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LTE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Question 1. What Is Lte?

Answer :
LTEi (Long Term Evolution) is initiated by 3GPPi to improve the mobile phone
standard to cope with future technology evolutions and needs.
2. Question 2. What Is Goal Of Lte?
Answer :
The goals for LTE include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving
services, making use of new spectrum and reformed spectrum opportunities, and
better integration with other open standards.
3. Question 3. What Speed Lte Offers?
Answer :
LTE provides downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, 50 Mbit/s in the uplink and
RAN (Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10 ms.
4. Question 4. What Is Lte Advanced?
Answer :
LTE standards are in matured state now with release 8 frozen. While LTE Advanced is
still under works. Often the LTE standard is seen as 4G standard which is not true.
3.9G is more acceptable for LTE. So why it is not 4G? Answer is quite simple - LTE
does not fulfill all requirements of ITU 4G definition.
Brief History of LTE Advanced: The ITU has introduced the term IMT Advanced to
identify mobile systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. The IMT
Advanced systems shall provide best-in-class performance attributes such as peak
and sustained data rates and corresponding spectral efficiencies, capacity, latency,
overall network complexity and quality-of-service management. The new capabilities
of these IMT-Advanced systems are envisaged to handle a wide range of supported
data rates with target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high
mobility and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility.
5. Question 5. What Is Lte Architecture?
Answer :
The evolved architecture comprises E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) on the access side
and EPC (Evolved Packet Core) on the core side.
6. Question 6. What Is Eutran?
Answer :
The E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane
(PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE.
The eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs
are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core),
more specifically to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the S1-
MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the S1-U.
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7. Question 7. What Are Lte Interfaces?

Answer :
The following are LTE Interfaces : (Ref: TS 23.401 v 841)
o S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-
UTRAN and MME.
o S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per
bearer user plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during
handover.
o S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access
network mobility in idle and/or active state.
o S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core
and the 3GPP Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel
is not established, it provides the user plane tunnelling.
o S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between
Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE
mobility and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN
GW for the required PDN connectivity.
o S6a:- It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for
authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA
interface) between MME and HSS.
o Gx:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to
Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.
o S8:- Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between
the Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the
inter PLMN variant of S5.
o S9:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information
between the Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local
breakout function.
o S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to
MME information transfer.
o S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
o S12:- Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane
tunnelling when Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u
reference point using the GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN and
UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12 is an
operator configuration option.
o S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
o SGi:- It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data
network. Packet data network may be an operator external public or
private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g.
for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi for
3GPP accesses.
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o Rx:- The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS
23.203.
o SBc:- Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message
delivery and control functions.
8. Question 8. What Are Lte Network Elements?
Answer :
eNB : eNB interfaces with the UE and hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium Access
Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP)
layers. It also hosts Radio Resource Control (RRC) functionality corresponding to the
control plane. It performs many functions including radio resource management,
admission control, scheduling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell information
broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and
compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet headers.
Mobility Management Entity : manages and stores UE context (for idle state:
UE/user identities, UE mobility state, user security parameters). It generates
temporary identities and allocates them to UEs. It checks the authorization whether
the UE may camp on the TA or on the PLMN. It also authenticates the user.
Serving Gateway : The SGW routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting
as the mobility anchor for the user plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the
anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP technologies (terminating S4
interface and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and PDN GW).
Packet Data Network Gateway: The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to
external packet data networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the
UE. A UE may have simultaneous connectivity with more than one PDN GW for
accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN GW performs policy enforcement, packet filtering
for each user, charging support, lawful Interception and packet screening.
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9. Question 9. What Are Lte Protocols & Specifications?

Answer :
In LTE architecture, core network includes Mobility Management Entity (MME),
Serving Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) where as E-
UTRAN has E-UTRAN NodeB (eNB).
Protocol links are as below
o Air Interface Physical Layer
o GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User Plane (GTP-U)
o GTP-U Transport
o Medium Access Control (MAC)
o Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) Protocol
o Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
o Radio Link Control (RLC)
o Radio Resource Control (RRC)
o S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)
o S1 layer 1
o S1 Signalling Transport
o X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)
o X2 layer 1
o X2 Signalling Transport
10. Question 10. What Is Volga?
Answer :
VoLGA stands for "Voice over LTE via Generic Access". The VoLGA service resembles
the 3GPP Generic Access Network (GAN). GAN provides a controller node - the GAN
controller (GANC) - inserted between the IP access network (i.e., the EPS) and the
3GPP core network.
