UNIT III PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART – A

Problem 1 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating a and b from

z  x  a
2 2
 y 2
 b2  .
Solution:
z   x 2  a 2  y 2  b 2  - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get
z
p   y 2  b2  2 x - (2)
x
z
q   x2  a2  2 y - (3)
y
Multiplying Eqn. (2) and Eqn (3) 
pq   x 2  a 2  y 2  b 2  4 xy
pq  4 xyz [using (1)]

Problem 2 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants a

and b from  x  a    y  b   z  1.
2 2 2

Solution:
 x  a    y  b   z 2  1 - (1)
2 2

Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get

2  x  a   2 zp  0
 x  a   zp - (2)
2  y  b   2 zq  0
 y  b   zq - (3)
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1) we get
z 2 p2  z 2q2  z 2  1
i.e., z 2  p 2  q 2  1  1

Problem 3 From the partial differential equation by eliminating f from

f  x2  y2  z 2 , x  y  z   0 .
Solution:
We know that if f (u, v) = 0
then u = f (v)
 x  y2  z2  f  x  y  z 
2
- (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y
We get

1
 2 x  2 zp  f '  x  y  z 1  p  - (2)
2 y  2 zq  f '  x  y  z 1  q 
Divide (2) & (3)
x  zp 1  p

y  zq 1  q
x  qx  zp  zpq  y  py  zq  zpq
 z  y p   x  zq  y  x
Problem 4 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating f from
1 
z  x 2  2 f   log x  .
y 
Solution:
1 
Let z  x 2  2 f   log x  - (1)
y 

Differentiate (1) w.r. t x and y

z 1  1 
 p  2 x  2 f '   log x   - (2)
x y  x 
z 1  1 
 q  2 f '   log x  2  - (3)
y y  y 
Eliminating f ' from (2) & (3)
p  2 x 1 2
  y 
q x
px  2 x   qy 2
2

px  qy 2  2 x 2

Problem 5 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants
a & b from z  xy  y x  a  b .
2 2

Solution:
z  xy  y x 2  a 2  b - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y

z  1 
p  y y  2x
x 2 x  a 
2 2

yx
p y
x2  a2
p x
 1
y x2  a2

2
 p x
1  - (2)
y x  a2
2

z
q  x  x2  a2
y
q  x  x2  a2 - (3)
Multiplying (2) & (3)
p  x
  1  q  x   x2  a2
y  x  a2
2

p 
  1  q  x   x
y 
 p  y  q  x   xy
pq  xp  yq  xy  xy
px  qy  pq

z z
Problem 6 Find the complete integral of p  q  pq where p  and q  .
x y
Solution:
p  q  pq - (1)
This is of the form f  p, q   0
Let z  ax  by  c - (2) be the complete solution of the partial differential
equation.
z
p a
x
z
q b
y
(1) reduces to a+b=ab
a  b  a  1
a
b
a 1
 a 
 z  ax    yc
 a 1 

Problem 7 Obtain the complete integral of z  px  qy  p  q .

2 2

Solution:
z  px  qy  p 2  q 2 - (1)
This equation is of the form z  px  qy  f  p, q  (clairaut’s type)
 the complete integral is z  ax  by  a 2  b 2 .

3
Problem 8 Solve p 1  q   qz .
Solution:
p 1  q   qz - (1)
This equation is of the form f  z , p, q   0
z  f  x  ay  be the solution
x  ay  u z  f u 
dz adz
p q
du du
(1) reduces to
dz  dz  dz
1  a   a z
du  du  du
dz
1 a  az
du
dz
a  az  1
du
dz 1
 z
du a
dz
 du
1
z
a
 1
Integrating log  z    u  b
 a
 1
i.e., log  z    x  ay  b is the complete solution.
 a

Problem 9 Solve the equation p tan x  q tan y  tan z .

Solution:
Given p tan x  q tan y  tan z
This equation is of the form Pp  Qq  R
When P = tan x Q = tan y R = tan z
The subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
i.e.,  
tan x tan y tan z
Considering the first two,
dx dy

tan x tan y
Sign,

4
  cot xdx   cot ydy
log sin x  log sin y  log a
 sin x 
log    log a
 sin y 
sin x
a
sin y
sin x
i.e., a 
sin y
Take,
dy dz

tan y tan z
dy dz
 tan y   tan z
 cot ydy   cot zdz
log sin y  log sin z  log b
 sin y 
log    log b
 sin z 
sin y
b 
sin z
 sin x sin y 
Hence the general solution is   , 0
 sin y sin z 


Problem 10 Solve D  3DD  2 D Z  0 .
3 2 3

Solution:
Substituting D = m, & D1 = 1
The Auxiliary equation is m3 - 3m + 2 = 0
m = 1, 1, -2
Complimentary function is 1  y  x   x2  y  x   3  y  2 x 
i.e., Z  1  y  1  x2  y  x   3  y  2 x 

