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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
An Efficient PMU-Based Fault-Location Technique
for Multiterminal Transmission Lines
Quanyuan Jiang, Member, IEEE, Bo Wang, and Xingpeng Li
Abstract—This paper presents a new fault-location technique for
multiterminal transmission lines using the phasor measurement
unit (PMU). A two-stage fault-location model is proposed, along
with defining nodal current unbalance, a fault-location index. The
first stage is the fault-line selector stage, which uses the nonzero el-
ements of nodal current unbalance to determine the fault line. The
second stage is used to identify the exact fault distance. The com-
putational burden of the proposed technique is very low because it
provides an analytical solution and avoids iterative computations.
The performance of this technique is thoroughly evaluated under
various fault conditions. Very promising simulation results verify
the accuracy and robustness of the proposed technique for multi-
terminal transmission lines.
Index Terms—Fault location, multiterminal transmission line,
nodal current unbalance, phasor measurement unit (PMU).
I. INTRODUCTION
A CCURATE fault location on a transmission line can
expedite the repair of the faulted components, speed-up
restoration, reduce outage time, and, thus, improve power
system reliability [1]. Up to now, the most common methods
are the one-terminal method and two-terminal method. One-ter-
minal methods only use one-terminal voltage and current pha-
sors, so the accuracies of fault location are normally adversely
affected by the fault resistance and remote-terminal system
impedance [2]–[5]. To improve the accuracy of fault location,
two-terminal algorithms are developed [6]–[9].
With the development of modern power systems, the trans-
mission network is becoming more and more complicated.
Three-terminal and multiterminal transmission lines inevitably
appear and the existing one-terminal or two-terminal fault-loca-
tion algorithms are unable to determine which branch the fault
occurs on. Several fault-location methods for three-terminal
transmission lines have been proposed [10]–[13]. However,
due to the complexity of the problem, only a few fault-location
Manuscript received April 18, 2013; revised July 05, 2013, October 04, 2013,
and December 26, 2013; accepted January 03, 2014. This work was supported
in part by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (973
Program) of China under Grant 2012CB215106 and in part by the National
High Technology Research and Development Program (“863”Program) of
China under Grant 2011AA05A113. Paper no. TPWRD-00463-2013.
Q. Jiang and X. Li are with the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhe-
jiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China (e-mail: mailto:jqy@zju.edu.cn;
xplipower@gmail.com).
B. Wang is with Ningbo Electric Company of State Grid, Ningbo 315000,
China (e-mail: zjuwangbo@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2298865
0885-8977 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1
algorithms for multiterminal transmission lines have been pro-
posed [14]–[18]. Abe et al. [14] used a reactive power-based
method to locate the exact fault position after the multiter-
minal line was reduced into a two-terminal line containing
the fault section. Funabashi et al. [15] used two different
methods to locate the fault. However, results for three-phase
and two-phase-to-ground faults weren’t reported. Sanderson
et al. [16] can successfully identify the faulted section, but
the exact fault location on the faulted section was not studied.
Chih-Wen Liu et al. [17] extended a two-terminal fault-location
technique to N-terminal transmission lines. It is suitable for
any type of multiterminal line. But (N-1) two-terminal in-
dices should be calculated, which increases the computational
burden. Brahma [18] reported successful results by only using
voltage measurements to locate the fault, but the exact power
source impedances must be available. The source impedances
at line terminals are also required in [19] and [20].
For multiterminal transmission lines, the main difficulty of
fault location is to identify the faulted section. Once the faulted
section is identified, the fault point can be located easily. These
existing methods [14]–[20] may bring heavy computational
burden or require source impedances to identify the faulted
section. Therefore, a multiterminal fault-location technique
can be promising when it has low computational burden and
avoids the use of source impedances. To achieve this objective,
nodal current unbalance is defined first, and then it is used
as a fault location index in this paper. Based on this index, a
novel fault section selector is proposed to locate the fault on
a multiterminal transmission line. Case studies verify that the
proposed technique is accurate and efficient under different
fault conditions.
II. PROPOSED FAULT-LOCATION INDEX
A. Generating the Fault-Location Index
Considering the -terminal transmission line depicted
in Fig. 1, all nodes are classified into two types: terminal
node , and tap node
. We assume that every terminal
node is equipped with a phasor measurement unit (PMU); this
assumption is common in [14]–[18]. Therefore, the synchro-
nized voltage and current phasors at all terminals are available.
Since the positive sequence is the only network sequence for
all types of faults, the positive-sequence measurements are uti-
lized in this paper. All of the quantities, if not specifically la-
beled, refer to positive-sequence quantities. It is assumed that
the transmission lines to be considered are transposed.
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2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY

Letting , the postfault system would yield a new

bus-admittance matrix with the dimension of

Fig. 1. -terminal transmission-line system.