The GAN provides an overlay access between the terminal and the CS core without
requiring specific enhancements or support in the network it traverses. This provides
a terminal with a 'virtual' connection to the core network already deployed by an
operator. The terminal and network thus reuse most of the existing mechanisms,
deployment and operational aspects.
11. Question 11. What Is Cs Fallback In Lte?
Answer :
LTE technology supports packet based services only, however 3GPP does specifies
fallback for circuit switched services as well. To achieve this LTE architecture and
network nodes require additional functionality, this blog is an attempt to provide
overview for same.
In LTE architecture, the circuit switched (CS) fallback in EPS enables the provisioning
of voice and traditional CS-domain services (e.g. CS UDI video/ SMS/ LCS/ USSD). To
provide these services LTE reuses CS infrastructure when the UE is served by E
UTRAN.
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12. Question 12. How Does Lte Security Works?

Answer :
The following are some of the principles of 3GPP E-UTRAN security based on 3GPP
Release 8 specifications:
o The keys used for NAS and AS protection shall be dependent on the
algorithm with which they are used.
o The eNB keys are cryptographically separated from the EPC keys used for
NAS protection (making it impossible to use the eNB key to figure out an
EPC key).
o The AS (RRC and UP) and NAS keys are derived in the EPC/UE from key
material that was generated by a NAS (EPC/UE) level AKA procedure
(KASME) and identified with a key identifier (KSIASME).
o The eNB key (KeNB) is sent from the EPC to the eNB when the UE is
entering ECM-CONNECTED state (i.e. during RRC connection or S1 context
setup).
13. Question 13. What Is Ip Multimedia Subsystem (ims)?
Answer :
The 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) technology provides an architectural
framework for delivering IP based multimedia services. IMS enables telecom service
providers to offer a new generation of rich multimedia services across both circuit
switched and packet switched networks. IMS offers access to IP based services
independent of the access network e.g. wireless access (GPRS, 3GPP’s UMTS, LTE,
3GPP2’s CDMA2000) and fixed networks (TISPAN’s NGN)
IMS defines a architecture of logical elements using SIP for call signaling between
network elements and Provides a layered approach with defined service, control, and
transport planes. Some of IMS high level requirements are noted below:
The application plane provides an infrastructure for the provision and management
of services, subscriber configuration and identity management and defines standard
interfaces to common functionality.
The IMS control plane handles the call related signaling and controls transport plane.
Major element of control plane is the Call Session Control Function (CSCF) , which
comprises Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF), Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) and Serving-CSCF (S-
CSCF). The CSCF (Call/Session Control Function) is essentially a SIP server.
The IMS transport plane provides a core IP network with access from subscriber
device over wireless or wireline networks.
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14. Question 14. How Does Measurements Work In Lte?

Answer :
In LTE E-UTRAN measurements to be performed by a UE for mobility are classified as
below
o Intra-frequency E-UTRAN measurements
o Inter-frequency E-UTRAN measurements
o Inter-RAT measurements for UTRAN and GERAN
o Inter-RAT measurements of CDMA2000 HRPD or 1xRTT frequencies
15. Question 15. What Is Automatic Neighbour Relation?
Answer :
According to 3GPP specifications, the purpose of the Automatic Neighbour Relation
(ANR) functionality is to relieve the operator from the burden of manually managing
Neighbor Relations (NRs). This feature would operators effort to provision.
16. Question 16. How Does Intra E-utran Handover Is Performed?
Answer :
Intra E-UTRAN Handover is used to hand over a UE from a source eNodeB to a target
eNodeB using X2 when the MME is unchanged. In the scenario described here
Serving GW is also unchanged. The presence of IP connectivity between the Serving
GW and the source eNodeB, as well as between the Serving GW and the target
eNodeB is assumed.
The intra E-UTRAN HO in RRC_CONNECTED state is UE assisted NW controlled HO,
with HO preparation signalling in E-UTRAN.
