Atomic structure

Topics we will learn today

Discovery of Proton & Neutron

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

Rutherford’s Gold foil experiment

Nuclear Model of atom

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Discovery of protons and neutrons
 Characteristics of Anode rays

● Depends on nature of gas taken in discharge tube.

● Anode or canal rays are simply the positively charged gaseous ions.
● q/m ratio of anode rays is smaller than that of cathode rays.

Smallest and lightest positive ion was obtained from hydrogen and was called
“PROTON.”
Proton was characterised in 1919.

proton

Hydrogen atom
Discovery of neutron- James Chadwick (1932)

Chadwick bombarded a thin sheet of Be with ɑ-particles and neutral

particles having mass slightly greater than that of proton were emitted.

9Be + 4He → 12C + 1n

4 2 6 0
 Fundamental Particles

mp= 1836me
mn= 1839 me
 Thomson’s Plum pudding model-1898

● Atom is a sphere in which +ve charge is uniformly distributed.

● Electrons are embedded in the sphere.

Explains chemical neutrality of atom.

 Drawbacks

1. Considers mass to be evenly spread across the atom.

2. It’s a static model, doesn’t reflect the movement of electrons.
3. Couldn’t explain the stability of an atom.
 Ernest Rutherford

Wilhelm Röentgen (1845-1923) in 1895

Showed that when electrons strike a material in
the cathode ray tubes, produce rays which can
cause fluorescence in the fluorescent materials
placed outside the cathode ray tubes.
Since Röentgen did not know the nature of the
radiation, he named them X-rays and the name
is still carried on.

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) observed that there are certain elements

which emit radiation on their own and named this phenomenon as
radioactivity and the elements known as radioactive elements. This field was
developed by Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Rutherford and Frederick Soddy. It
was observed that three kinds of rays i.e., α, β- and γ-rays are emitted.
Rutherford found that α-rays consists of high energy particles carrying two
units of positive charge and four unit of atomic mass.
Rutherford’s experiment
 Why only gold foil was used?

Why only ɑ- rays were used?

Observation:

● About 92% ɑ-particles passed undeflected.

● Some ɑ-particles were scattered by small angles.(θ < 900)
● A few were deflected by large angles. ( (θ > 900)
● Almost 1 in 20,000 retraced its path.
Conclusion:

● Most of the space in an atom is hollow.

● Positive charge and most of the mass is concentrated at a small point
which was called “ nucleus”.
● Volume of nucleus is negligibly small compared to volume of an atom.
● Electrons revolve around the nucleus due to the electrostatic force
between positive nucleus and negative electrons.
Drawbacks:

● It couldn’t explain nuclear collapse.

● It couldn’t explain the line spectra for various elements.
● It couldn’t explain the energies and distribution of electrons around
nucleus.
Atomic number, mass number and atomic symbols
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element having same atomic number( p+), but
different mass number (p++ n0)
Isobars
Atoms of different elements having same mass number.
Isotones
Atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons.
Isoelectronic species
Species having same number of electrons.
Example Two nuclides A and B are isoneutronic. Their mass numbers are 76 and 77
respectively. If the atomic no of A is 32, then the atomic no of B will be
Example Silver (Ag; z= 47)has 46 known isotopes but only 2 occur naturally, 107Ag and
109Ag. Given the following data calculate the atomic mass of Ag

107Ag 106.905u 51.84%

109Ag 108.904u 48.16%