(2)

The elements in related to node and node are dif-

ferent from those in the original matrix , and (3)–(8) de-
scribe this difference

Fig. 2. equivalent model of line section . (3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Fig. 3. Fault occurring on the line section . (7)

(8)
The proposed fault-location technique will have errors for
the transmission line with untransposed short taps. For untrans- Except for the aforementioned elements, the other elements
posed lines, mutual impedances are not equal, which means that in and are the same.
there is coupling between the sequence networks for all types Hence, when a fault occurs on the line , the following
of faults. Then, the positive-sequence network will not be inde- equation can be formed:
pendent with the negative-sequence network and zero-sequence
network. Therefore, errors will exist for the transmission line (9)
with untransposed short taps. The analysis and case studies in
this paper are based on transposed lines.
where , are the node voltage and current injection at fault
In Fig. 1, the prefault state of the -terminal system can be
point , respectively; is the postfault node voltage vector;
represented by the node admittance equation
and is the postfault node current vector.
For the th and th rows in (9), we have
(1)

where is the prefault node voltage vector; is the (10)

prefault node current injection vector, and is the prefault
bus-admittance matrix. Fig. 2 shows the equivalent model
used in this paper of line section . (11)
In this model, is the equivalent impedance of the line
. The effect of shunt capacitances is taken into account by Equation (10) and (11) can be modified as follows:
admittance . In order to introduce the fault-location index,
a fault on line section is shown in Fig. 3.
The fault node- can be treated as a fictitious node; thus, the (12)
line is equivalent as two models. The unknown variable is
defined as the percentage of fault distance from node to fault (13)
node F of the line length. Obviously varies from 0 to 1, which
is to be solved in this paper. For convenience, (12) and (13) are simplified as
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JIANG et al.: EFFICIENT PMU-BASED FAULT-LOCATION TECHNIQUE 3

In order to obtain , we first assume that the fault only oc-

curs on the main line section (line 1–2, 2–4, 4–6, etc). From
the geometry of the multiterminal lines in Fig. 1, the following
equation can be derived for terminal node
:

Fig. 4. Fault occurs on the main line section .

(22)

Since is the sole unknown variable in (22), it can be

easily obtained as follows:

(14)
(23)
(15)

where Since and are

known by PMU measurements, we can compute the voltage
(16) of tap node by (23). Once and are obtained,
then can be calculated by
(17)

Except the th, th, and th rows, the other rows in (9) (24)
can be written as follows:
However, the fault may also occur on tapped line section (line
(18) 2–3, 4–5, 6–7, etc). In this case, the assumption is not satis-
fied. So we will discuss its application in the following two
where . cases: a fault occurs on the main line section, and a fault occurs
From (14), (15), and (18), the following equation can be es- on the tapped line section. For each case, has different
tablished: characteristics.

B. Fault on the Main Line Section

As shown in Fig. 4, the fault occurs on the main line section
(line 1–2, 2–4, 4–6, etc.). In this case, the assumption holds. So
the unknown voltages at all tap nodes can be calculated by (23)
correctly.
If a fault occurs on the main line section , obviously
(19) the computed fault-location index will only have two
Equation (19) can be rewritten as follows: nonzero elements as shown in (21).
More specifically, in Fig. 1, main line sections consist of line
(20) 1–2 and , so can be outlined
as follows:
where
fault on line
(21)
From (21), we can observe the following characteristic: when fault on line
(25)
a fault occurs on the line section , has only two
nonzero elements and . By checking the nonzero ele-
ments of , we can identify the faulted line section. C. Fault on the Tapped Line Section
Hence, is defined as nodal current unbalance in (21), If a fault occurs on the tapped line section (line 2–3, 4–5, 6–7,
which will provide a simple and efficient index to locate the etc.) such as the tapped line as shown in Fig. 5, the assump-
faulted section in multiterminal lines. tion does not hold. The voltage at tap node is calculated by
From (20), in order to obtain , and must (23) and the fault current is not considered. So the calculated
be known. When a fault occurs on the system in Fig. 1, the is not the true voltage of tap node , that is, . In
voltage and injected current at every terminal node this case, has different characteristics.
are measured by PMU, and In Fig. 5, the calculated voltage at tap node is calculated
the current injection at tap node by (23), i.e.,
is zero, so and
are known, only the voltage at the tap node
(26)
is unknown.
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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY

Fig. 5. Fault occurring on the tapped line section .

Due to the effect of fault current , the calculated voltage

is not equal to the true voltage at tap node . In this case, we
have Fig. 6. Proposed fault-line selector.

