity is expressed in unit of c where, c is the velocity of light. The
velocity profile is given below in fig 4.

Fig 4: Velocity profile

ECE Spectrum

The ECE spectrum of O mode having no superthermal is shown in figure:5.To analyse the
spectrum radial profile of electron temperature can be obtained as mentioned above. From this
spectrum it is clear that the maximum temperature is observed at the centre of plasma and has
almost the same characteristic as that of input temperature.

Fig 5: ECE Spectrum in radius scale(O mode, Normal view)

V. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Ordinary Mode

Normal View
The ECE spectrum for ITER with and without superthermals are given in figure 6. From figure 6 an
increase in elecron temperature from that of bulk can be observed from the first harmonic peak to the
starting point of down shifted second harmonic peak. This is due to the down shifted emission of
superthermals. Up to the frequency corresponding to the radius 6.4 m there will be no superthermals and
hence no downshifted emission and increase in temperature. But after this freqency there are super
thermals corresponding to every frequency. This distribution of superthermals repeats in every harmonics.
The super thermals in the higher harmonics get downshifted to the first harmonics causing an increase in
temperature in the first harmonics around ωc (0) and this temperature remains increased up to the
begining of downshifted second harmonics. Due to the same reason there will be an increase in
temperature for other harmonics also. Relativistic down shift is the only effect relevant to the normal
view.This increase is more pronounced at first harmonics than at the downshifted second harmonics.

Fig 6: Here the curve D represent normal view at a = 0.7 , C represent the normal view at a =
0.5, B represent normal view at a = 0.3 and A represent ECE spectrum of plasma without
nonthermal electrons.

Oblique view
If the ECE spectrum witout superthermal at different angles are considerd. It is found that the
temperaturepeaks get upshifted to higher frequency according to the relation nωc < ω< nωc
̸√(  − N||u|| ) where N|| ≠ 0 and N|| = N cos θ, and θ is the angle between magnetic field and the
direction of antenna. In NOTEC angle θ = 900 (perpendicular view) is considerd as angle zero.
So in this study a positive angle represents θ = 90+angle and negative angle represents θ =
90−angle. The effect of Doppler shift on ECE spectrum without superthermal is already studied .
When ECE spectrum with superthermal for different angles are considerd, there will be both the
relativistic downshift and the Doppler shift. The ECE spectrum for ordinary mode having no
superthermals is obtained for ITER using NOTEC. For this spectrum we selected the frequency
range 100 GHz- 1000 Ghz, and radius range along minor radius from 0-2 m . The ECE spectrum
for non-thermal electrons with the value of a ( location of nonthermals ) = 0.3 and with ntm
width 20 temperature of 200 keV at the plasma center is found out at oblique view of 50 and −50
angles. The spectrum is taken in the ordinary mode. In order to understand about the relation
between N asymmetry and the effect of presence of non-thermal electrons, we have also taken
the ECE spectrum of plasma without non-thermals at the 50 oblique view. All spectrum are
shown in figure 7.

Fig 7: ECE spectrum in O mode and is taken in oblique view. Here the curve c represent oblique
view of 50 , b represent the corresponding spectrum in −50 and a is the ECE spectrum of plasma
without non-thermal electrons at 50

.
Fig 8: The ECE spectrum in O mode and taken in oblique view. Here the curve c represent oblique view
of 10 , b represent the corresponding spectrum in −10 and
0 0
a is the ECE spectrum of plasma without
nonthermal electrons at 100 .

Fig 9: The ECE spectrum in O mode and taken in oblique view. Here the curve c represent oblique view
of 20 , b represent the corresponding spectrum in −20 and
0 0
a is the ECE spectrum of plasma without
nonthermal electrons at 200 .

The ECE spectrum for non-thermal electrons with the value of a = 0.5 and with ntm width 20 cm. The
spectrum is taken in the ordinary mode and oblique view is shown below in figure 5.5 .

Fig 10: Here the curve c represent oblique view of 50 , b represent the corresponding spectrum in −50and
a is the ECE spectrum of plasma without nonthermal electrons at 50 .
Fig 11:Here the curve c represent oblique view of 100 , b represent the corresponding spectrum
in −100and a is the ECE spectrum of plasma without nonthermal electrons at 100 .

Fig 12:Here the curve c represent oblique view of 200 , b represent the corresponding spectrum
in −200 and a is the ECE spectrum of plasma without nonthermal electrons at 200 .
VI. CONCLUSION
The ECE spectrum with non-thermals are taken for various streaming velocities of non-thermal
electrons in oblique views of 50 , 100 and 200 and their corresponding negative angles. The N||
asymmetry is studied by taking the difference in temperature of both spectrum and plotting it
along with the plot showing temperature difference between plasma containing both type of
electrons and plasma containing bulk electrons alone. The following conclusions are obtained
from this studies:

• The relativistic down shifted emission of superthermals causes increase in temperature of

ECE spectrum for normal view.

• In the case of oblique view with superthermal both relativistic down shift
and Doppler shift contributes to the difference in electron temperature.

• The ECE spectrum without superthermals for two angles with N|| having same magnitude
and opposit direction are same.

• An N|| asymmetry can be observed for two angles having same magnitude and opposite
direction for N|| if superthermals are present. That means the two spectrum differ in
electron temperature.

• Due to the N|| asymmetry contributed by superthermals the difference spectrum of N ||

asymmetry comes in the same frequency range of the spectrum due to contribution of
superthermals only.

• There is no effect of nontharmal on the ntm width.

 Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to thank God for giving me a wonderfull chance for CDAMOP 2015.
I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude towards my supervisor Dr. Kamlesh
K.Sharma Professor,Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities who informed me about
this conference at D.U.and provided me excellent guidance for this paper and inspiration for
CDAMOP . I am also deeply debated to my guide Dr. P.V. Subhash, Scientist, ITER India,
Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, without his invaluable guidance, this work would
never have been a successful one.
We acknoledge the use of NOTEC Computer code under a license agreement between FOM
Institute voor Plasma fysica and Institute for Plasma Research.
I would like to thank my family.
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