GTS NX Verification and Application

New eXperience of
GeoTechnical analysis System
Verification
&Application
Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
Chapter 1. Construction Stage
23
Chapter 2. Seepage
31
Chapter 3. Fully-coupled Analysis
41
Chapter 4. Consolidation
51
Chapter 5. Slope Stability
57
Chapter 6. Dynamic
Verification & Application
Chapter 1
Construction
Stage
Section 1. Embankment Construction Stage (2D)1
Section 2. Tunnel Construction Stage (2D) 3
Section 3. Temporary structure with changing

water level (2D) 12
Section 4. General Construction Stage (3D) 15
Section 5. Tunnel Construction Stage (3D) 17

Chapter 2
Seepage
Section 1. Steady State Analysis (3D) 23
Section 2. Transient Analysis (2D) 26

Chapter 3
Fully-Coupled
Analysis
Section 1. Fully coupled analysis 31
Section 2. Suction-Drain 33
Section 3. Well-Point 34
Section 4. Temporary Structure Excavation

Construction Stage
(Ground water level consideration) 37
Section 5. Tunnel Excavation Construction Stage

(Ground water level consideration) 39
Chapter 4
Consolidation
Section 1. Soft Ground Embankment Consolidation

(2D) 41
Section 2. Consolidation following Drain Spacing

(3D) 44
Section 3. Embankment Consolidation

(Detailed consideration of ground characteristics
(partial saturation)) 47
Chapter 5
Slope
Stability
Section 1. Slope stability (2D) 51
Section 2. Slope stability (3D) 54

Chapter 6
Dynamics
Section 1. 1D Ground Response 57
Section 2. 2D Equivalent Linear 60
Section 3. Blasting Dynamics (3D) 63

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New eXperience of
Chapter 1
Construction
Stage
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Embankment Construction Stage (2D)
Section 2. Tunnel Construction Stage (2D)
Section 3. Temporary Structure with changing

water level (2D)
Section 4. General Construction Stage (3D)
Section 5. Tunnel Construction Stage (3D)

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage
Section 1 &NCBOLNFOU$POTUSVDUJPO4UBHF(2D)
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0.03% 0.02%
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0.00% 0.10%
SYY
(1.00e-3) (-8.42e-3)

Chapter 1. Construction Stage | 1

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2 | Chapter 1. Construction stage

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Ground –Plane-Strain,
Element characteristics
Shotcrete –Beam, Rockbolt – Truss
Number of nodes, 3,284 nodes, 6,618 elements
elements
Construction stage 11 stages

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0.01% 0.00%
DY
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0 2.41228e-3 0 2.41248e-3
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(0) (2.00e-7)
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0.00% 0.02%
SYY
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-2.7790e2 -2.0037e1 -2.7759e2 -1.99448e1
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Fx (3.10e-1) (9.22e-2)
-5.13862e-1 9.84391e-1 -5.1333e-1 9.82997e-1
Beam 0.10% 0.14%

My (5.32e-4) (-1.39e-3)
-1.82635e0 2.16416e0 -1.82503e0 2.16169e0
Beam 0.07% 0.11%

Fz (1.32e-3) (-2.47e-3)
-1.58588e0 9.79546e0 -1.5888e0 9.76705e0
Truss 0.18% 0.29%

Fx (-2.92e-3) (-2.84e-2)


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Qz
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Section 3 5FNQPSBSZ4USVDUVSFXJUI
DIBOHJOHXBUFSMFWFM(2D)
Ground - Plane Strain

Wall –Beam element, Strut –Truss element
Number of nodes, 1,281 nodes, 1,211elements
elements

5IJTJTBOFYDBWBUJPODPOTUSVDUJPOTUBHFNPEFMGPSUFNQPSBSZTUSVDUVSFTDJSDVNKBDFOUUPOFJHICPSJOHSPBET
OE
XIFSF SPBE MPBE JT BQQMJFE PO UIF HSPVOE TVSGBDF 5IF XBUFS MFWFM JT TFU UP DIBOHF EVSJOH UIF
FYDBWBUJPO
<<$POTUSVDUJPOTUBHF TUBHFT
>JOTJUVTUBUFÆSFUBJOJOHXBMMDPOTUSVDUJPOÆSPBEMPBEBQQMJDBUJPOÆTU
OE
FYDBWBUJPOÆ FYDBWBUJPO
5IFEJTQMBDFNFOU TUSFTTBOEQPSFXBUFSQSFTTVSFXJUIJOUIFHSPVOEJTDIFLDFE

<6OJUT,/ N>
(54/9

0 1.75406e-2 0 1.84590e-2
0.00% 5.24%
DXY
(0) (9.18e-4)
-2.6330e2 1.183e-1 -2.62957e2 -6.04597e0
0.13% -
SXX
(3.43e-1) (6.16e0)
-3.69030e2 1.43329e0 -3.68392e2 -5.82082e-1
0.17% -
SYY
(6.38e-1) (-2.02e0)


-1.56906e2 0 -1.56906e2 0
Pore 0.00% 0.00%

Pressure (0) (0)

8BUFSMFWFMTFUUJOH

(54/9DBOEFGJOFUIFXBUFSMFWFMEFQFOEJOHPOUIFDPOTUSVDUJPOTUBHFGPSDPOTUSVDUJPOTUBHFBOBMZTJT
5IF IFJHIU PG UIF XBUFS MFWFM DBO CF JOQVU EJSFDUMZ JO 4UBUJD4MPQF BOBMZTJT PS 4FFQBHF$POTPMJEBUJPO
BOBMZTJT$POTUSVDUJPOTUBHF$POTUSVDUJPOTUBHFTFU PSUIFXBUFSMFWFMDBOCFTFUVTJOHBGVODUJPOXJUI
BQSFEFGJOFEXBUFSMFWFM5IFXBUFSMFWFMJTBQQMJFEUPUIFFOUJSFDPOTUSVDUJPOTUBHFBGUFSJUJTTFUJOJUT
DPOTUSVDUJPOTUBHF8IFOBXBUFSMFWFMGVODUJPOJTVTFE UIFJOQVUWBMVFJTNVMUJQMJFECZUIFGVODUJPOWBMVF
BOEBQQMJFE

9 *GUIFXBUFSMFWFMEPFTOPUDIBOHF UIF(54/9SFTVMUTBSFUIFTBNFBTUIFFYJTUJOH(54SFTVMUT
9 *GUIFXBUFSMFWFMDIBOHFT UIF(54/9SFTVMUTNBZEJGGFSGSPNUIFFYJTUJOH(54SFTVMUT

5IJT JT CFDBVTF UIF NFUIPE GPS DPOTJEFSJOH TUSFTT DBVTFE CZ QPSF XBUFS QSFTTVSF f p = ³ BT (I3 p) d Ω

EJGGFSTCFUXFFOUIFUXPQSPHSBNT
*O (54 UIF TUSFTT EVF UP QPSF XBUFS QSFTTVSF JT BQQMJFE BT BO JOUFSOBM GPSDF BOE FYUFSOBM GPSDF
TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ)PXFWFSJO(54/9 JUJTBQQMJFEBTBQBSUPGUIFJOUFSOBMGPSDF)FODFXIFOUIFFYUFSOBM
GPSDFJTPVUQVU BEJGGFSFODFPDDVSTCZUIFBNPVOUPGTUSFTTMPBEEVFUPXBUFSQSFTTVSF*OPUIFSXPSET
UIFTFFQBHFGPSDFEVFUPUIFXBUFSMFWFMEJGGFSFODFJTSFGMFDUFEJOUIFBOBMZTJTJO(54/9


"VUPNBUJDDPOTJEFSBUJPOPGXBUFSQSFTTVSF

¾ -PDBUJPO"OBMZTJT"OBMZTJTDBTF"EE"OBMZTJTDPOUSPM(FOFSBM (54/9

*O UIF FYJTUJOH (54 XIFO UIF XBUFS MFWFM JT BCPWF UIF HSPVOE TVSGBDF BO BEEJUJPOBM QSFTTVSF MPBE
DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPUIFIFJHIUEJGGFSFODFJTJOQVUUPDBODFMUIFMPBEEVFUPCVPZBODZ BTTIPXOJOUIFGJHVSF
CFMPX
*O (54 /9 UIF XBUFS QSFTTVSF BDUJOH PO UIF GSFF TVSGBDFTFEHFT PG UIF NPEFM DBO BVUPNBUJDBMMZ CF
EFGJOFEBTBOFYUFSOBMGPSDF BOEJUJTDBMDVMBUFEXJUISFGFSFODFUPUIFQPSFQSFTTVSFPGUIFUBSHFUGSFF
TVSGBDFFEHF

