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5/26/2019 PID continued | 4.

2 PID | IOT2x Courseware | edX

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PID continued
Here’s an example of a PID system.

Using our home heating/cooling example, the air-conditioning or heating


will be turned on, depending on whether the PV is higher (need to cool) or
lower (need to heat) than the SP.

So let’s look at the case where our sensed temperature is higher than the
temperature we are comfortable with.

The air conditioning is turned on and the temperature starts to drop. Our
temperature sensor picks up the change from the last reading, and feeds it
back to our controller as the error. The controller sees the error is not as
large as the previous reading, as the temperature has dropped, and so the
air conditioning is turned down a little. The process is repeated until our
house is cooled to the temperature we set (i.e. there is no error).

As the house warms up again, the error increases and the air conditioning is
turned on.

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The system outlined above is basically how the P (proportional) part of our PID
controller works. In the real world, we need a controller that is responsive and
‘controllable’.

In delving further into how PID works, let’s consider the analogy of driving a car, and
changing lanes on a freeway on a windy day. The driver is the ‘responsive’ controller in
the process, as they are controlling the change in the car’s position.

Below is a simpli ed diagram of a PID controller for this system.

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Image source: https://www.csimn.com/CSI_pages/PIDforDummies.html
 

Notice how important closing the feedback loop is. If the feedback loop was removed
(as in an open loop control system), it would be like steering the car with our eyes
closed.

As we saw in the previous house temperature example, the controller takes the both
the PV and SP signals, and puts them through a black box to calculate a controller
output. That controller output is then sent to an actuator, which moves to control the
process.

Let’s break apart and build up the actions in PID over the following pages.

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