17. Question 17. How Does Policy Control And Charging Works In Lte?
Answer :
A important component in LTE network is the policy and charging control (PCC)
function that brings together and enhances capabilities from earlier 3GPP releases to
deliver dynamic control of policy and charging on a per subscriber and per IP flow
basis.
LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) EPC includes a PCC architecture that provides support
for fine-grained QoS and enables application servers to dynamically control the QoS
and charging requirements of the services they deliver. It also provides improved
support for roaming. Dynamic control over QoS and
charging will help operators monetize their LTE investment by providing customers
with a variety of QoS and charging options when choosing a service.
The LTE PCC functions include:
o PCRF (policy and charging rules function) provides policy control and flow
based charging control decisions.
o PCEF (policy and charging enforcement function) implemented in the
serving gateway, this enforces gating and QoS for individual IP flows on the
behalf of
o the PCRF. It also provides usage measurement to support charging
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o OCS (online charging system) provides credit management and grants

credit to the PCEF based on time, traffic volume or chargeable events.
o OFCS (off-line charging system) receives events from the PCEF and
generates charging data records (CDRs) for the billing system.
18. Question 18. What Is Son & How Does It Work In Lte?
Answer :
Self-configuring, self-optimizing wireless networks is not a new concept but as the
mobile networks are evolving towards 4G LTE networks, introduction of self
configuring and self optimizing mechanisms is needed to minimize operational
efforts. A self optimizing function would increase network performance and quality
reacting to dynamic processes in the network.
This would minimize the life cycle cost of running a network by eliminating manual
configuration of equipment at the time of deployment, right through to dynamically
optimizing radio network performance during operation. Ultimately it will reduce the
unit cost and retail price of wireless data services.
19. Question 19. How Does Network Sharing Works In Lte?
Answer :
3GPP network sharing architecture allows different core network operators to
connect to a shared radio access network. The operators do not only share the radio
network elements, but may also share the radio resources themselves.
20. Question 20. How Does Timing Advance (ta) Works In Lte?
Answer :
In LTE, when UE wish to establish RRC connection with eNB, it transmits a Random
Access Preamble, eNB estimates the transmission timing of the terminal based on
this. Now eNB transmits a Random Access Response which consists of timing
advance command, based on that UE adjusts the terminal transmit timing.
The timing advance is initiated from E-UTRAN with MAC message that implies and
adjustment of the timing advance.
21. Question 21. How Does Lte Ue Positioning Works In E-utran?
Answer :
UE Positioning function is required to provide the mechanisms to support or assist
the calculation of the geographical position of a UE. UE position knowledge can be
used, for example, in support of Radio Resource Management functions, as well as
location-based services for operators, subscribers, and third-party service providers.
22. Question 22. How Many Operators Have Committed For Lte?
Answer :
List of operators committed for LTE has been compiled by 3GAmericas from Informa
Telecoms & Media and public announcements. It includes a variety of commitment
levels including intentions to trial, deploy, migrate, etc.
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23. Question 23. What Is Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (srvcc)?
Answer :
Along with LTE introduction, 3GPP also standardized Single Radio Voice Call
Continuity (SRVCC) in Release 8 specifications to provide seamless continuity when
an UE handovers from LTE coverage (E-UTRAN) to UMTS/GSM coverage
(UTRAN/GERAN). With SRVCC, calls are anchored in IMS network while UE is capable
of transmitting/receiving on only one of those access networks at a given time.
24. Question 24. How Does Location Service (lcs) Work In Lte Network?
Answer :
In the LCS architecture, an Evolved SMLC is directly attached to the MME. The
objectives of this evolution is to support location of an IMS emergency call, avoid
impacts to a location session due to an inter-eNodeB handover, make use of an
Evolved and support Mobile originated location request (MO-LR) and mobile
terminated location request MT-LR services.
Release 9 LCS solution introduces new interfaces in the EPC:
o SLg between the GMLC and the MME
o SLs between the E-SMLC and the MME
o Diameter-based SLh between the HSS and the HGMLC
25. Question 25. How Does Lawful Interception Works In Lte Evolved Packet System?
Answer :
3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS) provides IP based services. Hence, EPS is
responsible only for IP layer interception of Content of Communication (CC) data. In
addition to CC data, the Lawful Interception (LI) solution for EPS offers generation of
Intercept Related Information (IRI) records from respective control plane (signalling)
messages as well.