9 8IFOUIFXBUFSMFWFMJTTQFDJGJFE BTUBUJDXBUFSQSFTTVSFTUBUFJTBTTVNFEXJUISFGFSFODFUPUIF
XBUFSMFWFM
9 8IFO TFFQBHF BOBMZTJT IBT CFFO QFSGPSNFE UIF QPSF QSFTTVSF EJTUSJCVUJPO TJ[F
DBMDVMBUFE BU
FBDIOPEFJTVTFE
9 8IFOUIFQPSFQSFTTVSFIBTBOFHBUJWF
WBMVF XBUFSQSFTTVSFJTOPUBVUPNBUJDBMMZDPOTJEFSFE

$BVUJPO
5IJT PQUJPO OFFET UP CF UVSOFE PGG GPS NPEFMT UIBU EP OPU IBWF BO FYUFSOBM XBUFS QSFTTVSF
DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPUIFQPSFQSFTTVSFXJUIJOJU*GTUSFTTBOBMZTJTJTDPOEVDUFECZTQFDJGZJOHBXBUFSMFWFM
UIFQPSFQSFTTVSFJTDBMDVMBUFEEFQFOEJOHPOUIFXBUFSIFJHIUBUUIFDPSSFTQPOEJOHOPEFBOEGSFFOPEFT
)FODF TFFQBHFTUSFTT DPVQMFEBOBMZTJT JT SFDPNNFOEFE UP BDDVSBUFMZ SFWJFXUIF JNQBDU PG UIF HSPVOE
XBUFSMFWFM


Section 4 (FOFSBM$POTUSVDUJPO4UBHF(3D)
Element characteristics Ground – Solid

elements

-BSHFTDBMFMPBETBDUPOUIFNBJOTQBOPGBCSJEHFBOEJUTTUBCJMJUZJTTVTDFQUJCMFUPUIFHFPHSBQIZBOE
HSPVOETUBUF)FODF UIF%CFIBWJPSBMQSPQFSUJFTPGUIFNBJOUPXFSTPOUIFNBJOTQBOCSJEHFOFFEUPCF
BOBMZ[FE<$POTUSVDUJPOTUBHF TUBHFT
>JOTJUVTUBUFÆFYDBWBUJPOÆGPVOEBUJPOJOTUBMMBUJPOBOEMPBEJOHÆ
NBJOUPXFSJOTUBMMBUJPOÆCBDLGJMM5IFTUSFTTBOEEJTQMBDFNFOUUSFOETPGUIFHSPVOEBSFFYBNJOFE

<6OJUT,/ N>
(54/9

0 2.12693e-2 0 2.26911e-2
0.00% 6.68%
DXYZ
(0) (1.42e-3)
-2.24138e3 6.70184e1 -2.24138e3 6.70184e1
0.00% 0.00%
SZZ
(0) (0)
1.06531e-1 1.64421e3 1.06531e-1 1.6440e3
Von 0.00% 0.01%

Mises (0) (-2.10e-1)
5IF EJTQMBDFNFOU EJGGFSFODF

CFUXFFO UIF QSPHSBNT BU
Plastic UIF GJOBM TUBHF JT KVEHFE UP
Status CF EVF UP EJGGFSFOU QMBTUJD
SFHJPOT UIBU PDDVS EVSJOH
BOBMZTJT


$POWFSHFODFDPOEJUJPO

5IF TPMVUJPOJO OPOMJOFBSBOBMZTJT JT PCUBJOFE VTJOH UIF JUFSBUJWF NFUIPE 8IFO UIF TPMVUJPO GPVOE VTJOH
UIFJUFSBUJWFNFUIPEQBTTFTBDFSUBJOTUBOEBSE JUJTSFHBSEFEBTDPOWFSHFE5IFDPOWFSHFODFDPOEJUJPO
OFFETUPCFBQQMJFEUPQSPWJEFTVDITUBOEBSETGPSDPOWFSHFODF5IFBWBJMBCMFDPOWFSHFODFDPOEJUJPOTBSF
UIF EJTQMBDFNFOU TUBOEBSE 6
NFNCFS GPSDF TUBOEBSE 1
FOFSHZ TUBOEBSE 8
FUD BOEUIFTPMVUJPO JT
EFFNFEUPIBWFDPOWFSHFEXIFOUIFTFWBMVFTBSFTNBMMFSUIBOUIFUPMFSBODFWBMVF

5IF TFMFDUFE TUBOEBSE UP KVEHF DPOWFSHFODF EJGGFST GPS FBDI BOBMZTJT UZQF *G UIF TUSVDUVSF DBO EFGPSN
GSFFMZ UIFNFNCFSGPSDFTUBOEBSENBZCFJOBQQSPQSJBUF5IFDPOWFSHFODFDPOEJUJPOGPSNBUFSJBMTPGUFOJOH
CFIBWJPSJT NPSF DPNQMFYUIBO IBSEFOJOH CFIBWJPS"QQSPQSJBUF SFBTPOJOHJTOFFEFE XIFO TFMFDUJOHUIF
DPOWFSHFODFDPOEJUJPOGPSUIFBOBMZTJTPGBOZNPEFM*GJUJTEJGGJDVMUUPTFMFDUUIFDPOWFSHFODFDPOEJUJPO
GPS OPOMJOFBS NPEFMT JU JT SFDPNNFOEFE UIBU UXP DPOWFSHFODF DPOEJUJPOT CF BQQMJFE BOE UIFJS SFTVMUT
DPNQBSFE

δu iT δu i δg iT δg i
%JTQMBDFNFOUTUBOEBSE 6
.FNCFSGPSDFTUBOEBSE 1

T
Δu iT Δu i Δf int,i Δf int,i
δu i T g i
&OFSHZTUBOEBSE 8
T

Δu i Δf int, i

$PNQBSJTPOPGEFGBVMUWBMVFTPGFBDIDPOWFSHFODFTUBOEBSE

$MBTTJGJDBUJPO GTS 440 GTS NX

%JTQMBDFNFOUTUBOEBSE 6
(UnChecked) (UnChecked)

.FNCFSGPSDFTUBOEBSE 1
(Checked) (Checked)
&OFSHZTUBOEBSE 8
(UnChecked) (Checked)

9 (54 /9 QSPQPTFT UIF TJNVMUBOFPVT DPOWFSHFODF TUBOEBSE NFNCFS GPSDF TUBOEBSE BOE FOFSHZ
TUBOEBSE
BT JUT CBTJD TFUUJOH 5IF DPOWFSHFODF TUBOEBSE TPMWFS BMTP DPOWFSHFT GPS NPSF DSJUJDBM
DPOEJUJPOTJOUIFUBCMFBCPWF NBLJOHJUQPTTJCMFUPPCUBJONPSFSFMJBCMFSFTVMUT

¾ -PDBUJPO"OBMZTJT"OBMZTJTDBTF"EE"OBMZTJTDPOUSPM/POMJOFBSJUZ


Section 5 5VOOFM$POTUSVDUJPO4UBHF(3D)
Ground – Solid. Shotcrete – Plate/Shell

Rockbolt – Embedded Truss
elements

5IF QBSBMMFM EJTQBUDI DFOUFS BOE USBJO SBEJP SPPN JOTUBMMFE BEEJUJPOBMMZ BU UIF DPOOFDUJPO CFUXFFO UIF
JODMJOFE TIBGU BOE NBJO UVOOFM OFFE UP CF QMBOOFE DPOTJEFSJOH UIF TUBCJMJUZ BDDPSEJOH UP TUSVDUVSBM
JOUFSBDUJPO BOE GJFME DPOEJUJPOT 5IFTF FMFDUSJDJUZ SFMBUFE TUSVDUVSFT BSF QPTJUJPOFE DMPTF UP UIF NBJO
UVOOFMJODMJOFE TIBGU DPOOFDUJPO TVDI UIBU UIF TUSVDUVSF JT DPODFOUSBUFE JO B UJHIU TQBDF )FODF
JOUFSBDUJPO CFIBWJPS CFUXFFO TUSVDUVSFT BOE TUSFTT DPODFOUSBUJPO DBO PDDVS BOE UIF TUBCJMJUZ CFUXFFO
TUSVDUVSFTBOEUIFBEKBDFOUHSPVOEOFFEUPCFJOWFTUJHBUFEVTJOH%OVNFSJDBMBOBMZTJT