2 z 2 z 2 z
Problem 11 Find the general solution of 4 2  12 9 2  0.
x xy y
Solution:
 4D 2  12 DD1  9D12  Z  0
The auxiliary equation is 4m 2  12m  9  0
4m2 – 6m – 6m +9 = 0
2m (2m – 3) – 3 (2m – 3) = 0

5
 (2m – 3)2 = 0
3
m= (twice)
2
 3   3 
C.F. = 1  y  x   x2  y  x 
 2   2 
 the General solution is Z = C.F. + P.I
 3   3 
z  1  y  x   x2  y  x 
 2   2 


Problem 12 Solve D  DD  D D  D
3 2 2 3
z  0.
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is
m3  m 2  m  1  0
m2  m  1   m  1  0
m 2
 1  m  1  0
i.e. m  1, i, i
 The general solution is Z  1  y  x   2  y  ix   3  y  ix 

Problem 13 Find the particular integral of D  D D  DD  D  3 2 2 3

z  e x
cos 2 y .
Solution:
1
P.I.  e x cos 2 y
D  D D  DD  D
3 2 2 3

cos 2 y
 ex
 D  1   D  1 D   D  1 D2  D3
3 2

e 2iy
 e x R.P. of
 D  1   D  1 D   D  1 D2  D3
3 2

e2iy
 e x R.P. of
1  2i  4  8i
e x
1  2i
 R.P. of  cos 2 y  i sin 2 y 
5 1  2i 1  2i 
1 1
 e x .  cos 2 y  2sin 2 y 
5 5
ex
P.I.   cos 2 y  2sin 2 y 
25


Problem 14 Solve D  DD  D  1 z  0 .
2

Solution:

6
 D 2
 DD  D  1  0
 D  1 D  D ' 1  0
This is of the form
D  m D 1
1
 1  D  m2 D1   2   0
m1  0,1  1, m2  1, 2  1
C.F. is Z  e1 x f1  y  m1 x   e 2 x f 2  y  m2 x 
Z  e x f1  y   e  x f 2  y  x 
Problem 15 Solve  D  D  1 D  D  2  z  e
2 x y
.
Solution:
This is of the form
 D  m1D  C1  D  m2 D  C2  ....  D  mn D  Cn  Z  0
Hence m1  1 c1  1 m2  1 c2  1 c2  2
Hence the C.F. is z  e x1  y  x   e 2 x2  y  x 
e2 x  y
P.I. 
 D  D  1 D  D  2 
e2 x y

 2  1  1 2  1  2 
1
 e2 x  y
2
1
Hence, the complete solution is Z  e x1  y  x   e 2 x2  y  x   e 2 x  y
2

PART – B

Problem 16
a. From the partial differential equation by eliminating f and 
from z  f  y     x  y  z  .
Solution:
z  f  y    x  y  z - (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
P     x  y  z 1  p  - (2)
q  f '  y    '  x  y  z 1  q  - (3)
r   '  x  y  z  .r   "  x  y  z 1  p 
2
- (4)
s   '  x  y  z  .s   "  x  y  z 1  p 1  q  - (5)
t  f "  y    '  x  y  z  t   ''  x  y  z 1  q 
2
- (6)

7
 From (4) r 1   '  x  y  z   1  p   "  x  y  z 
2
- (7)
From (5) s 1   '  x  y  z   1  p 1  q   "  x  y  z  - (8)
Dividing (7) & (8) we get
r 1  p 

s 1  q 
1  q  r  1  p  s


b. Solve D  2 DD z  e
2
 2x
 x3 y .
Solution:
Auxiliary Equation is given by m 2  2m  0
i.e., m (m – 2) =0
m = 0, m = 2
C.F. = f1  y   f 2  y  2 x 
1
PI1  e2 x
 D  2 DD
2

e2 x
 (Replace D by 2 and D by 0)
4
1
PI 2  2 x3 y
 D  2DD 
1
1  2 D  3
 1   x y
D2  D 
1  2 D 
 2 1   ......  x3 y
D  D 
1  3 2 x3 
  x y  
D2  D 
x5 x6

y  2.
20 4.5.6
5 6
x x
 y
20 60
The complete solution is
Z  C.F .  PI1  PI 2
e2 x x5 y x 6
Z  f1  y   f 2  y  2 x    
4 20 20

Problem 17
a. Find the complete integral of p  q  x  y .
Solution:

8
 The given equation does not contain z explicitly and is variable separable.
That is the equation can be rewritten as p – x = y – q =a, say - (!)
 p  a  x and q  y  a
Now dz = pdx + qdy
dz   a  x  dx   y  a  dy (2)
Integrating both sides with respect to he concerned variables, we get
a  x  y  a
2 2

z  b - (3)
2 2
when a and b are arbitrary constants.
b. Solve y p  xyq  x  z  2 y  .
2

Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp  Qq  R
The subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
y 2
 xy x  z  2 y 
Taking I & II ratios
dx dy

y 2  xy
xdx   ydy
Integrating,
x2  y2
 C
2 2
x 2  y 2  2c  c1
dy dz
Taking II & III ratios 
 xy x  z  2 y 
 Z  2 y  dy   ydz
ydz  zdy  2 ydy
d  yz   2 ydy
Integrating,
yz  y 2  c2
yz  y 2  c2
the solution is   x 2  y 2 , yz  y 2   0

Problem 18
a. Find the singular integral of the partial differential equation
z  px  qy  p  q . 2 2

9
Solution:
The given equation z  px  qy  p 2  q 2 is a clairaut’s type equation.
Hence the complete solution is z  ax  by  a 2  b 2 -(1)
To get singular Solution :
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. a and b
0 = x + 2a - (2)
0 = y – 2b - (3)
x y
a  and b 
2 2
Substituting in (1),
 x2 y 2 x2  y 2
z  
2 2 4
2 x  2 y  x 2  y 2
2 2
z
4
4 z  y  x is the singular solution.
2 2


b. Solve D  4 DD  5 D
2 2
 z  3e 2 x y
 sin  x  2 y  .
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation,
m 2  4m  5  0
m 2  5m  m  5  0
m  m  5   m  5   0
 m  1 m  5  0
m  1, 5
 C.F. = f  y  x   g  y  5 x 
1
PI1  3e 2 x  y
D  4 DD  5 D2
2

3e 2 x  y

4 85
3 2 x y
 e
9
1
 e2 x y
3

10
 1
PI 2  sin  x  2 y 
D  4 DD  5 D2
2

1
 sin  x  2 y 
1  4  2   5  4 
1
 sin  x  2 y 
1  8  20
1
 sin  x  2 y 
27
 the complete solution is Z  CF  PI1  PI 2
1 1
i.e. Z  f  y  x   g  y  5 x   e 2 x  y  sin  x  2 y 
3 27

Problem 19 a. Find the general solution of  3 z  4 y  p   4 x  2 z  q  2 y  3 x .

Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp  Qq  R .
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
  - (1)
3z  4 y 4 x  2 z 2 y  3x
Use Lagrangian multipliers x, y, z we get each ratio is
d  x2  y2  z 2 
1
xdx  ydy  zdz
2
3 xz  4 xy  4 xy  2 yz  2 yz  3 xz 0
Hence d  x 2  y 2  z 2   0
Integrating both the sides,
 x 2  y 2  z 2  C1 - (2)
using multipliers 2, 3, 4 each of equation (1) is
2dx  3dy  4dz

6 z  8 y  12 x  6 z  8 y  12 x
2dx  3dy  4dz

0
 2dx  3dy  4dz  0
Hence 2 x  3 y  4 z  C2 - (3)
 the General solution is   x 2  y 2  z 2 , 2 x  3 y  4 z   0

    2e 2 y  .
2
b. Solve D  2 DD  D  3D  3D  2 z  e
2 2 3x

Solution:

11
 D 2
 2 DD  D2  3D  3D  2  z   D  D ' 2  D  D ' 1  z
 D  D ' 2  D  D ' 1  z  e 6 x  4e3 x 2 y  4e 4 y
m1  1,1  2, m2  1, 2  1

 C.F.  e2 x f  y  x   e x f  y  x 
1
PI1  e6 x
 D  D  2  D  D  1
1
 e6 x
 6  0  2  6  0  1
1 6x
 e
20
1
PI 2  4e3 x  2 y
 D  D  2  D  D  1
4
 e3 x  2 y
 3  2  2  3  2  1
4 3 x2 y
 e
3 4
1
 e3 x  2 y
3
1
PI 3  4e 4 y
 D  D  2  D  D  1
4 e 4 y

 0  4  2  0  4  1
4
 e 4 y
 2  3
2 4 y
e 
3
 the general solution
1 6 x 1 3 x 2 y 2 4 y
Z  e2 x f  y  x   ex f  y  x   e  e  e
20 3 3

Problem 20
a. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function f and
g in z  f  x  y  g  x  y 
Solution:
z  f  x  y g  x  y

12
 Let u  x  y v  x y
Z  f  u  .g  v  - (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
p  f  u  .g '  v   f '  u  .g  v  - (2)
q  f  u  g '  v  1  f '  u  g  v  - (3)
r  f  u  g "  v   2 f '  u  g '  v   f "  u  .g  v  - (4)
s  f  u  g "  v  1  f "  u  .g  v  - (5)
t  f u  g " v   2 f '  u  g '  v   f " u  g  v  - (6)
Subtracting (4) from (6) , we get
r  t  4 f   u  .g   v  - (7)
From (2) & (3), we get
p 2  q 2  4 f  u  . g  v  . f '  u  .g '  v 
= Z (r – t) from (1) & (7)
2
  2 z  2 z   z   z 
2

i.e., z  2  2       
 x y   x   y 

b. Solve the equation  pq  p  q  z  px  qy   pq .