26. Question 26. What Is Carrier Aggregation In Lte-advanced?
Answer :
To meet LTE-Advanced requirements, support of wider transmission bandwidths is
required than the 20 MHz bandwidth specified in 3GPP Release 8/9. The preferred
solution to this is carrier aggregation.
It is of the most distinct features of 4G LTE-Advanced. Carrier aggregation allows
expansion of effective bandwidth delivered to a user terminal through concurrent
utilization of radio resources across multiple carriers. Multiple component carriers
are aggregated to form a larger overall transmission bandwidth.
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27. Question 27. What Is Relay Node And How Does Relaying Works In Lte-advanced?
Answer :
For efficient heterogeneous network planning, 3GPP LTE-Advanced has introduced
concept of Relay Nodes (RNs). The Relay Nodes are low power eNodeBs that provide
enhanced coverage and capacity at cell edges. One of the main benefits of relaying is
to provide extended LTE coverage in targeted areas at low cost.
The Relay Node is connected to the Donor eNB (DeNB) via radio interface, Un, a
modified version of E-UTRAN air interface Uu. Donor eNB also srves its own UE as
usual, in addition to sharing its radio resources for Relay Nodes.
28. Question 28. What Are The Measurement Events In Lte?
Answer :
Intra/Inter Frequency Events:
o Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold)
o Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold)
o Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell)
o Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold)
o Event A5 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes
better than threshold2)
o Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell)
Inter RAT Events:
o Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold)
o Event B2 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour
becomes better than threshold2)
29. Question 29. When Radio Link Failure Is Detected?
Answer :
Radio link failure to be detected:
o upon T310 expiry
o upon random access problem indication from MAC while neither T300,
T301, T304 nor T311 is running
o upon indication from RLC that the maximum number of re-transmissions
has been reached
30. Question 30. What Is Srs Used For?
Answer :
UL reference signal used to measure the channel quality over a section of the
bandwidth.
Node B use this information for frequency selective scheduling and link adaptation
decisions.
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31. Question 31. What Is Dmrs/drs?

Answer :
DMRS/DRS is uplink reference signal.
Used for :
o Channel Estimation and synchronization in UL
o EnodeB can use DMRS for calculating TA command for each UE.
Two Types: 1) PUSCH DMRS.
2) PUCCH DMRS.
PUSCH DMRS:
o Included in every resource block allocated to UE for PUSCH transmission.
o Distributed only in Frequency domain to preserve the PAPR characteristic
of SC-FDMA.
o 12 Resource element per resource block allocated to PUSCH DMRS.
PUCCH DMRS:
o Included in every resource block allocated to UE for PUCCH transmission(if
transmitted).PUCCH occupies 2 resource block per 1 ms subframe when
transmitted.
o No of REs used for PUCCH DMRS depends on
a) PUCCH format to be transmitted and whether
b) normal or extended cyclic prefix used.
o PUCCH DRMS used more no of bits in case of format 1,1a,1b and less no of
bits in caseof format 2, 2a, 2b.
32. Question 32. What Is Timing Advance? What Happens If Timing Advance Timer
Expires?
Answer :
The timing of UL radio frame is relative to DL radio frame. EnB provides timing
advance command to each UE such that all UL transmissions arrive at the eNodeB in
synchronous manner.
If TA timer expires UE goes of reestablishment procedure or move to idle.
33. Question 33. What Is Backoff Indicator? What Is The Use Of Backoff Indicator?
Answer :
Backoff Indicator is a special MAC subheader that carries the parameter indicating
the time delay between a PRACH and the next PRACH.
if the Random Access Response contains a Backoff Indicator subheader:
set the backoff parameter value in the UE as indicated by the BI field of the Backoff
Indicator subheader
else,
set the backoff parameter value in the UE to 0 ms.
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34. Question 34. What Is Bsr?

Answer :
The Buffer Status reporting procedure is used to provide the serving eNB with
information about the amount of data available for transmission in the UL buffers of
the UE.