<$POTUSVDUJPO 78 TUBHFT
> 5IJTJTBMBSHFNPEFM DPNQSJTFEJOUIFPSEFSPGJODMJOFETIBGUFYDBWBUJPOÆ
JODMJOFETIBGUNBJOUVOOFMFYDBWBUJPOÆNBJOUVOOFMFYDBWBUJPOÆQBSBMMFMEJTQBUDIDFOUFSQBTTBHFXBZ
FYDBWBUJPOÆQBSBMMFMEJTQBUDIDFOUFSFYDBWBUJPOÆUSBJOSBEJPSPPNQBTTBHFXBZFYDBWBUJPOÆUSBJOSBEJP
SPPNFYDBWBUJPO

<6OJUT,/ N>
(54/9

-7.60877e-3 5.74341e-3 -7.61089e-3 5.74476e-3
0.03% 0.02%
DZ
(-2.12e-6) (1.35e-6)
0 2.41228e-3 0 2.41248e-3
0.00% 0.03%
DXYZ
(0) (2.00e-7)


-6.27515e3 2.52936e3 -6.33397e3 2.52935e3
0.94% 0.00%
SXX
(-5.88e1) (-1.00e-2)
-5.22074e3 1.67981e3 -5.21461e3 1.68163e3
0.12% 0.11%
SYY
(6.13e0) (1.82e0)
-4.38275e4 -1.70078e2 -4.39621e4 -1.70074e2
0.31% 0.00%
SZZ
(-1.35e2) (4.00e-3)
-8.60325e3 3.72135e3 -8.54261e3 4.00694e3
Shell 0.70% 7.67%

SXX-TOP (6.06e1) (2.86e2)
-1.3997e4 3.32956e3 -1.50733e4 3.34097e3
Shell 7.68% 0.34%

SYY-TOP (-1.08e3) (1.14e1)
0 0 0 0
Shell 0.00% 0.00%

SZZ-TOP (0) (0)
-6.43942e0 2.69402e1 -6.44214e0 2.69478e1
Truss 0.04% 0.03%

Fx (-2.72e-3) (7.60e-3)


6OEFSTUBOEJOH1MBUF4IFMMFMFNFOUTˀ

9 (54/9IBTJNQSPWFEBOBMZTJT TPMWFSQFSGPSNBODFBOEDPOWFSHFODFXIJDIBMMPXTGPSUIFBDDVSBUF
DBMDVMBUJPO PG SFTVMUT GPS FWFO B TNBMM OVNCFS PG FMFNFOUT )FODF UIF HSPVOETUSVDUVSBM NFNCFS
SFTVMUTDBOEJGGFSGSPNUIBUPG(54
9 *O (54 UIF SFTVMU EJGGFSFODF DBO PDDVS EFQFOEJOH PO UIF OVNCFS PG FMFNFOUT BOE EFHSFF PG
DPOWFSHFODF 5P PCUBJO NPSF BDDVSBUF TPMVUJPOT GPS 1MBUF4IFMM FMFNFOUT UIF OVNCFS PG FMFNFOUT
OFFETUPCFJODSFBTFEPSBIJHIFSPSEFSFMFNFOUOFFETUPCFVTFE

%JTQMBDFNFOUNFNCFSGPSDFUSFOETPG1MBUF4IFMMFMFNFOUT EFQFOEJOHPOUIFOVNCFSPGFMFNFOUT

&MFNFOU &MFNFOU &MFNFOU

¾ 5JQ5IF#PUUPN.JEEMF5PQJO(54/9DPSSFTQPOETUPUIFMBZFST PGB1MBUFGBDFJO(54


6OEFSTUBOEJOH1MBUF4IFMMFMFNFOUTˀ

9 1MBUF4IFMM FMFNFOUT DBO CF VTFE UP NPEFM DPODSFUF MJOJOH TIPUDSFUF FBSUI SFUBJOJOH XBMMT CBTF
QMBUFT FUDBMMPGXIJDIDBOEJTQMBZQMBOBSEJSFDUJPOCFIBWJPSBOEPVUQMBOFCFOEJOHCFIBWJPS
9 8IFONPEFMJOHBDVSWFETUSVDUVSFVTJOH1MBUF4IFMMFMFNFOUT UIFBOHMFCFUXFFOBEKBDFOUFMFNFOUT
NVTU OPU TVSQBTT ⰌBOE BO BOHMF PG _ⰌJT SFDPNNFOEFE GPS TFDUJPOT UIBU SFRVJSF BO FYBDU
TPMVUJPO'PSTFDUJPOTXIFSFUIFTUSFTTDIBOHFJTMBSHFPSSFRVJSFTBOFYBDUTPMVUJPO TVCEJWJEJOHUIF
TFDUJPOJOUPBOPEFFMFNFOU DMPTFUPBTRVBSF
JTSFDPNNFOEFE

-PDLJOHQIFOPNFOPO

5IF MPDLJOH QIFOPNFOPO JT XIFSF OP EFGPSNBUJPO PDDVST GPS B DIBOHJOH MPBE BOE JU JT POF UIF NPTU
DPNNPOSFBTPOTGPSOPODPOWFSHJOHTPMVUJPOTJOOPOMJOFBSBOBMZTJT
#FDBVTF UIJT QIFOPNFOPO DBOOPU CF DBMDVMBUFE VTJOH HFOFSBM NFUIPET UIBU DBMDVMBUF UIF QSFTTVSF GSPN
TUSBJO UIFFYJTUJOH(54XBTWVMOFSBCMFUPUIFMPDLJOHQIFOPNFOPOJO1MBUFFMFNFOUT

(54 /9 VTFT NJYFE GPSNVMBUJPO UIBU EFBMT XJUI QSFTTVSF BOE EJTQMBDFNFOU JOEFQFOEFOUMZ BMMPXJOH UIF
EFEVDUJPOPGSFBTPOBCMFSFTVMUTFWFOGPSUIFMPDLJOHQIFOPNFOPO'PSFYBNQMFGPSMJOFBSFMFNFOUT JUDBO
CFTFFOBTBNFUIPEPGDBMDVMBUJOHBOBEEJUJPOBMQSFTTVSFBUBTJOHMFQPJOUQFSFMFNFOU


%FMFNFOUTFUUJOH5PPMT0QUJPO"OBMZTJT3FTVMUT%FMFNFOUTFUUJOH TUSVDUVSF

¾ $VSWFETVSGBDF'PMEFETVSGBDFEFUFSNJOJOHBOHMF

9 *GUIFBOHMFCFUXFFOOPSNBMWFDUPSTPGBEKBDFOUTIFMMFMFNFOUTJTMBSHFSUIBOUIFJOQVUWBMVF
UIFFMFNFOUTBSFKVEHFEUPIBWFEJGGFSFOUOPSNBMEJSFDUJPOT
9 *G BO VOFWFO DVSWFE NFTI JT DSFBUFE CFDBVTF UIF FMFNFOU TJ[F JT SFMBUJWFMZ MBSHFS UIBO UIF
DVSWBUVSF JODSFBTJOH UIJT WBMVF DBO DBMDVMBUF B TNPPUIFS DPOUPVS UIBU UBLFT UIF DVSWBUVSF PG
UIFHFPNFUSJDTIBQFJOUPBDDPVOU

¾ *OQMBOFSPUBUJPOBM%0'DPOTJEFSBUJPO %SJMMJOH%0'

9 5IJTPQUJPODBMDVMBUFTUIFTUJGGOFTTPGUIFJOQMBOFEFGPSNBUJPOCZDPOTJEFSJOHUIFSPUBUJPOBCPVU
UIFPVUQMBOFBYJT ESJMMJOH%0'

9 5IF FYJTUJOH (54 EPFT OPU IBWF B TFQBSBUF DMBVTF GPS EFGJOJUJPO BOE JU JT BVUPNBUJDBMMZ
DBMDVMBUFEJOUFSOBMMZ(54/9POUIFPUIFSIBOEIBTBEEJUJPOBMPQUJPOTUIBUDBODPOTJEFSJU
9 5PDPNQBSFXJUIFYJTUJOHQSPEVDUT UIF%SJMMJOH%0'NVTUCFDIFDLFE