(27)

Therefore, can also be obtained as follows: From (35), when the fault occurs on the tapped line
shown in Fig. 5, has three nonzero elements , ,
and

Next, we will analyze all nonzero elements of in this (36)

case.
• For node , we have Especially, when a fault occurs on the tapped line 2–3, the
two connected nodes would be 1 and 4. Then, should be
written as follows:
(28)
Substituting (10) into (28), we have
(37)
(29)
In summary, that is
• For node , we have

(30)

Since the th row in has only two nonzero elements

and , (30) can be simplified as follows:
(38)
(31)

Substituting (26) into (31), we have III. IDENTIFYING THE FAULT SECTION

(32) Based on the theoretical analysis shown in (25) and (38), we

• For any other node
Substituting (18) into (33), we have
In Fig. 5, only node
connected with node , so
for any other node (
Therefore, we can conclude based on (29), (32), and (34)
propose a fault section selector for multiterminal lines, which is
( and ), we have illustrated by Fig. 6.
There are three cases for the fault section selector. For every
case, has different characteristics which can be used to
(33) identify the faulted line section:
Case 1) has two nonzero elements
For case 1, we can identify that a fault occurs on the
(34) main line section, referred to (25).
More specifically, if the two nonzero elements cor-
and node are directly
respond to node and , the fault-line section
, , and
is identified undoubtedly. Actually, it should be line
and ).
section 1–2 or as
shown in Fig. 1.
Case 2) has three nonzero elements.
For Case 2), we can identify that a fault occurs on
the tapped line section, referred to as (38).
If the three nonzero elements correspond to nodes
(35) , , and , the fault-line section
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JIANG et al.: EFFICIENT PMU-BASED FAULT-LOCATION TECHNIQUE 5

is identified. Actually, it should be line section

as shown in Fig. 1.
Case 3) Every element of is zero
For Case 3), we can identify that no fault occurs.

IV. EXACT FAULT LOCATION

Once the faulted section is identified, the next step is to
Fig. 7. Simulated six-terminal transmission lines.
locate the exact fault point on the faulted section.
Case 1) A fault occurs on the main line section .
In this case, the calculated and are nonzero
elements, which is given in (16) and (17). Based
on (16) and (17), we can eliminate the unknown
variable

(39)

From (3)–(8), we know that , , , and Fig. 8. in Case 1)–a fault occurs at the main line section 4–6.
are functions of fault-location variable .
Substituting (3)–(8) into (39), we have the following
quadratic equation with one unknown variable Once is recalculated correctly by (44), is
also recalculated by (24). Then, will have
(40) two nonzero elements and , which is a sim-
ilar problem as Case 1). Then, the fault point can
In (40), the only variable to be solved is the fault also be obtained by (42).
distance , and . The coefficient a, b and
c can be calculated as follows: V. CASE STUDIES
In order to evaluate the proposed fault-location algorithm,
power systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) [21] software
has been utilized to generate transient waveforms for faults of
different types, locations, and fault resistances on a 500-kV,
(41) 50-Hz six-terminal transmission-line system, which is shown
in Fig. 7. The related parameters of this system are given in the
where and are the parameters of equiv- Appendix. The fault-location error is defined as follows:
alent model of line . , are the postfault Estimated location-Actual location
voltages at node and , which can be calculated by Error (45)
The length of faulted section
(23).
By solving (40), we can obtain the exact fault point
To demonstrate the correctness of the developed fault-line
selector, some typical cases are discussed first. Fig. 8 shows the
(42) calculated index for an A-phase to ground fault (AG-
fault) on the main line 4–6. This fault occurs on the point which
Although the solution can be equal to two values is 70% away from node 4 with a fault resistance of 50 . It can
in (42), only the solution satisfying is be observed from Fig. 8 that at node 4 and at node
accepted as the fault point. 6 are much larger than zero, while the other current unbalances
Case 2) A fault occurs on the tapped line section . are almost equal to zero. Based on the principle of fault location
In this case, the true voltage of tap node can shown in Fig. 6, it can be identified that the fault occurs on
be recalculated correctly by using the connected tap the main line section 4–6. Furthermore, the exact fault location
node or . For example, we can use tap can be obtained by (42): 0.69999, 234.89433.
node to obtain Since , so 0.69999=69.999% is the exact
fault point. Therefore, the fault-location error is 0.001%, which
is negligible.
(43) Fig. 9(a) shows the calculated index for an A-phase
to ground fault (AG-fault) on the tapped line section 6–7. The
From (43), can be recalculated as follows: fault occurs on the point which is 20% away from node 6 with
fault resistance 50 . It can be observed from Fig. 9(a) that the
current unbalances at node 4, at node 6, and at
(44) node 8 are much larger than zero. Based on the principle of fault
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6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY

TABLE II
SIMULATION RESULTS WITH DIFFERENT FAULT CONDITIONS

Fig. 9. in Case 2)–a fault occurs at tapped line section 6–7.