35. Question 35. At What Scenario Ue Triggers Bsr?
Answer :
o UL data, for a logical channel which belongs to a LCG, becomes available
for transmission in the RLC entity or in the PDCP entity and either the data
belongs to a logical channel with higher priority than the priorities of the
logical channels which belong to any LCG and for which data is already
available for transmission, or there is no data available for transmission for
any of the logical channels which belong to a LCG, in which case the BSR is
referred below to as "Regular BSR";
o UL resources are allocated and number of padding bits is equal to or larger
than the size of the Buffer Status Report MAC control element plus its
subheader, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Padding BSR"
o retxBSR-Timer expires and the UE has data available for transmission for
any of the logical channels which belong to a LCG, in which case the BSR is
referred below to as "Regular BSR"
o periodicBSR-Timer expires, in which case the BSR is referred below to as
"Periodic BSR".
36. Question 36. When Different Types Of Bsr Are Triggered?
Answer :
For Regular and Periodic BSR:
if more than one LCG has data available for transmission in the TTI where the BSR is
transmitted
report Long BSR
else,
report Short BSR.
For Padding BSR: if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of
the Short BSR plus its subheader but smaller than the size of the Long BSR plus its
subheader:
if more than one LCG has data available for transmission in the TTI where the BSR is
transmitted: report Truncated BSR of the LCG with the highest priority logical
channel with data available for transmission;
else
report Short BSR.
else if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Long BSR
plus its subheader, report Long BSR.
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37. Question 37. What Is The Content Of Rar?

Answer :
A MAC RAR consists of the four fields
o R
o Timing Advance Command
o UL Grant
o Temporary C-RNTI
38. Question 38. In What Are The Scenario Ue Triggers Rrc Connection
Reestablishment?
Answer :
UE Triggers RRC Connection Reestablishment procedure on following condition:
o Upon detecting Radio Link Failure
o Handover Failure
o Mobility From E-UTRA Failure
o Integrity Failure Indication Received From Lower Layers
o RRC Connection Reconfiguration Failure
39. Question 39. When Ue Activates Integrity And Ciphering?
Answer :
o The SECURITY MODE COMMAND message is used to command the UE for
the activation of AS security. E-UTRAN always initiates this procedure prior
to the establishment of Signalling Radio Bearer2 (SRB2) and Data Radio
Bearers (DRBs).
o AS security comprises of the integrity protection of RRC signalling (SRBs) as
well as the ciphering of RRC signalling (SRBs) and user plane data (DRBs).
The integrity protection algorithm is common for signalling radio bearers
SRB1 and SRB2. The ciphering algorithm is common for all radio bearers
(i.e. SRB1, SRB2 andDRBs). Neither integrity protection nor ciphering
applies for SRB0.
o The eNodeB sends integrity protected SECURITY MODE COMMAND
message to the UE. The UE shall derive KeNB and KRRCint which is
associated with integrity protection algorithm indicated in the SECURITY
MODE COMMAND. Then, UE verifies the Integrity of the received SECURITY
MODE COMMAND by checking the Message Authentication Code (MAC) in
the SECURITY MODE COMMAND message. If the SECURITY MODE
COMMANDmessage fails the integrity protection check, then the UE sends
SECURITY MODE FAILURE to the eNodeB.
o If the SECURITY MODE COMMAND passes the integrity protection check,
then the UE shall derive the encryption keys KRRCenc key and the KUPenc
keys associated with the ciphering algorithm indicated in theSECURITY
MODE COMMAND.
o The UE shall apply integrity protection using the indicated algorithm (EIA)
and the integrity key, KRRCintimmediately, i.e. integrity protection shall be
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applied to all subsequent messages received and sent by the UE, including
the SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message.
o The UE shall apply ciphering using the indicated algorithm (EEA), KRRCenc
key and the KUPenc key after completing the procedure, i.e. ciphering shall
be applied to all subsequent messages received and sent by the UE, except
for the SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message which is sent un-ciphered.
40. Question 40. What Is The Difference Between Lte Fdd And Lte Tdd?
Answer :
The difference lies in the LTE frame structure in both the FDD and TDD versions of
the LTE. In FDD there will be pair of frequencies assigned in the downlink and uplink
directions and hence transmissions from multiple subscribes can happen at the same
time but on different frequencies as mentioned. In TDD, one single frequency will be
used at different time instants by multiple subscriber terminals (UEs). Both frame
versions of LTE will have 1 ms sub-frame duration and 0.5 ms slot duration.