New eXperience of
Chapter 2
Seepage
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Steady State Analysis (3D)
Section 2. Transient Analysis (2D)

Verification & Application Chapter 2. Seepage
Section 1 4UFBEZ4UBUF"OBMZTJT (3D)
&MFNFOUDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT (SPVOEˀSolid
/VNCFSPGOPEFT FMFNFOUT 14,823OPEFT 9,408FMFNFOUT
"OBMZTJTNFUIPE Steady State

5IJT % TUFBEZ TUBUF TFFQBHF NPEFM BOBMZ[FT UIF XBUFS GMPX JO B EBN CPEZ EVF UP B XBUFS MFWFM
EJGGFSFODF 8BUFS JT BTTVNFE UP CF GJMMFE VQ UP UIF EBN IFJHIU PO UIF MFGU TJEF BOE UIF XBUFS GMPX
QIFOPNFOPO JT TJNVMBUFE XJUI UIF BTTVNQUJPO UIBU UIFSF JT OP XBUFS PO UIF SJHIU TJEF PG UIF EBN 5IF
UPUBMIFBE QSFTTVSFIFBE GMPXSBUFBOEIZESBVMJDHSBEJFOUFUDJTWFSJGJFE

<6OJUT,/ N EBZ>
(54/9

-5.33321e1 4.067e1 -5.33322e1 4.067e1
Total 0.00% 0.00%

Head (-1.00e-4) (0)
-9.60396e2 1.05708e3 -9.60397e2 1.05709e3
Pore 0.00% 0.00%

Pressure (-1.00e-3) (0)
-1.83103e-4 1.74708e-4 -1.83103e-4 1.74708e-4
Flow 0.00% 0.00%

Rate (0) (0)
9.07962e-5 1.78716e1 9.04056e-5 1.78713e1
0.43% 0.00%
Gradient
(-3.91e-7) (-3.00e-4)

Chapter 2. Seepage | 23

4FFQBHFBOBMZTJTCPVOEBSZDPOEJUJPO

4FFQBHF BOBMZTJT JO (54 DBO CF EJWJEFE JOUP TUFBEZ TUBUF BOBMZTJT JOUFSOBM BOE FYUFSOBM CPVOEBSZ
DPOEJUJPOTPGUIFHSPVOEEPOPUDIBOHFXJUIUJNF
BOEUSBOTJFOUBOBMZTJT JOUFSOBMBOEFYUFSOBMCPVOEBSZ
DPOEJUJPOTPGUIFHSPVOEDIBOHFTXJUIUJNF

-JLF PUIFS HFOFSBM QVSQPTF '&. BOBMZTJT QSPHSBN (54 /9 DMBTTJGJFT TFFQBHF BOBMZTJT BT B CPVOEBSZ
WBMVFQSPCMFN*OPUIFSXPSET JGUIFVTFSJOQVUTBWBMVFBUUIFCPVOEBSZTVSGBDF FYUFSJPS
PGUIFNPEFM
UIFJOUFSOBMWBSJBCMFTPGUIFNPEFMBSFDBMDVMBUFEGSPNUIBUWBMVF

*O(54/9 UIFNPEFMCPVOEBSZDPOEJUJPOTDBOCFBQQMJFEVTJOHUIFGPMMPXJOHNFUIPET

/PEBMIFBE4FFQBHF$POTPMJEBUJPOBOBMZTJT#PVOEBSZDPOEJUJPO/PEBMIFBE
¾ "QQMJDBCMFXIFOUIFXBUFSMFWFMQPTJUJPOJTLOPXO
¾ .PEFM DPOGJOFE GMPX XJUI OP PDDVSSJOH QISFBUJD TVSGBDF PS VODPOGJOFE GMPX XJUI TFFQBHF GBDF
GPSNBUJPO
¾ 5PUBMIFBEUIFIFBEWBMVFDBMDVMBUFEGPSUIFPSJHJOJTJOQVU SFHBSEMFTTPGUIFNPEFMQPTJUJPO
¾ 1SFTTVSF IFBE ⲱⲲJT JOQVU GPS UIF OPEF DPSSFTQPOEJOH UP UIF HSPVOE XBUFS TVSGBDF UP TFU UIF
HSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMDPOEJUJPO

/PEBMIFBEBQQMJDBUJPO FYBNQMF

/PEBMGMPX4VSGBDFGMPX4FFQBHF$POTPMJEBUJPOBOBMZTJT#PVOEBSZDPOEJUJPO/PEBMGMPX
4FFQBHF$POTPMJEBUJPOBOBMZTJT#PVOEBSZDPOEJUJPO4VSGBDFGMPX
¾ 6TFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFJOGMPXPVUGMPXUIBUPDDVSTPOBOPEFFMFNFOUTVSGBDF
9 /PEBMGMPXJOGMPXPVUGMPXQFSVOJUUJNFJTJOQVUJOWPMVNFVOJUT
9 4VSGBDFGMPXJOGMPXPVUGMPXQFSVOJUUJNFJTJOQVUGPSVOJUBSFB

WBMVF*OQVUXIFOEFGJOJOHUIFJOGMPXEVFUPIFBWZSBJOFUD

WBMVF*OQVUXIFOEFGJOJOHUIFPVUGMPXEVFUPFYDBWBUJPOPSQVNQJOHFUD

24 | Chapter 2. Seepage

#PVOEBSZSFWJFX4FFQBHF$POTPMJEBUJPOBOBMZTJT#PVOEBSZDPOEJUJPO#PVOEBSZSFWJFX
¾ "QQMJFEXIFOJUJTIBSEUPGJOEUIFTFFQBHFMJOFBDDVSBUFMZ
¾ "TTVNJOH UIBU TFFQBHF PDDVSTBU UIF EPXOTUSFBN GBDF PG B IPNPHFOFPVT EBN UIFMPDBUJPOPG UIF
TFFQBHFMJOFUIBUJOUFSTFDUTUIF EPXOTUSFBNGBDFJTVOLOPXOBOEUIFCPVOEBSZ SFWJFXDPOEJUJPOJT
TFUUPQFSGPSNJUFSBUJWFDBMDVMBUJPOT

3FWJFXOPEFTQFDJGJDBUJPO FYBNQMF

5IF QPSF QSFTTVSF 1 DBMDVMBUFE BU UIF OPEF XIFSF UIF CPVOEBSZ SFWJFX JT TFU JT DPOTJEFSFE BT UIF
GPMMPXJOHDPOEJUJPOTBOEUIFTFFQBHFGBDFJTBVUPNBUJDBMMZEFGJOFE
9 1Î1
9 1Î%FMFUF


Section 2 5SBOTJFOU"OBMZTJT(2D)
&MFNFOUDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT (SPVOEˀPlane-Strain
/VNCFSPGOPEFT FMFNFOUT 1,208OPEFT 1,149FMFNFOUT
"OBMZTJTNFUIPE Transient

5IJTTFFQBHFNPEFMTJNVMBUFTUIFHSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMDIBOHFPOBTMPQFETVSGBDFXJUIBTUFBEZSBJOGBMM
JOGMPX 5IF VOTBUVSBUFE TPJM QSPQFSUZ JT BQQMJFE UP UIF HSPVOE BOE USBOTJFOU BOBMZTJT JT DPOEVDUFE CZ
DPOTUBOU SBJOGBMM JOGMPX JOUFOTJUZ PO UIF HSPVOE TVSGBDF 4FFQBHF BOBMZTJT WFSJGJFT UIF DIBOHF JO JOJUJBM
XBUFSMFWFMEFQFOEJOHPOUIFSBJOGBMMEVSBUJPO

<6OJUT,/ N>
ⶺ3FTVMUDPNQBSJTPO SoilWorks GTS NX Error Ratio(Value)
4PJM8PSLT(54/9

-2.00000e1 1.53260e2 -2.00007e1 1.53260e2
Initial
0.00% 0.00%
Pore
(-7.00e-4) (0)
Pressure
-1.99616e1 1.53197e2 -2.04963e1 1.53817e2

