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IONS – electrically charged atom that can be positively Steps to figure out if there will be sharing of electrons:
(lose electrons) or negatively (gain electrons) charged a. Get the total number of electrons in a compound
o Subscript * valence electrons
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE – aka Lewis Symbol by o In CO2,(C: 1 * 4) + (O: 2 * 6)
Gilbert Newton Lewis 4 + 12 = 16
Shows valence electrons by means of dots b. Compute for the Octet Rule requirement
o Number of atoms(subscript) * 8
Atoms become stable when it lose, gain or share
(C: 1 *8 ) + (O: 2 *8 )
electrons and attain the electron configuration of the
8 + 16 = 24
nearest noble gas
c. Subtract a from then divide the difference by 2
IONIC BOND – bond between 2 ions by transfer of (2 e- = 1 pair = 1 bond)
electrons (uses arrows) o quotient=number of bonds
Occurs when the electronegativity (24 – 16) ÷ 2
difference of elements ranges from 1.9 to 8÷2=4
3.3 Covalent VS Ionic Properties
Forms ions COVALENT IONIC
Complete transfer of electrons Low melting and boiling High melting and boiling
Metals lose electrons and become cation points points
Smaller than the parent atom Softer and squishier Harder and inflexible
Non-metals gain electrons and become More flammable Less flammable
anion Not soluble Soluble
Larger than the parent atom Does not conduct Conduct electricity in
electricity in water water
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Melting and Boiling Points – High due to strong METALLIC BOND – hold metal atoms very strongly
attractions ELECTRON-SEA MODEL – used in describing
Solubility – soluble in water due to the metallic bonding
attractive forces between ions and water o Sea of free moving electrons from the
molecules outer shell holds the metal ions rigidly in
Mechanical Properties – hard and brittle, place
charges are disoriented and will repel
Properties of Metals
Conductivity – do not conduct as solids, they
conduct when dissolved in water Melting and Boiling Points - higher due to the
stronger bonding forces
COVALENT BOND – bond by sharing of electrons (uses lines) Electrical and Thermal Conductivity – good
Forms molecules conductors because of the free moving
NONPOLAR – electrons are shared equally electrons
Occurs when the electronegativity Malleability and Ductility – can be shaped
difference of elements ranges from 0 to because metal ions can slide due to the
1.4 electrons surrounding them
Common in diatomic molecules Hardness – varies due to the differences in
(Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, crystal size (smaller=harder)
Iodine, Chlorine, Boron)
POLAR – electrons are shared unequally ALLOYS – solid mixtures of 2 or more metals
Occurs when the electronegativity Addition of the second metal significantly
difference of elements ranges from 0.4 affects the properties of a substance
to 1.9 In some case, non-metal atoms (Carbon) are
One atom has stronger attraction added
Results charge separation (partial If the size of the metals are the same, 2nd atoms
positive and partial negative) take the place of 1st atoms
Hydrogen and Helium only needs 2 If the second atoms are smaller, they will fill in
electrons to be stable spaces between 1st atoms