41. Question 41. What Is Resource Block In Lte?
Answer :
LTE frame is divided based on time slots on time axis and frequency subcarrier on
frequency axis. Resource block is the smallest unit of resource allocation in LTE
system. It is of about 0.5ms duration and composed of 12 subcarriers in 1 OFDM
symbol. One time slot is equal to 7 OFDM symbols in normal cyclic prefix and 6
OFDM symbols in extended cyclic prefix. One full resource block is equal to 12
subcarriers by 7 symbols in normal CP. Hence it consists of total 84 time/frequency
elements referred as resource elements in LTE network.
42. Question 42. What Are The Lte Logical, Transport And Physical Channels?
Answer :
All these channels help LTE UE establish the connection with the eNodeB, maintain
the connection and terminate the same. Logical channels are characterized by the
information that is transferred. Transport channels are characterized by how the
data are transferred over the radio interface. Physical channel corresponds to a set
of resource elements used by the physical layer. Channels are further divided into
control channel and traffic channel at logical channel stage.
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43. Question 43. Explain The Difference Between Reference Signal (rs) And
Synchronization Signal (ss) In The Lte? Also Mention Types Of Rs And Ss?
Answer :
Reference signal (RS) is used as pilot subcarrier in LTE similar to other broadband
wireless technologies such as WLAN, WIMAX etc. Synchronization signal is used as
preamble sequence in LTE for synchronization purpose. RS is used for channel
estimation and tracking. SS are of two types viz. P-SS and S-SS. P-SS is used for initial
synchronization. S-SS is used for frame boundary determination.
RS are of two types viz.
o Demodulation RS (DRS)
o Sounding RS (SRS).
DRS is used for sync and channel estimation purpose. SRS is used for channel quality
estimation purpose. DRS is used in both the uplink and downlink, while SRS is used
only in the uplink.
44. Question 44. What Is The Function Of Lte Physical Broadcast Channel I.e. Pbch?
Answer :
After initial cell synchronization is completed, UE reads MIB (Master information
block) on PBCH (Physical channel). Broadcast channel is referred as BCH at transport
level and BCCH at logical level. MIB composed of downlink channel bandwidth in
units of RBs, PHICH duration, PHICH resource and system frame number.
45. Question 45. What Is The Advantage Of Using Sc-fdma In The Lte Uplink?
Answer :
The main advantage of SC-FDMA is low PAPR compare to OFDMA used in LTE
downlink. This increases the efficiency of power amplifier and hence increases the
battery life.
46. Question 46. What Is Rssi?
Answer :
RSSI stands for Received Signal Strength Indication. It is used almost in all the RATs to
identify power received from the cell in idle as well as connected/dedicated modes.
This helps UE always camped on to the best cell all the time. In case of drop in power
measured using RSSI, either UE or network initiates the handover or cell re-selection
is carried out.
47. Question 47. Explain Circuit Switch Fall Back I.e. Csfb With Respect To Lte And
Gsm?
Answer :
Framework allowing the provisioning of voice services by reuse of legacy GSM served
CS infrastructure when the UE is served by E-UTRAN (LTE).To provide voice call
support, Circuit Switch Fall Back is carried out to GSM RAT from LTE RAT to facilitate
the voice over LTE (VoLTE) feature.
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48. Question 48. Explain Lte Network Architecture And Various Interfaces?
Answer :
There are various entities forming the LTE network architecture, the main interfaces
are Uubetween UE and eNB, X2 interface between eNBs and S1 interface between
eNB and EPC(Evolved Packet Core).
49. Question 49. Is Lte A 4g Protocol?
Answer :
The networking industry recognizes LTE a 4G technology along with WiMax and
HSPA+. None of these qualified as 4G based on the original definition of the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standards group, but in December
2010 the ITU redefined 4G to include them.
While some marketing professionals and press have labeled LTE-Advanced as 5G, no
widely-approved definition of 5G exists to justify the claim.
50. Question 50. What Is The Difference Between Lte And Lte Advanced?
Answer :
LTE is specified in 3GPP release 8 and release 9. LTE advanced is specified in 3GPP
release 10. The main difference between them is carrier aggregation is introduced in
LTE advanced. Number of antennas supported by MIMO has been increased to 8 in
LTE advanced.