TABLE I
ALL SIMULATED FAULTS

represents the zero element.

represents the nonzero element.
All 0 error means that the error is less than 0.01%.

TABLE III
SIMULATION RESULTS WITH DIFFERENT SOURCE IMPEDANCES

ABG denotes A and B-phase to ground.

AG denotes A-phase to ground. 1 p.u. means the original impedance of node 1, as shown in Table VII
AB denotes two-phase short circuit. All 0 error means that the error is less than 0.01%.
ABC denotes three-phase short circuit to ground

The fault-location results, obtained by using the proposed

location shown in Fig. 6, it can be identified that the fault occurs technique, are given in Table II.
on the tapped line section 6–7. As seen from Table II, the proposed fault-location algorithm
Once the tapped line section 6–7 is identified as the faulted provides excellent performance for all considered faults and it is
section, the correct voltage at node 6 can be calculated not affected by different fault types, fault positions, and fault re-
by (44). Then, can be recalculated by (24), shown in sistances. The maximum fault-location error under various fault
Fig. 9(b). From Fig. 9(b), and are much larger than conditions is well below 0.1%.
zero. Using , , , and , we can obtain the exact The fault-location results under different source impedances
fault point by solving (42): 19.997%, 241.64668. of node 1 are given in Table III. In Table III, a phase-A to ground
Obviously, 19.997% is the fault point; and the error is fault occurs on the main line section 2–4, and the fault point is
0.003%, which is pretty small. 50% away from node 2. As seen from Table III, the proposed
To validate the robustness of the proposed fault-location tech- fault-location technique is independent of source impedances.
nique, more faults are simulated. Table I lists all of the informa- Commonly, when applying the method to practical cases,
tion for all tested faults. These faults in Table I cover all possible the realistic parameters involved may not be of high accuracy.
lines and different types of faults with various fault resistances. Therefore, the sensitivity of the proposed method to system
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JIANG et al.: EFFICIENT PMU-BASED FAULT-LOCATION TECHNIQUE
TABLE IV
EFFECT OF INACCURACIES IN LINE PARAMETERS WHEN
THE FAULT IS ON THE MAIN LINE SECTION 2–4
TABLE V
EFFECT OF INACCURACIES IN LINE PARAMETERS WHEN A
FAULT IS ON THE TAPPED LINE SECTION 4–5
parameters was given in Tables IV and V. In Table IV, a
phase-A to ground fault occurs on the main line section 2–4
with resistance 100 , and the fault point is 75% away from
node 2. In Table V, a phase-A to ground fault occurs on the
tapped line section 4–5 with resistance 100 , and the fault
point is 75% away from node 4. From Tables IV and V, we can
see that the proposed method is affected in some way, but it
still shows pretty good results.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents an accurate and efficient fault-location
technique for multiterminal transmission lines. The nodal
current unbalance , fault-location index, is first defined,
then, the special features of for two different fault cases
are derived by detailed theory analysis. The main conclusions
of this paper are summarized as follows.
• When a fault occurs on the main line section , locator with compensation for apparent reactance in the fault resistance
has two nonzero elements.
• When a fault occurs on the tapped line section , PAS-104, no. 2, pp. 424–436, Feb. 1985.
has three nonzero elements.
• Once the faulted section is identified, the exact fault point
can be directly obtained by (42), and the computational
burden of the proposed approach is very low.
• Case studies verify that the proposed approach is robust
and accurate enough for all tested faults.
The distinctive features of the proposed fault-location tech-
nique are concluded as follows.
• It is an improvement that the proposed fault-location tech-
nique for multiterminal lines avoids the use of source im-
pedances in the formulation.
• The proposed technique performs with very high accuracy
for all types of faults at different fault locations. The clas-
sification of fault types and the selection of fault phase are
not required.
• The proposed technique is practically immune to fault re-
sistance and is free of prefault conditions.
7
TABLE VI
PARAMETERS OF THE LINES USED FOR SIMULATION
TABLE VII
SOURCE IMPEDANCE OF THE SIMULATED SYSTEM
APPENDIX
The parameters of the six-terminal transmission lines are
given in Tables VI and VII.
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8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY

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Center, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2003. His research interests are fault location, microgrid
power energy management, integration of renewable
energy resources into power systems, as well as
power system operation, control, and optimization.