Solution:
pq
Rewriting the given equation as Z  px  qy  - (1)
pq  p  q
we identify it as a clairaut’s type equation. Hence its complete solution is
ab
Z  ax  by  - (2)
ab  a  b
The general solution of (1) is found out as usual from (2).
Let us now find the singular solution of (1).
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to a and then b, we get

0 x
 ab  a  b  b  ab  b  1
 ab  a  b 
2

b2
i.e., 0  x  - (3)
 ab  a  b 
2

and similarly
a2
0 y - (4)
 ab  a  b 
2

a2 y a b
From (3) & (4), we get 2
 or   k , say
b x y x
 a  k y and b  k x
Using there values in (3) we get

13
   x0
2
k 2 x  k 2 xy  k y  k x

k x   k xy  k y  k x  x
2 2

i.e.,  k xy  x  y   1
1 x  y
k
xy
1 x  y 1 x  y
Hence a  and b 
x y
Also
ab 1 1
 
ab  a  b 1  1  1 y x
1 
b a 1 x  y 1 x  y
 1 x  y
Using these values in (2), the singular solution of (1) is

z  x 1 x  y  y 1 x  y  1 x  y     
 
2
z  1 x  y

Problem 21
a. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating

f from f x  y  z , z  2 xy  0 .
2 2 2 2

Solution:
f  x 2  y 2  z 2 , z 2  2 xy   0
Let u  x 2  y 2  z 2 and v  z 2  2 xy then
the given equation is f  u , v   0 - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively
f u f v f u f v
we get .   0 and .  . 0
u x v x u y v y
f f
  2 x  2 zp    2 zp  2 y   0 - (4)
u v
f f
 2 y  2 zq  +  2zq-2x   0 -(5)
u v
from (4) and (5)
x  zp zp  y
we get 0
y  zq zq  x

14
  x  zp  zq  x    y  zq  zp  y 
zqx  x 2  z 2 pq  xzp  zpy  y 2  z 2 pq  zqy
 zp  x  y   zq  x  y   x 2  y 2
 zp  x  y   zq  x  y    x  y  x  y 
 zp  zq  x  y
zp  zq  y  x
z  p  q  y  x

b. Solve the equation p 1  q  2

  q 1  z  .
Solution:
The given equation is of the from f  z , p, q   0
P 1  q 2   q  p  z  - (1)
Let z  f  x  ay  be the solution of (1)
If x  ay  u then z  f u 
If dz adz
p and q
du du
(1) reduces as
z   adz 2
2  dz 
1  a    1  z 
u   du 
 du
dz  
2
2  dz 
i.e., 1  a    a  az   0
du   du  
dz
As z is not a constant, 0
du
2
 dz 
1  a    a  az  0
2

 du 
2
 dz 
i.e., a    az  1  a
2

 du 
dz
a  az  1  a - (3)
du
solving (3), we get
dz
a   du
az  1  a
2 az  1  a  u  b
2 az  1  a  x  ay  b
4  az  1  a    x  ay  b 
2

15
 which is the complete solution of (1)

Problem 22
a. Solve the equation p  q  z
2 2 2
x 2
 y2  .
Solution:
The given equation dues not belong to any of the standard types.
It can be rewritten as  z 1 p    z 1q   x 2  y 2
2 2
- (1)
As the Equation (1) contains z 1 p and z 1q we make the substitution Z = log z
z -1p=P and z -1q  Q
Using there values in (1), it becomes
P2  Q2  x2  y 2 (2)
As Eq. (2) dues not contain Z explicitly, we rewrite it as
P 2  x 2  y 2  Q 2  a 2 , say (3)
From (3)
P 2  a 2  x 2 and Q 2  y 2  a 2
P  a 2  x 2 and Q  y 2  a 2
dz  Pdx  Qdy
dz  a 2  x 2 dx  y 2  a 2 dy
Integrating, we get
x 2 a2 x y a2  y
Z x  a 2  sin h 1    y 2  a 2  cos h 1    b
2 2 a 2 2 a
 the complete solution of (1) is
x 2 a2 1  x  y a2  y
log z  x  a  sin h   
2
y  a  cos h 1    b
2 2

2 2 a a 2 a
where a and b are arbitrary constants.
Singular solution does not exist and the General solution is found out as usual.


