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Keywords—Quantum control design, Open loop control, Two Figure1. Physical Model of Two Base States for the Ammonia Molecule
We call these two states as |1 and |2. These states are
level quantum systems, Wei-Norman technique.
I. INTRODUCTION
taken as the base states for the behavior of our ammonia
Two level quantum systems are simplest models of quantum molecule.
dynamical models. When a quantum mechanical system has a If ammonia molecule is in either of the two states of
doublet of energy levels close to each other and far away from definite energy and we disturb it at a frequency ω such that
the rest of the energy levels, it can be approximated as two ћω = difference in two energy levels.
energy level system. If external perturbation, control, is weak where, ћ is reduced Plank’s constant i.e., ћ = h/(2π), and ‘h’ is
(small in magnitude), the energy levels are not changed Plank’s constant, then system may take transition from lower
significantly by the perturbations and so it is easy to study the state to the higher state or if it is in upper state then it may
dynamics of two level system. We can apply this approach to jump to lower state and emit photon. To induce such transition
ammonia maser. Ammonia maser is a device for generating we need to apply external control i.e., electric field, because
electromagnetic waves, whose operation is based on the these states are sensitive to an electric field. The operation of
properties of the ammonia molecule. the ammonia maser is given in the texts [1, Ch. 9].
The ammonia molecule has many states, but we are The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, operation of
considering it as a two level system. Two states of this system ammonia maser is described in brief. Formulation of optimal
are its specific states of rotation or translation. If the ammonia control problem is described in brief in Section III. In Section
molecule is considered to be rotating about an axis passing IV, we will derive the mathematical model for a two-level
through the nitrogen atom and perpendicular to the plane of quantum system of ammonia molecule. Our model will be a
the hydrogen atoms, as shown in fig.1, there are still two system varying on the Lie group SU(2) of special unitary
possible conditions as the nitrogen may be on one side of the matrices of dimension two. Hence, we will start with the
plane of hydrogen atom or on the other side of it. standard finite state Schrödinger equation of two energy levels
and transform it into a control theoretic form. A four
dimensional real variable differential equation model is then
Shashank Y. Gothankar is a student of M.Tech Electrical Engineering
(Control Systems) with the Department of Electrical Engineering, VJTI,
obtained from the complex valued two level model. The use of
Mumbai, India (gthnkr@gmail.com). Wei-Norman technique for the construction of state transition
matrix is given in Section V. In Section VI, the state transfer is
Prof. Dr. N. M. Singh is Professor with the Department of Electrical analyzed by giving time dependent control input i.e.,
Engineering, VJTI, Mumbai, India.
sinusoidal electric field of small magnitude. The MATLAB
simulation results are discussed in Section VII. In MATLAB III. FORMULATION OF OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM
It gave pulses of photons of 1.26 cm. its output power |0, can be written as | |0, where is
maser was built by C.H. Townes in 1953 using ammonia gas.
was very small (about 10 W). Hence, masers were the first the evolution operator or propagator, that satisfies the equation
for each t. Here |1 and |2 are eigenstates of Hermitian linear
operator. The modeling of quantum system is explained in the
.
Figure2. Production of Ammonia Maser
The production of maser is illustrated in fig.(2). Ammonia
gas is emitted from a source through a narrow aperture. The (5)
electrostatic focusser or separator provides a non-uniform
electrostatic field. When the ammonia molecules pass through where,
∑#
!$ ! "!
