PHYSICS

NOTES

CLASS-9
S.J.C

CH -01. MEASUREMENTS &

EXPERIMENTATION

INTRODUCTION:
Physics is a branch of
science of measurements
& for measurements one
requires units.The
units that we use in Physics
are broadly divided
into two categories.

1. Fundamental units
2. Derived units

Fundamental units are those units which are

independent of any other & which can’t be
expressedin terms of any other unit.the S.I. System
recognizes seven fundamental units and two
supplementary fundamental units.

FUNDAMENTAL
Physical S.I.
Quantity Unit

Mass Kilogram (kg)

Length Metre (m)
Time Seconds (s)
 Tempature Kelvin (K)
Amount of substance Mole
Current Ampere (a)
Luminous Quantity Candela

SUPPLEMENTRY FUNDAMENTAL
Supplentry S.I. Unit

Angle Radian
Solid-Angle Spe-Radian

Derived units are those units which are dependent

on other units &
which can be expressed in terms of fundamental
units.all the units used in
physics other than fundamental units are derived
units.

DERIVED (Some Examples):

Physical Formula Unit
Quantity
AREA L . b; a . a; b . ht m.m= m x m
½ (a+b)h; #.r.r
1/2 d1.d2;

VOLUME a . a . a; m.m.m= m x m
# . r . r . h; x
1/3 # . r . r . h m
4/3 # . r . r . r

SPEED d/t m/s= ms

ACCELARATION v-u/t m/s/s=ms

FORCE (F) Mass . Kgm/s/s

Accleration

WORK (W) Force.Displa…… Kgm.m/s/s

POWER (P) Watt . Time Kgm.m/s(Watt)

SYSTEMS OF UNITS ( OLD ) :

1. C.G.S. System :
In this system , unit of length
was “cm”; unit of mass
was “gram” ;& unit of time was
“seconds”.

2. F.P.S. System :
This was a British System in
which “foot” was the unit of
length “pound”was the unit of
mass “second” was the unit
of time.

3. M.K.S System:
In this system the unit of length
was “metre” ; unit of
mass was “kilogram” ; the unit of
time was “seconds”

4..M.K.S.A. System:
This was the same as the
above one but in addition
 the unit of current “ampere”
was also taken.

All the
Above four systems are now
absolute & we now use
the S.I. System which recognizes
seven fundamental &
two supplentry fundamental
units.

PREFIXES:
These are words which when put in front
of units increase or
decrease their value.

DECA 10 = 10

HECTA 10 = 100

KILO 10 =1000

MEGA 10 =1000000

GIGA 10 =1000000000

TERA 10 =1000000000000

PETA 10 =1000000000000000

EXA 10
=1000000000000000000
b..
DECI 10-1=1/10

CENTI 10-2=1/100

MILLI 10-3=1/1000

MICRO 10-6=1/1000000

NANO 10-9=1/1000000000

PICO 10-12=1/1000000000000

FEMTO 10-
15
=1/1000000000000000

ATTO 10-
18
=1/10000000000000000
00

In Mechanics we basically use foll. three

quantities :-

a. Length
b. Mass
c. Time

MECHANICS

LENGTH:--
Units of Length:
 The S.I. Unit of length is the
metre(m).

METRE:--

Q1 .Define a “metre”?

Ans. There are three definations:

(a)One metre was originally defined as the
distance between two points
on the iridium platinum rod ( 90% Irridium &
10% platinum )kept
at 00C at the international berum of weights
& measures in sereves
near Paris.
(b)One metre was later defined as
1,650,753.73 wave lengths of orange
light in an emition spectrum of krypton-86..
(c)In 1983,one metre was again redefined as
the distance travelled by light
in ______1______ path of a second.
299,792 458

Other units of length are cm , mm , km .

One cm =__1__ of a metre.

100
One mm=__1__ of a metre.
1000
One km= 1000 of a metre

Larger units of length are the light year,

astronomical unit & the anti parsec.
 1 light year is defined as the distance traveled by
light in one year.
Light year is a very large unit of length.
1 light year = 9.46 x 1011 m.

1 astronomical unit is defined as the mean distance

between the Earth
& the Sun.

1 Au = 1.496 x 1011 m

Parsec is another larger unit of length larger than the

light year.