b. Solve the equation D  D
2 2
 z  sin 2 x sin 3 y  2sin  x  y  .
2

Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0
i.e., m   i
 C.F. = f  y  ix   g  y  ix 

16
 1
PI1  sin 2 x sin 3 y
D  D '2
2

. cos  2 x  3 y   cos  2 x  3 y 
1 1
 2
D  D' 2 2

1 1 1 
  cos  2 x  3 y   cos  2 x  3 y  
2  4  9 4  9 
1 1
 . cos  2 x  3 y   cos  2 x  3 y 
13 2
1
 sin 2 x sin 3 y
13
1
PI 2  2 2sin 2  x  y 
D  D '2
 2
1
D  D '2
1  cos  2 x  2 y 
1 1
2  
 2 1  2 cos  2 x  2 y 
D  D' D  D '2
1 1
 2 e0 x  cos  2 x  2 y 
D  D' 2
4  4
x2 1
  cos  2 x  2 y 
2 8
The complete solution is Z  C.F .  PI1  PI 2
1 x2 1
i.e., Z  f  y  i x   g  y  i x   sin 2 x sin 3 y   cos  2 x  2 y 
13 2 8
Problem 23
a. Solve p  q  1.
Solution:
This is of the form f  p, q   0 .
The complete integral is given by z  ax  by  c where
a  b 1
b  1 a

 
2
b  1 a

 
2
 The complete solution is z  ax  1  a yc - (1)
Differentiating partially w.r.t. c we get 0 = 1 (absurd)
 There is no singular integral
Taking c  f  a  where f is arbitrary,

  y  f a
2
z  ax  1  a - (2)
Differentiating partially w.r.t a, we get

17
  1 
0  x  2 1 a 
2 a
 
 y  f '  a  - (3)
Eliminating ‘a’ between (2) & (3) we get the general solution.

 
b. Solve x  yz p  y  zx q  z  xy .
2
 2
 2

Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp  Qq  R
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are 2  2  2 - (1)
x  yz y  zx z  xy
dx  dy dy  dz dx  dz
 2  2
 x  yz    y  zx  y  zx  z  xy x  yz  z 2  xy
2 2 2

d  x  y d  y  z d x  z
i.e.,   2 2
x 2
y 2
  z  x  y y  z  x  y  z  x  z  y 1  z 
2 2

d  x  y d  y  z d x  z
i.e.,   - (2)
 x  y  x  y  z   y  z  x  y  z   x  z  x  y  z 
d  x  y d  y  z d x  z
i.e.,   - (3)
 x  y yz xz
Taking the first two ratios, and integrating log  x  y   log  y  z   log a
x y
 a - (4)
yz
Similarly taking the last two ratios of (3) we get,
yz
 b - (5)
xz
x y yz x y xz
But and are not independent solutions for  1 gives
yz xz yz yz
which is the reciprocal of the second solution.
Therefore solution given by (4) and (5) are not independent. Hence we have to
search for another independent solution.
xdx  ydy  zdz
Using multipliers x, y, z in equation (1) each ratio is  3
x  y 3  z 3  3 xyz
dx  dy  dz
Using multipliers 1, 1, 1 each ratio is  2
x  y  z 2  xy  yz  zx
2

xdx  ydy  zdz dx  dy  dz

 2
x  y  z  3xyz x  y  z 2  xy  yz  zx
3 3 3 2

d  x2  y 2  z 2 
1
2 d x  y  z

 x  y  z   x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx  x  y  z 2  xy  yz  zx
2 2

18
 d  x2  y2  z 2    x  y  z  d  x  y  z 
1
Hence
2
x  y  z  k
2

Integrating
2

1 2
x  y2  z2  
2
  x  y  z    x  y  z   2k
2 2 2 2

x 2  y 2  z 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx  2k
i.e., xy  yz  zx  b
 x y
 the general solution is   xy  yz  zx, 0
 yz

Problem 24
a. Solve yp  2 xy  log q .
Solution:
yp  2 xy  log q
yp  2 xy  log q
 p  2 x  y  log q
log q
p  2x   a ( say )
y
1
 p  2 x  a and log q  a - (1)
y
p  2 x  a, log q  ay
q  eay
Now dz  pdx  qdy
dz   2 x  a  dx  e ay dy - (2)
Integrating (2), we get
1
z  x 2  ax  e ay  b - (3)
a
Where a and b are arbitrary constant.
Equation (3) is the complete solution of the given equation.
Differentiating (3) partially w.r.t b we get 0 = 1 (absurd)
 There is no singular integral.
Put b    a  in (3)
e ay
z  x 2  ax   a - (4)
a
Differentiating partially w.r.t a we get

19
  1 
0  0 x
a

1 ay
e y   e ay  2    '  a 
a 
y 1
0  x  eay  2 eay   '  a  -(5)
a a
Eliminating ‘a’ between (4) & (5) we obtain the general solution.