the focuser the lower energy state molecules are pulled
outwards while the higher energy state molecules are pushed (6)
∑#
the lower energy state molecules are diverted. A feeble signal
*%
+ ∑# +
inducing and stimulated photons suffer multiple reflections
+ ∑# +
!$ ! "! |
and to detect very weak radio waves emitted by distant
planets. (9)
IV. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF AMMONIA MASER of Schrödinger state equations. Hence, converting (3) into new
basis we get
state, and state |2 is the state in which nitrogen atom is below *%
+ ∑# +
!$ ! "! |*%
the nitrogen atom is above the plane of hydrogen atoms, up
(14)
transition of states from state |1 to state |2. Here, our diagonalized matrix is
the plane of hydrogen atoms, down state. We have to make
In this system with two base states, any state | of the
+ 60 2
0
7
two states, i.e., there is a certain amplitude to be in one 0 0 1 2
system can always be described as a linear combination of the
0 ", 0 1 ", 12. ; =; > ?@ABCD/ (17)
| 0 12 1 0 |
(19)
3 4 56 78 9 ": 6 7 where, F is resonant frequency. Now from (14), (17), (18)
| 12 0 0 11 |
and (19) we get
0 " 12
(20)
6 7
12 0 1 "
(10) and
Hence, our internal Hamiltonian, , and external Hamiltonian =;; "> ?GAD =;
matrices, , are
(21)
0 12
From (20) and (21) we come to know that with weak time
1 0 = ; 1"=;;
8 9 "
0 11
(22)
(12)
and
we found out the eigen values of and its eigen vectors. The
decouple the state equations. To decouple these state equations
=; I I (24)
=;; IJ IK (25) " `S SJ *ab 2S (34)
" " " (26) Hence, the state variables are calculated by using the state
transition matrix equation is given as
we get state variable representation as
I " P " P I
(36)
P N 0 0 11 0O , P N 0 0 0 1O
" 2ef cosF , " 0
0 1 0 0 11 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 11 0 0
(29) (37)
Here we can see that P and P together with their Lie product =;; Qh cosef 1 g sinefR
2PJ QP , P R P P 1 P P form Lie algebra.
(39)
Hence, from (24) and (38), from (25) and (39) we obtain
I 0
techniques can be applied for constructing the state transition
matrix of the system. Now the Wei-Norman technique is used (41)
IJ 0
in the construction according to [3]. The exponential
representation of the transition matrix includes three base (42)
IK Qh cosef 1 g sinefR
functions, two of which serve as the parameter functions,
which can be chosen freely. In this framework the initial and (43)
final states can be defined corresponding to the two levels of
state =; . Then
the original system model. This approach has been discussed Let’s assume that initially the ammonia molecule was in
" and " in the form of matrix equation as shown in [4] I 0 I 0 1
is given below
So we get g 1 and h 0.
From equation (31) the parameterization obtained for S Now, if the state transition time is i then for the final state
S tan 81 cos2S 9
]^
]_
(32)
cosefi 0
We explain, in this appendix, the Wei-Norman theory in
(44) brief.
Consider the linear operator differential equation of the first
This gives us the state transition time order
Hence, after transition time i the molecule will certainly where and k are both time-dependent linear operators in a
state transition matrix equation by computing S , S and SJ . if the operator can be expressed as
make transition from one state to the other. We can find out Banach space or a finite dimensional space. According to [3],
k can be expressed as
Using MATLAB Simulink to model (27), the simulation real split 3-dimensional simple Lie algebra, then the operator
as a ramp input signal and " is set to zero to avoid wave k ∏n
m$ >
]q D rq
(48)
Sm ∑n
#$ sm# g# , Sm 0 0 (49)
Then, is given by
S t g u vu
D
(56)
S t g u vu
D
(57)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Dr. N. M. Singh, Professor in
Electrical Engineering Department of Veermata Jijabai
Technological Institute, Mumbai, for his guidance and support
throughout the paper. Also I would like to thank my friends
and staff in Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai,
for their valuable help and constant support.
REFERENCES
[1] R. P. Feynman, Volume III of The Feynman Lectures on Physics,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1965.
[2] D. D’Alessandro, Introduction to Quantum Control and Dynamics,
Taylor & Francis Group.
[3] Wei, J., Nrman, E.: On global representation of the solutions of linear
differential equations as product of exponentials. In: Proc. AMS, vol.
15, pp. 327-334 (1964).
[4] Nihatilä, M., Wei-Norman Technique for Control Design of Bilinear
ODE Systems with Application to Quantum Control, J. Lévine & P.
Müllhaupt (Eds.): Adv. in Theory of Control, Signals, LNCIS 407, pp.
189-199.