Pore
2.68% 0.40%
Pressure
(-5.35e-1) (6.20e-1)
after 1 day
-1.98433e1 1.53609e2 -1.96828e1 1.54964e2

Pore
0.81% 0.88%
Pressure
(1.60e-1) (1.35e0)
after 2 days
-1.96011e1 1.54351e2 -1.92426e1 1.56330e2

Pore
1.83% 1.28%
Pressure
(3.58e-1) (1.98e0)
after 3 days


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New eXperience of
Chapter 3
Fully-Coupled
Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Fully coupled analysis
Section 2. Suction-Drain
Section 3. Well-Point
Section 4. Temporary Structure Excavation

Construction Stage
(Ground water level consideration)
Section 5. Tunnel Excavation Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 3. Fully-Coupled Analysis
Section 1 Fully-Coupled Analysis

Numerical analyses for general geotechnical problems assume a fully drained or fully undrained state.
However, ground behavior has a close relationship with time and the pore pressure is affected by the
permeability of the ground, the loading velocity and numerical boundaries. Fully coupled analysis reflects
the water flow within the soil pores and the ground deformation due to loading simultaneously to simulate
actual ground behavior.
In principle, stress-seepage problems need to be solved using two-directional coupled analysis which
affects each other. However, because this analysis method is complex, a one-directional semi-coupled
method is used where stress and water pressure are generally separated for analysis and then combined.
This analysis method is often applied to fully drained problems with a pore pressure of 0, or fully
undrained problems which have the same pore pressure increment and stress increment.
However if stress and pore pressure change simultaneously with time, such as for transitional sections,
Fully-Coupled Analysis with combined displacement and pore pressure is needed and the existing
consolidation analysis is applicable.
< Outline of coupled analysis>
Stress seepage fully-coupled analysis uses the seepage analysis results for stress analysis. It is a two-
directional analysis, where the ground deformation has an effect on the permeability characteristics of the
ground, such that the seepage and stress-consolidation of one stage is calculated simultaneously. Hence,
it can be applied to all analyses that consider the water level condition and it can examine the settlement
trends and member force changes according to the time flow in one construction stage as well as for the
other construction stages.
In particular, because the head, flow rate and boundary review conditions that are applied in seepage
analysis can also be applied to stress changes and the consolidation process, various previously
unavailable special construction methods (Suction Drain, Well-Point etc.) can be applied. It can also
analyze the stress and deformation trends of the ground in general construction stage analysis using just
the water level condition changes due to ground water outflow or rainfall.
Chapter 3. Fully-coupled analysis | 31

The consolidation drainage condition in stress seepage fully-coupled analysis can be set as total head=0,
as shown in the table below, and all load/boundary conditions that were considered separately in existing
coupled analysis can be used in combination.
Semi-Coupled Consolidation Fully-Coupled
Nodal head(total head) O X O
Nodal head(pressure O X O
head)
Boundary review O X O
O
Drainage condition X O
(total head=0)
Unconsolidated X O O
condition
Node/surface flow O X O
<Table. List of applicable load/boundary conditions for each coupled analysis type>
This chapter will compare the analysis results between the existing one-directional seepage-stress
coupled (continuous) analysis and stress seepage fully-coupled analysis under the same conditions. The
unique methods that can only be applied for fully-coupled analysis are also examined.
<Example of ground-ground water couple application>
32 | Chapter 3. Fully-coupled analysis

Section 2 Suction-Drain
The suction-drain method, applicable in stress-seepage fully-coupled analysis for soft ground, is
examined.
To examine the applicability of special methods, consolidation is performed within the soft ground using
the suction drain method, which does not need an embankment, and the settlement and ground stress
change according to time is investigated. A uniform atmospheric pressure acts at each depth of the soft
layer, such that the loading is applied at once without shear failure due the isotropic consolidation effect.
The practical suction pressure is within the range of 50~100 kN/m2, depending on the field condition. By
comparing this with the case where an embankment load is also considered, the amount of embankment
load that can be replaced by the soft ground condition with applied suction pressure can be found.
[Units : KN, m]
Suction-Drain application (Pressure = -50 kN/m2)
DY
Consolidation settlement occurs in the ground due to suction pressure and effective stress
increases. The amount of consolidation settlement changes with the size of suction
pressure. The converged settlement (approximately 52.5cm) can be verified after a certain
period of time.
Embankment load(85kN/m2) + Suction drain (Pressure = -50 kN/m2)
DY
The final settlement from the simultaneous application of embankment and suction drain is
approximately 1.18m. Considering the settlement due to suction, it can be found that
approximately 80kN/m2 of the embankment load can be replaced.

Section 3 Well-Point
The well-point method, applicable in stress-seepage fully-coupled analysis, is examined.
This is a drainage method used to lower the water level when excavating ground with a high ground
water level. Well-points are installed at regular intervals around the excavation zone beneath the ground
water level, and this is used to increase the effective stress by lowering the ground water level without
direct drainage. This method is applied to sand based foundations with high permeability and the water
level can be lowered up to 10.3m (atmospheric pressure) theoretically using a vacuum pump. However,
considering realistic head loss, the water level is generally lowered by 5~7m.
Because of the forced drainage due to the vacuum pump, the drop in water level with time and settlement
trends of the ground can be analyzed simultaneously using the following process:
[Initial water level (in-situ state)  maintain vacuum state for approximately 10 days using the JET PUMP
 remove vacuum pressure (review the final water level around the well-point, after the water level has
reached equilibrium)]

[Units : KN, m]
Vacuum pressure (consider head loss) application (Pressure = -70 kN/m2)
History of water level drop for 10 days after the application of vacuum pressure
Pore
Pressure
Adjacent water level after the removal of vacuum pressure, and water level change with
time until equilibrium.
The final drop in water level after equilibrium is approximately 7.2m.
Flow Rate
Review of outflow at each well-point position due to vacuum pressure and total outflow
change over 10 days for each time interval.
The most outflow occurs at both ends of each position, and the average total outflow at
each position is approximately 3.41m3/day.

DY
<Review position : number 5 >
Immediate settlement occurs at the surface of the sand foundation due to force drainage
from vacuum pressure.
After a certain time period, the converging settlement for the entire ground surface
(approximately 1.71cm) can be verified.

Section 4 Temporary Structure Excavation

Construction Stage
Because the existing seepage-stress coupled analysis, which considers the ground water level, is a one-
directional semi-coupled analysis where the stress and deformation of the ground does not affect the
seepage analysis, the water level and stress change with time within one excavation stage cannot be
examined.
This section compares the ground deformation and member force results of the existing one-directional
coupled analysis for each excavation stage with the stress seepage fully-coupled analysis under the same
conditions and the detailed results for each time step from fully-coupled analysis is verified.
Seepage stress coupled analysis Stress seepage fully-coupled analysis
DX
(Maximum Compare maximum displacement of earth
displaceme retaining wall for each construction stage
nt of wall) - Identify the accurate position where
maximum displacement occurs
- Identify the displacement trends
according to time flow within the same
excavation stage
- Maximum displacement error at final
stage : 2.98%

DY
(Maximum
settlement Compare settlement trends on back face for
on back each construction stage
face) - Identify the accurate position where
maximum settlement occurs
- Identify the settlement trends according to
excavation stage and time interval
- Maximum settlement error at final stage :
21.1%
Shear &
Moment
(Wall)
Compare maximum shear force and moment of the wall for each construction stage
- Examine the detailed member force changes for each time stage
- Maximum member force error at final stage : Shear force (10%), Moment (30%) occurs
Detailed fully-coupled results
Fully-coupled analysis simultaneously considers the initial water level (static head) changes due to
drainage and the permeability characteristic changes sue to deformation/consolidation.
The existing one-directional coupled analysis could only examine one result that is either underestimated
or overestimated for each excavation stage, but two-directional coupled analysis can examine the ground
deformation with time and changes in structural member forces in detail. In particular, an abandonment
stage can be added during or after construction to verify the converged results after water level change
and ground deformation is finished. This option was originally only available for consolidation analysis.