b. Solve 2 x p  yzq  3 z  0 .
4 2 2

Solution:
2
 x 2 p  yq
Rewriting this equation, we get 2    3  0
 z  z
This is an equation of the form f  x m z k p, y n z k q   0 may be transformed into
the standard type f  P, Q   0 by putting X  x1 m , Y  y1 n and
Z  z k 1 , whereK  1
(or) X  log x Y  log y Z  log z if m  1, n  1 and k  1
Here m  2 n  1
Hence X  x 1 Y  log y and Z  log z
Z Z z x 1  px 2
P   p   x2  
X z x X z z
Z Z z y 1 y
Q   q. y  q
Y z y Y Z Z
 the equation becomes, 2 P 2  Q  3  0
This is of the form f  P, Q   0
Hence the complete integral is Z  aX  bY  c
Where
2a 2  b  3  0
b  2a 2  3
 the complete solution is Z  aX  bY  c
i.e., log z    2a 2  3 log y  c - (1)
a
x
Differentiating equation (1) partially w.r.t to c
We get 0 = 1 (absurd)
 Singular integral does not exist.
Taking C = f (a) where f is arbitrary
log z    2a 2  3 log y  f  a  - (2)
a
x
Differentiating partially w.r.t a we get
1
0   4a log y  f '  a  - (3)
x
Eliminating ‘a’ between (2) & (3) we get the general solution.

20
Problem 25
a. Find the complete solution of  x  pz    y  qz   1 .
2 2

Solution:
 x  pz    y  qz  1
2 2
- (1)
This equation is of the form f  z p, z k q   0
k

If k  1 and Z  z k 1
Hence put Z = z2
Z Z z
P  .  2 zp
x z x
p
Pz 
2
Z Z z
Q  .  2 zq
y z y
Q
qz 
2
Substituting there results in (1)
2 2
 P  Q
 x    y   1
 2  2
This is a separable equation
2 2
 P  Q
 x    1  y    a
2

 2  2
 dZ  Pdx  Qdy
dZ  2  a  x  dx  2  1  a 2  y  dy
 
Integrating,
 y2 
Z    a  x   2  1  a 2 y   dy
2

 2
 Z 2    a  x   2 1  a2 y  y2  b
2

is the complete solution.


b. Solve z  2 yz  y
2 2
 p   xy  zx  q  xy  zx .
Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp  Qq  R
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are 2  
z  2 yz  y 2
xy  zx xy  zx
xdx  ydy  zdz
Taking x, y, z as multipliers, we have each fraction 
0
 xdx  ydy  zdz  0

21
 x2 y2 z 2
Integrating   c
2 2 2
i.e., x  y  z  C1
2 2 2
- (1)
dy dz
Again, taking the last two members, we have 
x y  z x y  z
dy dz
i.e., 
yz yz
 y  z  dy   y  z  dz
ydy  zdy  ydz  zdz
ydy   zdy  ydz   zdz  0
ydy  d  yz   zdz  0 z
Integrating we get y 2  2 yz  z 2  C2 - (2)
From (1) & (2) the general solution is
  x 2  y 2  z 2 , y 2  2 yz  z 2   0

Problem 26
a. Solve the equation 9 pqz  4 1  z
4
 3
.
Solution:
9 pqz 4  4 1  z 3  - (1)
The given equation is of the form f  z , p, q   0
Let z  f  x  ay  be the solution of (1)
If x  ay  u then z  f  u 
dz dz
P and q  a
du du
Substituting the values of p & q in (1), we get
2
 dz 
9a   z 4  4 1  z 3 
 du 
dz
3 az 2  2 1  z3
du
a 3z 2 dz
 du
2 1  z3
Integrating we get
a 3z 2
 2 1  z 3 dz   du
Put 1 + z3 = t2
3z 2 dz  2tdt

22
 a 2tdt
 2 t
  du

a  dt   du
a t  u b
i.e, a 1  z 3  x  ay  b
a 1  z 3    x  ay  b 
2
- (2)
The singular solution is found as usual
Put b   a
a 1  z 3    x  ay    a  
2
- (3)
Differential w.r.t. a
1  z 3   2  x  ay    a    y     a   - (4)
The elimination of ‘a’ between (3) & (4) gives the General solution.


b. Solve D  3DD  2 D
2 2
 z   2  4xe x2 y
.
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is
m2  3m  2  0
 m  1 m  2   0
m  1, 2
 C.F.  1  y  x   2  y  2 x 
e x2 y  2  4 x 
P.I .  2
D  3DD ' 2 D '2
ex2 y  2  4 x 

