Research 5.

Analytical

-process of investigation or -there is critical analysis of all data

experimentation aimed at the discovery and
6.Objective, Unbiased &Logical
interpretation of facts.
-all findings are logically based on
-commonly referred to as pure research
empirical
Basic Research
7. Employs quantitative or statistical methods
-refers to practical varieties of research
-data are transformed into numerical
activity
measures
1.Applied research
CHAPTER 1
2. Action research
>”Research is formalized curiosity, it is poking
3.Developmental research and prying with a purpose” -Zora Neala Hurston

Characteristics of Research Quantitative Research

1. Questions in mind -explaining phenomena by collecting

numerical data that are analyzed using
2. Requires plan
mathematically based methods.
3. Clear statement of the problem
3 MAJOR TENETS OF STYLE OF RESEARCH/
4. Through sub-problems 3PARTS ON PRESENTING CLEAR AND WELL-
RESEARCHED FINDINGS
5. Seeks direction hypothesis
1.Observing and Explaining occurences
6. Deals w/ facts and their meanings
2.Collection of information in quantitative
7. Circular research
ANOTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF RESEARCH 3.revolves around using mathematics
1. Empirical Types of Quantitative Research
-based on observations and 1. Descriptive/ Survey Research
experimentation on theories
Survey Research
2.Systematic
-uses interviews, questionnaires, and
-follows orderly and sequential sampling polls to get a sense of behavior w/
procedure intense precision.
3.Controlled -usually expressed in percentage.
-all variables except those that are -sampled at random
tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
Descriptive Research
4.Employs hypothesis
-seeks to describe the current status of
-guides the investigation process an identifies variable or phenomenon.
 -does not usually begin w/ a hypothesis 1. Qualitative/Categorical

Descriptive/Survey -describe
Discrete -countable
 Simple measure -count/frequency 2. Quantitative
Continuous -measurable
-percentage
 Central tendency -mean -measure

-median LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

- mode 1. Nominal (categorical)

 Central dispersion -range -feature

-variance -Dichotomous (type)
-standard deviation
-2 choices (eg male or female)
2. Correlational Research
2. Ordinal (categorical)
-relationships/association/covanance
between variables -rank, sequence

-conducted in order to explain a noticed 3. Interval (continuous)

occurrence
-zero means zero
-effect of one on the other might be and
4. Ratio (continuous)
how that affects the relationship
-zero doesn’t mean zero
-variables are not manipulated; only
identified and are studied SOURCES OF DATA
3. Causal-comparative Research/ Quasi 1.Primary
Experimental
-first hand
-cause and effect relationship
-interviews, survey/questionnaire
-“comparison”
2.Secondary
-independent variable is identified but
-published and unpublished
not manipulated to determine the effects on
the dependent variable Variable
4. Experimental Research -measurable characteristics that varies
-“true experimentation” -may change from group to group,
person to person or even within one person
-scientific method
over time
-independent variable is manipulated to
determine the effects on the dependent
variables

TYPES OF VARIABLES
TYPES OF DATA
1. Independent 2. Research Objective (SOP)

-cause variable
-variables
2. Dependent
3. Significance of the Study
-outcome variable
-beneficiaries
3. Moderator

-intensity of relationship 4. Scope and Limitation of the Study

4. Mediating
-“we set criteria”
-identifies the relationshio
5. Definition of Terms
5. Controlled
CHAPTER 2
-constant
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
PARTS OF RESEARCH
CHAPTER 3
Abstract
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
-100 to 150 words
1.Research design
-problem or issue being investigate
- discuss the design/quanti type you use
(beg. statement)
for the study.

-purpose(2nd) - explain based on the variables of the study.

2.Research Locale
-methods used (3rd)
-place or location of the study
CHAPTER 1 3.Population & sampling

- getting the sample size and sampling

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE technique, participants
STUDY
4.Research instruments & techniques
1. Introduction
-tools and materials.
(questionnaire,likert scale)
-trends, historical data, statistical data

-brief concise background of the study -participants

 Random/Probability Sampling
-global and local -equal chance of selection

-citation  Non-random/Non probability Sampling

 - judgement -systematic approach to
investigations during which numerical
-not each population member has a
data is collected and/or the researcher
chance to participate in the study
transforms what is collected into
NON-RANDOM/NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING numerical data.
METHOD
7.Ethical consideration
1. Purposive -criteria
-ethical requirements on process
2. Convenience- convenient involved in the study.

3. Quota- the researcher will be the one to

choose the necessary number of participants

4.Snowball – referral

RANDOM/PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

1.Simple Random Sampling

-purest form of sampling under the

probability approach

2.Stratified (strata)(according to gender,

department etc)

-involves the use of “stratum”

-subset of the target population

3.Multistage sampling

- combination of a two or more

sampling

4. Systematic Random Sampling

-creates a list of every member of the

population
5. Cluster Sampling

-every member of the

population is assigned to one, and only
one group.

5. Data Gathering Procedure

-step by step process for data collection

6.Data analysis procedure

-statistical tool

Quantitative Data Analysis