Section 5 Tunnel Excavation Construction

Stage (Ground water level consideration)
This section compares the water level change and tunnel crown settlement results of the existing tunnel
excavation stage seepage-stress coupled analysis with the stress seepage fully-coupled analysis under
the same conditions and detailed results for each time step from fully-coupled analysis is verified.
In particular, the change in flow rate on the tunnel face during tunnel excavation construction after
shotcrete pouring is examined using fully-coupled analysis.
Seepage-stress coupled analysis Stress seepage fully-coupled analysis
DY
(Crown
Comparison of tunnel crown settlement for
displaceme
each construction stage
nt)
- Identify the crown displacement history
according to time flow within an excavation
stage.
- Detailed examination of settlement
according to water level change after
finishing excavation is possible.

Comparison of tunnel face flow rate for

each construction stage
Flow Rate
- Reduction in flow rate, due to the
decrease in void ratio and permeability
characteristics caused by ground
deformation during construction.
- Detailed examination of flow rate
changes with time after excavation has
finished
- Average flow rate per unit time error is
approximately 8.7%
Pore
Pressure
Change in initial water level due to tunnel excavation for each construction stage
- Identify detailed history of water level change for each time stage after or during
excavation (abandonment period applicable)
Stress seepage fully-coupled characteristics
 As the water level changes with time, the degree of saturation within the ground changes and
affects the self weight and stiffness. The ground deformation that occurs here affects the void ratio
(coefficient of permeability) and redistributes the pore pressure.
 It can analyze all phenomena and characteristics of ground behavior due to the water level, and can
apply various previously irreproducible special methods.
 The construction period, abandonment period etc., which was only mainly considered in consolidation
analysis, is now reflected for all stress (construction stage) analyses to examine the detailed stress
history of the ground during or after actual construction.
Stress seepage fully-coupled analysis can analyze the effects of the water level on ground behavior and
the results that reflect actual field conditions, construction period, state etc. can be applied to design.

New eXperience of
Chapter 4
Consolidation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Soft Ground Embankment

Consolidation (2D)
Section 2. Consolidation following Drain Spacing

(3D)
Section 3. Embankment Consolidation

(Detailed consideration of ground
characteristics (partial saturation))
Verification & Application Chapter 4. Consolidation
Section 1 Soft Ground Embankment

Consolidation (2D)
Element characteristics Ground –Plane Strain

Number of nodes,
1,633 nodes, 768 elements
elements
The important items of interest for construction on soft ground are the settlement of the ground and lateral
displacement, horizontal displacement distribution with depth and size of excess pore pressure. For
embankments that consider the dissipation speed, the safety of the ground against shear failure and the
applicability of additional embankments at an arbitrary point are of interest. This model examines the
settlement and excess pore pressure distribution of the ground when an embankment is applied on soft
ground.
[Units : KN, m]
▶Result comparison P Program GTS NX Error Ratio(Value)
(P Program-GTS NX)
min/max min/max min/max
2.1682e-1 2.26759e-1
4.58%
DX
(9.49e-3)
-5.3246e-1 -5.29725e-1
0.51%
DY
(2.74e-3)
-8.731e1 -8.74224e1
0.13%
S’-YY
(-1.12e-1)
Chapter 4. Consolidation | 41
-8.4787e-1 -8.21629e-1
Excess.
3.09%
Pore
(2.62e-2)
Pressure
[Settlement with time at position A] [Excess pore pressure with time at position B]
Characteristics of consolidation analysis
Consolidation analysis
This analysis method calculates the dissipation of excess pore pressure, caused by instant undrained
behavior of the pore water as it resists external loading, with time.
 Pore water within the ground with a small coefficient of infiltration displays identical behavior as the
undraining condition instantaneously
 Hence, the excess pore pressure bears most of the compression load, depending on the change in
load state
 However, this excess pore pressure is redistributed by the seepage phenomena as time passes.
Especially when a drainage boundary is present, the excess pore pressure decreases with time
 Following this, the load borne by the excess pore pressure is gradually borne by the volume of the
soil. This causes a gradual deformation of the soil, which increases the effective stress
 The ground deformation, due to the increase in effective stress, is accumulated in the gravitational
direction and settlement occurs in this direction with time. This increase in deformation causes the
settlement of structural foundations
 The effects of differential settlement etc. that occur at the structural foundation greatly affects the
stability of the structure
42 | Chapter 4. Consolidation
Consolidation element
This element is a nodal DOF that has an additional excess pore pressure DOF along with the
displacement DOF.
 In consolidation analysis, all elements which are not specified as non-consolidating elements are
assumed to have a DOF for pore pressure
 For elements that do not display direct consolidation behavior, such as embankments, the non-
consolidation condition needs to be defined such that they are applied as a general structural
elements
 Draining conditions need to be defined for consolidation elements at the boundary where drainage
occurs
 When the boundary condition is defined and consolidation analysis is conducted correctly, the excess
pore pressure at the parts where the non-consolidation conditions and draining conditions are
applied is output as ‘0’
[Boundary conditions of condolidation elements]
Section 2 Consolidation following Drain Spacing (3D)

Number of nodes,
20,843 nodes, 19,475 elements
elements
This is a 3D consolidation analysis model with an applied Modified Cam Clay material model.
[Construction stage (5 stages)] in-situ state  embankment(30 days)  Abandonment 1(90 days) 
Abandonment 2(80 days)  Abandonment 3(1,800 days)
The ground settlement and excess pore pressure distribution with time is examined when the drain
spacing in the longitudinal direction is 1m, 2m and 3m.
[Units : KN, m]
▶3D consolidation analysis
GTS NX
results
DY
The time to reach the maximum settlement gets shorter with smaller drain spacing, and the
maximum settlement is similar regardless of the drain spacing
Excess.
Pore
Pressure
The excess pore pressure is dissipated faster with smaller drain spacing, and it is all
dissipated at the final stage
Modified Cam Clay
Modified Cam Clay model
Often used to model clay material

 Specification of initial void ratio, initial stress, pre-consolidation pressure needed
 In-situ stress distribution calculated from stress distribution due to the current load using the OCR
value
 Because the stress at each depth is calculated from the input OCR, the initial stress can be
underestimated than the initial stress of the actual ground and so, the Pc (Pre-consolidation
pressure) value can be defined directly
 When both OCR and Pc are set, the Pc value is reflected in the analysis on a preferential basis
 When Pc is input, the solver checks whether the input Pc and in-situ stress state satisfy the failure
function. If is does satisfy, the input Pc is used; if not, Pc is recalculated
[Volume-pressure relationship] [MCC input material property window]
Symbol Significance
κ Gradient of overconsolidation line
λ Gradient of normal consolidation line
M Gradient of critical state line
 The compression index Cc and recompression index Cs can be obtained from the void ratio ( e ),
found from 1D consolidation test, against log10 ( p) graph and the gradients of the normal
consolidation line and overconsolidation line are estimated from the following equations.
Cc Cs
λ= , κ=
2.303 2.303
<e-log P curve>
 The gradient of the critical state line M is estimated from the relationship between the effective
shear resistance angle (shear resistance angle from drained experiments)
6 sin φ
M =
3 − sin φ
here, φ : internal friction angle obtained from triaxial compression test
Section 3 Embankment Consolidation

(Detailed consideration of ground
characteristics (partial saturation))
Like the cases in section 1,2, soft ground consolidation analysis uses the initial water level condition and
drainage condition to examine the settlement and degree of consolidation due to embankment and loading
at each stage, and this corresponds to the seepage-stress two-directional coupled analysis. In other
words, like for stress seepage fully-coupled analysis, the ground deformation due to consolidation affects
the void ratio and permeability characteristics and this in turn affects the consolidation settlement.
This section compares/examines the consolidation analysis results where the detailed ground
characteristics (void ratio dependent permeability ratio, partial saturation consideration option) are applied
and not applied.
Detailed ground characteristics Description
Change in coefficient of infiltration due to

change in void ratio
- The decrease in void ratio, due to the
ck
( void ratio pressure applied on the ground, decreases
dependent the permeability
permeability
k = 10
( Δe / c k ) k
ratio) sa t
The permeability characteristics decrease with consolidation, and the effects of increased
settlement time and consolidation period are considered
부분 포화 사용시 지반의 밀도
ρ = (1 − Se ) ρunsat + Se ρ sat
Partial 부분 포화 사용하지 않을 경우 지반의 밀도
degree of
 ρunsat ( p ≤ 0)
saturation ρ =
 ρ sat ( p > 0)
Detailed consideration of changing ground load, undrained stiffness and stress change
This is a 2D consolidation analysis model with an applied Modified Cam Clay material model.
[Construction stage (5 stages)] in-situ state  embankment(30 days)  Abandonment 1(90 days) 
Abandonment 2(80 days)  Abandonment 3(1,800 days)
Element characteristics Ground – Plane Strain