 D  2 D ' D  D '
Re placeD  D  1, D '  D ' 2
ie., D  D  a, D '  D ' b

 ex2 y
 2  4x
 D  1  2  D ' 2    D  1   D ' 2  

 ex2 y
 2  4x 
 D  2 D ' 3 D  D ' 1
 ex2 y
2  4x
  D  2D ' 
3 1     1   D  D '  
  3 

23
 1
1  D  2D '  1
 e x  2 y 1  
1   D  D '  
 2  4x
3  3 
1  D  2D ' 
 e x  2 y 1   ... 1   D  D '  ...  2  4 x 
3  3 
1  4 D  5D ' ... 
 e x  2 y 1 
3  3   2  4 x 
1  1 
 e x  2 y  2  4 x  16  
3  3 
1  22  2
 e x  2 y   4 x   e x  2 y 11  6 x 
3 3  9

Hence the general solution is

Z  C.F .  P.I .
2
Z  1  y  x   2  y  2 x   e x  2 y 11  6 x 
9

Problem 27
a. Solve p x  y zq  2 z .
2 4 2 2

Solution:
This can be written as  Px 2    qy 2  z  2 z 2
2
- (1)
Which is of the form f  x m p, y n q, z   0
Where m = 2, n= 2
1 1
put X  x1 m  ; y  y1n 
x y
Z Z x
P  .  p   x 2    px 2
X x X
Z Z y
Q  .  q   y 2   qy 2
Y y X
Substituting in (1) the given equation reduces to P 2  Qz  2 z 2
This is of the form f  p, q, z   0
 Let Z  f  X  aY  where u = X + aY
dz adz
P ,Q 
du du
Equation becomes,
2
 dz   dz 
   az    2 z  0
2

 
du  
du
dz
Solving for ,we get
du

24
 dz az  a 2 z 2  8 z 2

du 2
dz a  a 2  8
 du
z 2
a  a2  8
log z  u b
2
 a  a2  8 
log z     X  ay   b
 2 
 
 a  a2  8   1 a 
log z       b
 2  x y 
 
is the complete solution.
The singular and general integrals are found out as usual.

b. Find the general solution of  y  z  p   z  x  q  x  y .

Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp  Qq  R .
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are  
yz zx x y
dx  dy  dz dx  dy dy  dz
each is equal to   - (1)
2 x  y  z yx zy
Taking the first two ratios,
d  x  y  z  d  x  y 

2 x  y  z  x  y
Integrating,
1
log  x  y  z    log  x  y   log c
2
 log  x  y  z   log  x  y   log k
2

 x  y  z   k  x  y 
2

i.e.,  x  y  z  x  y   k
2
- (2)
Taking the last two ratios of equation (1),
d  x  y d  y  z

x y yz
Integrating, log  x  y   log  y  z   log b
x y
 b - (3)
yz

25
  2 x y
Hence the general solution is f   x  y  z  x  y  , 0
 yz

Problem 28

a. Find the equation of the cone satisfying px  qy  z and passing through the
circle x  y  z  4, x  y  z  2 .
2 2 2

Solution:
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are  
x y z
Taking the first two ratios,
log x = log y + log a
x
 a - (1)
y
Taking the second and third ratios,
log y = log z + log b
y
 b - (2)
z
 x y
 the general solution is   ,   0 - (3)
y z
We have to find that function  satisfying (3) and
also x2+ y2 + z2 = 4 - (4)
and x + y + z = 2 - (5)
Hence, we will eliminate x, y, z from (1),(2),(4),(5)
From (2) y = bz
From (1) x = ay
x =abz
using the value of x & y in (4) & (5)
a 2b 2 z 2  b 2 z 2  z 2  4
z 2  a 2b 2  b 2  1  4 - (6)
Also abz + bz + z = 2
1  b  ab  z  2 - (7)
Eliminating z between (6) & (7)
Squaring (7)
1  b  ab  z2  4
2
- (8)
From (6) & (8),
1  b 2  a 2b 2  1  b  ab   1  b 2  a 2b 2  2b  2ab  2ab 2
2

Simplifying b + ab2 + ab = 0
1  ab  a  0

26
 x y
Using a  , b  in (9)
y z
xy x
1  0
yz y
x x
1   0
z y
i.e., yz  xy  xz  0 is the required surface.

b. Solve  D 2  DD  6 D2  z  y cos y .

Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m2 + m – 6 = 0
m = 2, –3
 C.F. = 1  y  2 x   2  y  3 x 
y cos x
P.I . 
D  DD ' 6 D2
2

1 y cos x

 D  2 D '   D  3D ' 
1   a  3 x  cos xdx  where a  3 x  y
 D  2 D '  


1  a  3 x  sin x  3 sin xdx  where a  3 x  y

 D  2 D '   
1
  y sin x  3cos x 
 D  2 D '
   a  2 x  sin x  3cos x  dx where a  2 x  y
  a  2 x   cos x    2   sin x   3sin x  where a  2 x  y
P.I .   y cos x  sin x
 Z  1  y  2 x   2  y  3 x   sin x  y cos x

Problem 29
a. Solve the equation pz sin x  qz cos y  1 .
2 2 2 2

Solution:
The given equation contains (z2p) and (z2q).
Therefore we make the substitution Z = z3
Z
P   3 z 2 p and Q=3z 2 q
x
Using there values in the given equation, it becomes
P 2 Q
sin x  cos 2 y  1
3 3

27
 Equation 1 does not contain Z explicitly.
P Q
Rewriting (1), we have sin 2 x  1  cos 2 y  a , say - (2)
3 3
From (2), P  3a cos ec x and Q  3 1  a  sec 2 y
2

Now dZ = Pdx + Qdy

= 3a cosec2xdx + 3 (1 – a) sec2y dy - (3)
Integrating (3),
Z  3a cot x  3 1  a  tan y  b
z 3  3a cot x  3 1  a  tan y  b  (4)
is the complete solution.
Singular solution does not exist.
put b    a  in (4)
z 3  3a cot x  3 1  a  tan y    a  - (5)
Differentiating (5) w.r.t. to a we get
0  3cot x  3 tan y   '  a  - (6)
Eliminating a between (5) & (6) we get the required solution.


b. Solve the equation D  2 DD  D
2 2
z  x y e 2 2 x y
.
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m2 - 2m + 1 = 0
(m – 1)2 = 0
m = 1 twice
 C.F .  1  y  x   x2  y  x 

e x y  x 2 y 2 
1
P.I . 
 D  2DD  D 
2 2

e x y  x2 y 2 
1

 D  D 
2

1
 ex y x2 y2
 D  1   D  1 
2

1
 ex y x2 y2
 D  D 
2

2
1  D 
e x y
1  
D2  D
x y 
2 2

1  2 D 3D '2  2 2
 ex y 1   2 x y 
D2  D D 

28
  2 2 2 2 
 x y  D  2 x y   D 2  2 x  
1 3
 e x y 2

D2
 
 e x y  y 2 2  x 2   4 y 3  x 2   6 4  x 2 
1 1 1
 D D D 
1 1 1 
P.I .   x 4 y 2  x5 y  x 6  e x y
 12 15 60 
Z  C.F  P.I
1 1 1 
 1  y  x   x2  y  x    x 4 y 2  x 5 y  x 6  e x  y
 12 15 60 
Problem 30
a. Solve the equation  mz  ny  p   nx  lz  q  ly  mx . Hence write down the
solution of the equation  2 z  y  p   x  z  q  2 x  y  0 .
Solution:
The equation  mz  ny  p   nx  lz  q  ly  mx is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the
form Pp  Qq  R .
dx dy dz
The Subsidiary equations are   - (1)
mz  ny nx  lz ly  mx
ldx  mdy  ndz
Using l, m, n as a set of multipliers, the ratio in (1) 
0
i.e., ldx  mdy  ndz  0
Integrating we get lx  my  nz  a
xdx  ydy  zdz
Choosing x, y, z as another set of multipliers, the ratio in (1) 
0
Integrating we get x  y  z  b
2 2 2

 the general solution of the given equation is f  lx  my  nz , x 2  y 2  z 2   0

comparing the equation  2 z  y  p   x  z  q  2 x  y.........  2 
With the pervious equation 1, we get l  1, m  2, n 1
Therefore the solution of equation (2) is
f   x  2 y  z, x 2  y 2  z 2   0


b. Solve D  D  3D  3D z  xy  7 .
2 2

Solution:  D  D 2  3D  3D  z  xy  7
2

 D  D  D  D  3 z  xy  7
Here m1  1 c1  0 m2  1 c2  3
 C.F    y  x   e3x  y  x 

29
 xy  7
 P.I 
 D  D D  D  3
1 xy  7

D  D   D  D 
 1    3   1  
 D  3 
1 1
1  D   D  D 
 1   1    xy  7 
3D  D  3 
1  D D 2 
 1   2  ...
3D  D D 
 D  D 1 
1  3  9  D  D   ...  xy  7 
2

 D D D 2 2 DD DD 1 
  1      ...  xy  7 
 3 3 9 9 3D 
1  1 1 2 D D D D 4 DD 
         xy  7 
3  D 3 3D 2 3 D 2 27 
1  x 2 xy 67 x 2 x x3 y 
  y  7 x       
3 2 3 27 3 3 6 9 
1  x 2 y xy x 2 x y x3 67 
    7x      
3  2 3 3 3 9 6 27 
Hence the general solution is
1  x 2 y xy x 2 x y x 3 67 
z    y  x   e3 x f  y  x      7x       .
3 2 3 3 3 9 6 27 

30