Cellular Respiration

How Cells Harvest

Chemical Energy – Cellular
Respiration
Cellular Respiration

• C6H12O6 + 60 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 20

• A catabolic pathway

• Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic

compounds.

• Involves three stages:

• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
What Is ATP?
● Adenosine Triphosphate

● Energy used by all Cells

● Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate

bonds
Chemical Structure of ATP
What Does ATP Do for You?

● It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?

● By breaking the
high- energy
bonds between
the last two
phosphates in
ATP
NADH and FADH2

● NAD+ traps
electrons from
glucose to make
NADH (energy
stored)

● Similarly, FAD+
stores energy as
FADH2
Where Does Cellular
Respiration Take Place?

● It actually takes place in

two parts of the cell:

• Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm

• Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the
Mitochondria
Review of Mitochondria
Structure
● Smooth outer
Membrane
● Folded inner
membrane
● Folds called
Cristae
● Space inside
cristae called the
Matrix
 Diagram of the Process
Occurs in
Matrix

Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs

across
Cristae
Glycolysis
1. Means “splitting of sugar”

2. Occurs in the cytosol of the cell

3. Partially oxidizes glucose (6C) into two

pyruvate (3C) molecules.

4. Occurs whether or not oxygen is

present.
5. An exergonic process, (meaning energy is
released) most of the energy harnessed is
conserved in the high-energy electrons of NADH
and in the phosphate bonds of ATP
Glycolysis Summary
● Takes place in the Cytoplasm
● Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
● Requires input of 2 ATP
● Glucose split into two molecules of
Pyruvate
● Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Formation of Acetyl CoA
1. Junction between glycolysis and Krebs cycle

2. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

3. Pyruvate molecules are translocated from the

cytosol into the mitochondrion by a carrier protein
in the mitochondrial membrane.

4. A CO2 is removed from pyruvate – making a 2C

compound.

5. Coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group.

Formation of Acetyl CoA
 Formation of Acetyl CoA
Formation of Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
● Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
● Cyclical series of oxidation reactions
that give off CO2 and produce one
ATP per cycle
● Turns twice per glucose molecule
● Produces two ATP
● Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
Krebs Cycle Summary
● Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also
produces 3NADH, 1FADH 2, and 2CO 2

● Therefore, For each Glucose molecule,

the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH,
2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
Electron Transport Chain
1. Located in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.

2. Oxygen pulls the electrons from NADH

and FADH2 down the electron transport
chain to a lower energy state
.
3. Process produces 34 ATP or 90% of the
ATP in the body.
Electron Transport Chain
4. Requires oxygen, the final electron acceptor.

5. For every FADH2 molecule – 2 ATP’s are produced.

6. For every NADH molecule – 3 ATP’s are produced.

7. Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP using the

energy of H + gradients across membranes to
phosphorylate ADP.
ATP Synthase
● A protein in the inner membrane in the
mitochondria.

● Uses energy of the ion gradient to power ATP

synthesis.

● For every H+ ion that flows through ATP synthase,

one ATP can be formed from ADP
Cellular Respiration in
Summary

Glycolysis
• 2 ATP

• 2 NADH → 4-6 ATP (Depends on how this NADH

molecule gets to the ETC. To make things simple we
will say that these two NADH’s make 4 ATP )

Formation of Acetyl CoA

• 2 NADH → 6 ATP
Cellular Respiration in Summary

Krebs Cycle
• 2 ATP

• 6 NADH → 18 ATP

• 2 FADH2 → 4 ATP

Grand Total = 36 ATP

Fermentation
● Occurs when O2 NOT present
(anaerobic)
● Called Lactic Acid fermentation in
muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
● Called Alcoholic fermentation in
yeast (produces ethanol)
● Nets only 2 ATP