Number of nodes,
1,097 nodes, 1025 elements
elements
[Units : KN, m]
▶ Result comparison after Option application(before) Option application(after) Error Ratio(Value)
consolidation
max max max
(before/after applying option)
1.96775e-1 2.52079e-1
21.9%
DX
(5.53e-2)
-6.32926e-1 -7.77969e-1
18.6%
DY
(-1.45e-1)
-1.68e-5 -1.94e-2
Excessive
-
Pore
(-1.94e-2)
Pressure
[Settlement with time at position A] [Excess pore pressure with time at position B]
The water level is one of the most important factors that affect ground behavior analysis. As settlement
progresses, the void ratio (permeability characteristics) decrease and this in turn affects the redistribution
of excess pore pressure, changing the self weight and ground stiffness with time. All these phenomena
are considered in one stage, and a final settlement and consolidation period close to the approximate
solution can be computed.
New eXperience of
Chapter 5
Slope
Stability
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Slope Stability (2D)
Section 2. Slope Stability (3D)

Verification & Application Chapter 5. Slope Stability
Section 1 4MPQF4UBCJMJUZ(2D)
Element characteristics (SPVOEˀPlane Strain 3FJOGPSDFNFOUˀEmbedded Truss

Number of nodes, 3,317OPEFT 1,062FMFNFOUT
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ⶺ3FTVMUDPNQBSJTPO (54 GTS440 GTS NX Factor of safety
(54/9

Factor of Safety Factor of Safety difference
1.8750 1.87695
During dry
0.00195
season
1.0625 1.07734
During wet
0.01484
season
2.0625 2.07311
During dry
season 0.01061
-reinforced
1.1875 1.19162
During wet
season 0.00412
-reinforced

Chapter 5. Slope stability | 51

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52 | Chapter 5. Slope stability

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Section 2 Slope Stability (3D)

Element characteristics Ground - Solid
Number of nodes,
elements
Analysis method Strength Reduction Method (SRM)

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ⶺ3FTVMUDPNQBSJTPO (54 GTS440 GTS NX Factor of safety
(54/9
difference
Factor of Safety Factor of Safety
1.9875 2.0423
During dry
0.0548
season
- 0.9974
The water level

defined by a spatial
function could not
During wet
be applied for 3D
season X
slope stability
analysis in the
existing GTS440

54 | Chapter 5. Slope stability

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New eXperience of
Chapter 6
Dynamic
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. 1D Ground Response
Section 2. 2D Equivalent Linear
Section 3. Blasting Dynamics (3D)

Verification & Application Chapter 6. Dynamic
Section 1 1D Ground Response

Finding the ground response to an input earthquake for the ground state before construction is called free
field analysis. Free field analysis is based on the assumption that all strata boundaries are horizontal and
that the ground response is ruled by the horizontal shear wave propagated vertically from the bedrock.
This model conducts a primary analysis using the bedrock as the entire ground, and then conducts a
secondary analysis with the in-situ condition to investigate the maximum acceleration of the ground.
▶Stratum modeling
▶▶ Strain suitability
characteristic curve
[Units : g]
▶ Result comparison of GTS440 GTS NX Error Ratio(Value)
maximum acceleration
max max min max min max
according to depth
(GTS-GTS NX) 0.1259 0.2978 0.1259 0.2978
Long period 0.00% 0.00%

wave (0) (0)
0.2406 0.1339 0.2404 0.1338
Short 0.08% 0.07%

period wave (-2.00e-4) (-1.00e-4)
0.4363 0.1557 0.4363 0.1558
Artificial
0.00% 0.06%
earthquake
(0) (1.00e-4)
wave
Chapter 6. Dynamic | 57
Understanding dynamic analysis
The methods for performing dynamic analysis can be classified into linear dynamic analysis, equivalent
linear analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis. GTS NX supports linear ~ nonlinear dynamic analysis.
Analysis method Characteristics

linear Response spectrum
 Effective for very small strains when the ground stiffness is
dynamic Time history
very large
analysis analysis(linear)
 Frequency domain analysis method that uses the secant
1D free field elastic modulus corresponding to effective shear strain and
equivalent
analysis has a fast analysis speed
linear
2D equivalent linear  The ground nonlinearity is small when the ground stiffness
analysis
analysis is large or the earthquake wave energy is small, so a
rational result can be obtained effectively
 Can consider the creation and dissipation of pore pressure
using time history analysis that can fully simulate the
nonlinear Time history
nonlinearity of the ground
dynamic analysis
 If a large response occurs because the ground
analysis (nonlinear)
deformation is very large or due to resonance, nonlinear
analysis is needed
▶ Stress-strain relationship
▶▶ Applicable range of
strain according to dynamic
analysis
The dynamic analyses and applicable fields supported in GTS NX are as follows:
Response spectrum analysis
 Method to obtain the structural response using the response spectrum for the maximum displacement,
velocity, acceleration etc. of the structure for each load in the single DOF system
 This is an approximate method and has some error compared to time history analysis, but it can
conveniently find the dynamic properties of the structure when large structure/detailed results are not
wanted
Linear time history analysis (mode/direct)

 Method uses the dynamic equilibrium equation solution to calculate the structural
behavior(displacement, member force etc.) at an arbitrary time, using the dynamic properties of the
structure and applied load
58 | Chapter 6. Dynamics
 Modal superposition method : the response of each mode according to the input earthquake wave is
found, then superpose
 Direct integration : the dynamic equilibrium equation for the total DOF is gradually integrated with
time to find the solution
Class Direct integration Modal superposition method

Analysis time Analysis time is long Analysis time is short
Important
Selecting the time step is important Selecting the number of modes is important
points
Model size Appropriate for small models Appropriate for large models
Analysis Long analysis time taken, but relatively Accuracy depends on number of selected
accuracy high accuracy modes
 For ground seismic analysis, it can be divided into time history analysis which uses long period/short
period/artificial earthquake waves and response spectrum analysis which follows the design
performance level. The simple response spectrum analysis is used more often than time history
analysis because of structure shape/ground condition/importance etc.
1D Free Field Analysis

 Used to find the ground response to an input earthquake for the ground state before construction
 Based on the assumption that all strata boundaries are horizontal and that the ground response is
ruled by the horizontal shear wave propagated vertically from the bedrock
 Often used to predict the vibrations on the ground surface to determine the design response
spectrum, to compute the dynamic stress and strain for liquefaction evaluation and to determine the
earthquake load which causes instability of the ground or earthen structures
2D Equivalent Linear Analysis

 The continuous change in shear strain can be considered depending on the size of vibration load
and the radiation damping phenomena due to the infinite ground is simulated
 Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is also supported, not just for the ground
 Often used for detailed seismic evaluation of underground structures(subway etc.)
Nonlinear Time History Analysis

 Most grounds have nonlinear material properties and thus the dynamic response of the ground can
be accurately simulated using time history analysis
 Used for detailed seismic evaluation of nuclear power plants/plants/civil structures
Section 2 2D Equivalent Linear

Element characteristics Ground – 2D equivalent linear, Structure –Beam
elements
Analysis method 2D equivalent linear analysis
When a structure exists within the ground, 2D equivalent linear analysis needs to be conducted to assess
the ground-structure interaction. The shear strain of the ground continuously changes due to time history
load such as earthquakes and the increase in shear strain shows decreasing trends in shear modulus
and increasing trends in damping ratio. This model adds a concrete structure in the weathered soil layer
to analyze the ground/structure seismic response result using 2D equivalent linear analysis to evaluate the
structural stability.
[Units : KN, m]
▶ Result comparison (GTS- GTS440 GTS NX Error Ratio(Value)
GTS NX)
min/max min/max min/max
2.33385e-3 2.33627e-3
0.10%
DY
(2.42e-6)
1.35694e-2 1.36600e-2
0.67%
DXY
(9.06e-5
2.96019e2 2.94378e2
Beam 0.55%
Fx (-1.64e0)
3.75011e1 3.74521e1
Beam 0.13%
My (-4.90e-2)
5.46478e1 5.44280e1
Beam 0.40%
Fz (-2.20e-1))
2D equivalent linear analysis setting
 To perform 2D equivalent linear analysis, the analysis method needs to be set as [2D equivalent
linear]. Also, the ground material properties also need to be defined using 2D equivalent material
properties (unit weight, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, damping ratio, strain suitability characteristics).
Analysis method
Class Description
setting
1. Analysis > Analysis setting > Model type is set as a 2D model
2. Ground material properties defined as Dynamic analysis >
GTS NX 2D equivalent linear Material > 2D equivalent
3. Select Analysis > Analysis case > Add > 2D equivalent linear
analysis
1. File > Project setting > Model type is set as 2D equivalent
linear analysis
2. Ground material properties defined as Material > Properties >
GTS440 2D equivalent linear
Properties > Plane
2. Select Analysis > Analysis case > Add > 2D equivalent linear
analysis
Time step setting
 The dynamic analysis results are output by the user defined time increment, end time, number of
output increment steps.
This can be checked at Result analysis > Special post-processing > Dynamic analysis > Graph.
Class Time step setting
Define target time step in Analysis >