1 Parsec = 3.26 Light years.

Some very small units of length are Angstong(A0) &

ferni (f).

1 Angstong = 10-10 m

1 Ferni = 10-15 m.

_____________________________________________________
_______________________

MASS:--
Units of mass:
The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram(kg).

KILOGRAM:--

Q 1. Define a “ kilogram”?
 Ans. 1. There are two definations:
(a)One kilogram is originally defined as the
mass platinum iridium cylinder
kept at Paris.
(b)One kilogram is also defined as the mass
of pure water at 40 C.

Other units of mass are gm , mg , quintal , ton.

1 gm = .001 kg
1mg =. 0001 kg
1 quintal = 100 kg
1 ton = 1000 kg

A very tiny unit of mass commonly used in Chemistry

is the Atomic mass unit(amu).

1 amu = mass of 1/12th of a c 12 atom.

TIME:--
Units of time:--
The S.I. unit of time is the
second(s).

SECOND:--
Q1. Define a “second”?

Ans 1. There are two definations :

(a) One second is originally defined as “
____1____” part of mean solar day.
 86,
400
(b)One second is now defined as 9,192,632,770
of ccc atom in an atomic clock.

Lunar Month is defined as the time in which the

moon goes once around. (27.3 days).

A leap year is every year which is divisible by 4 ,

except the centuries which are divisible
by 400.

One Decade = 10 yrs.

One Century = 100 yrs.
One Mellinium = 1000 yrs.

VERNIER CALLIPERS

LEAST COUNT:--
Every instrument that is used for
measurement has a property called
“Least Count”.
Least Count of an instrument is
the least value it can measure accurate.
Different instruments have
different least count.Smaller is the least count
of an instrument the more
accurate is the reading taken by it.

The ordinary plastic or steel scale that we use in our

every day life for regular measurement
has a least count of 1 mm or .1 cm.
The vernier callipers is a device which has a least
count of .1 mm or .01 cm.

DESCRIPTION OF VERNIER CALLIPER’S:

It
consists of flat a metal strip, marked
in millimeters or centimeters which acts as a main
scale.

There is a sliding scale present on the main scale

which can backward or forward.
It is called the Vernier scale.

The Vernier scale usually consists of 10 divisions.

It is important to remember that divisons on the

Vernier scale are not marked in mm.

According to the principle of ‘Vernier’: “ The total

length of the vernier scale divisions
Is one less than the same on the main scale

Least count of vernier calipers is the difference

between the value of one main scale division
& one vernier scale division.
L.C. of Vernier Callipers: Vale of 1 MSD – Vale of 1
VSR =__ Value of 1 MSD__

Total no. of VSD

USING A VERNIER CALLIPERS :

We should
follow the foll. Steps:

STEP 1:
We will bring the two jaws of the vernier
callipers together . We will then
obserbe weather the zero of the vernier
scale lies below the zero of the
main scale.If this condition is fulfil then the
ver nier caliper is said to be free from
zero error.

POSITIVE ZERO EROR:

If on bringing the two jaws
of the vernier calliperthe zero of the
Vernier scale lies on right
of the zero of the main scale .Then
the Vernier caliper is said
to have +ve zero error .
 To calcucate +ve zero
we check which division of the vernier scale
matches with the main
scale.

“P.Z.E. = V.S.D. x L.C.”

NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR:

If on bringing the two
jaws of the Vernier Calliper
together the zero of
the Vernier scale lies on left of the main
scale .The Vernier
Callipers is said to have negative zero error.

To calculate negative
zero error we check which division of the
Vernier scale matches
with the main scale& then use the foll.
formula:

“ N.Z.E. = V.S.D.-n x
L.C.”( where n= total no. of V.S.D.)

STEP 2:
 The object whose length & diameter is to be
measured is clamped between the the
two jaws. Then the two readings are taken:
(i) M.S.R. (ii) V.S.R.

The main scale reading is that reading on

the main scale which lies before the zero of
the Vernier scale .

The Vernier scale reading is the raeing of that

division on the Vernier scale which
matches with the main scale.

STEP 3:
We will now put the reading of M.S. , V.S. ,
L.C. , zero error in the foll. formula:

F.R. = M.S.R. + V.S.R. - Z.E.(if any)..

SCREW GAUGE
The “Screw Gauge” isn a device