GTS NX
Analysis case > Add > Time step
Set the number of output increment steps

in Model > Load > Time history data > Time
history load set
GTS440
(The time increment is fixed as 0,01
seconds, and the end time is output by
internal calculations)
 Because 2D equivalent linear analysis transforms the history function into the frequency domain for
analysis, and this is re-expressed in the time domain, it is recommended that a uniform time
increment be set when defining the time history function (earthquake data) and that this increment be
the same as the time defined in the time history function.
Section 3 Blasting Dynamics (3D)

Number of nodes,
elements
Analysis method Time history analysis (direct)
Because blasting the ground is accompanied by pollution such as vibration and noise, the stability
evaluation against blast vibration is very important when a structure is located nearby. This model applies
a mesoscale vibration control blast according to the standard blasting method on a ground composed of
hard rock. The displacement and velocity of adjacent structures are examined with respect to time.
[Units : KN, m, sec]

▶Time History Graph GTS NX
(GTS-GTS NX) Time History Graph
min/max
-1.48548e-7
Displace
-ment
-3.54105e-6
Velocity
Eigenmode input
 Eigenvalue analysis is used to analyze the inherent dynamic characteristics of the structure, and the
important dynamic properties found in eigenvalue analysis are eigenmode(or mode shape), natural
period(or natural frequency),modal participation factor etc. These are determined by the mass and
stiffness of the structure.
 In time history analysis (direct), eigenvalue analysis is conducted and the two mode values with the
highest mass participation rate is input.
Class Mode input
Analysis > Analysis case > Add > Linear time

history analysis (direct)
1) Define the target time step in time step : end
time, time increment, number of output increment
GTS NX
steps
2) Calculate and select modal damping in Analysis
control > Dynamic analysis > Define damping
3) Input frequency or period and damping ratio
Model > load > Time history data > Time history
load set
1) Select direct integration
GTS440 2) Define output time step : end time, time
increment, number of output increment steps
3) Select modal damping calculation
4) Input frequency or period and damping ratio
Time history load function definition/application
 Time history analysis uses the dynamic properties of the structure and applied load to calculate the
structural behavior (displacement, member force etc.) at an arbitrary time. These should be input as
a function of time.
Class Time history load function definition/application

[Definition]
Property/Coordinate/Function > Function > Time history function
Data type : classified as normalized acceleration, acceleration, force, moment,
normalization
GTS NX [Application]
Force/moment : Used in Dynamic analysis > Load > Dynamic nodal load
Acceleration/normalized acceleration : Used in Dynamic analysis > Load > Ground
acceleration
Normalization : Used in Dynamic analysis > Load > Time history static load
[Definition]
Model > Load > Time history data > Time history function
Data type : classified as normalized acceleration, acceleration, force, moment,
normalization
[Application]
GTS440
Force/moment: Used in Model > Load > Time history data > Dynamic nodal load,
dynamic face load
Acceleration/normalized acceleration: Used in Model > Load > Time history data >
Ground acceleration
Normalization : Used in Model > Load > Time history data > Time variant static load
 When entering a load acting on a surface (such as the dynamic blast load) in GTS440, the time
function data type is input as a ‘force’. If the force acting on a unit area is input, it is
automatically converted for analysis. (ex: when a force of 1kN is input, it is calculated as 1kN/m2).
 When a load is input in pressure form in GTS NX, changing the time function data to [General] and
entering the unit load in P or P1 at Dynamic analysis > Load > Dynamic face load gives the same
results as GTS440.
▶ Time history load function

definition
▶▶ Dynamic face load
function definition
History result search
 To output the results at a particular position in a graph for analysis cases with time (transient
seepage, consolidation, stress seepage fully-coupled, linear/nonlinear time history analysis, 2D
equivalent linear), the [Before analysis] history result search node needs to be registered.
 GTS440 outputs the entire analysis results on the analysis tree, but this was inefficient in terms of
usability or performance. In GTS NX, this was modified such that the user can efficiently define the
target position to be reflected in the analysis.
Class History result search

1. Specify result articles and result check positions in Analysis > History > History result
search
2. Register the histories to check in Analysis > Analysis case > Add > Result control >
History
GTS NX
3. Check the history results using Result analysis > Special post-processing > History
result > Graph
Output the history results for the entire time step (A more rational history curve can be
extracted compared to GTS440))
1. Specify the position in Model > Load > Time history data > Time history result function
2. Check history results using Result > Time history analysis > Time history graph
GTS440
Output the history results for only the user defined steps (ex. When end time : 10
seconds, time increment 0.01 seconds, output step 100 is defined the results are only
output for 1,2,…,10 seconds)

GTS NX Verification and Application

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New eXperience of

GeoTechnical analysis System

Section 1. Embankment Construction Stage (2D)1

Section 2. Tunnel Construction Stage (2D) 3

Section 3. Temporary structure with changing

Section 4. General Construction Stage (3D) 15

Section 5. Tunnel Construction Stage (3D) 17

Section 1. Steady State Analysis (3D) 23

Section 2. Transient Analysis (2D) 26

Section 1. Fully coupled analysis 31

Section 4. Temporary Structure Excavation

Section 5. Tunnel Excavation Construction Stage

Section 1. Soft Ground Embankment Consolidation

Section 2. Consolidation following Drain Spacing

Section 3. Embankment Consolidation

Section 1. Slope stability (2D) 51

Section 2. Slope stability (3D) 54

Section 1. 1D Ground Response 57

Section 2. 2D Equivalent Linear 60

Section 3. Blasting Dynamics (3D) 63

Verification & Application

Section 1. Embankment Construction Stage (2D)

Section 2. Tunnel Construction Stage (2D)

Section 3. Temporary Structure with changing

Section 4. General Construction Stage (3D)

Section 5. Tunnel Construction Stage (3D)

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

&MFNFOUDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT Ground - Plane Strain

-1.9028e-1 4.42316e-3 -1.9027e-1 4.42348e-3

-4.43249e2 1.18053e2 -4.43160e2 1.18048e2

-4.82578e2 8.79152e0 -4.82577e2 8.78310e0

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

-1.38952e3 7.79525e2 -1.38954e3 7.79529e2

-5.76764e3 -1.99282e2 -5.76783e3 -1.99320e2

-2.7790e2 -2.0037e1 -2.7759e2 -1.99448e1

Beam 0.11% 0.46%

-5.13862e-1 9.84391e-1 -5.1333e-1 9.82997e-1

Beam 0.10% 0.14%

-1.82635e0 2.16416e0 -1.82503e0 2.16169e0

Beam 0.07% 0.11%

-1.58588e0 9.79546e0 -1.5888e0 9.76705e0

Truss 0.18% 0.29%

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Stress recovery point ECS − z

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Ground - Plane Strain

-2.6330e2 1.183e-1 -2.62957e2 -6.04597e0

-3.69030e2 1.43329e0 -3.68392e2 -5.82082e-1

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Pore 0.00% 0.00%

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Verification & Application Chapter 1. Construction Stage

Element characteristics Ground – Solid

-2.24138e3 6.70184e1 -2.24138e3 6.70184e1

1.06531e-1 1.64421e3 1.06531e-1 1.6440e3

Von 0.00% 0.01%

#PVOEBSZDPOEJUJPOPQUJPO (54 (54/9 'VODUJPOBOEVTF