Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Índice1
Introducción 3
6.12. Anarchism 33
(ver anexo) 43
1
El número antes del punto indica la semana, y el posterior a éste, la sesión o sesiones.
2
13.25-26. Memory 68
14.28. Plato 78
Anexos 84
Lecturas adicionales 85
Ulysses 86
Introducción
estudiante esté consciente de que sin esas bases difícilmente podrá aprovechar el
presente curso (o el de nivel II), por lo que, si mediante la evaluación diagnóstica
determina que hay carencias, deberá asumir la responsabilidad de estudiar aquellos
materiales para ponerse al corriente.
En cuanto a la evaluación y acreditación del curso, la primera se lleva a cabo de
manera contínua, con la asistencia y participación del estudiante sesión tras sesión. La
segunda tiene dos opciones:
1. Si el estudiante obtiene un promedio igual o mayor a 7.0 a partir de las dos
evaluaciones parciales que se llevan a cabo en el semestre y está conforme con
dicha calificación, se considera aprobado. Únicamente deberá inscribirse a
certificación y presentarse a firmar en la fecha y lugar indicados por esa oficina
administrativa.
2. Si el estudiante obtiene un promedio menor de 7.0 o no está conforme con el
logrado a partir de las dos evaluaciones parciales, igualmente se inscribirá a
certificación y presentará examen en la fecha y lugar indicados por esa oficina.
el formato de reporte de lectura, mismo que se llena a mano y que representa menos de
una página de escritura. También se incluye(n) la(s) obra(s) correspondiente(s). Las
fechas de entrega de los reportes se especifican en el calendario arriba citado.
Una reflexión final: aunque Lengua extranjera es un requisito curricular en las
licenciaturas de la universidad, por lo que algunos estudiantes podrían llegar a verlo
como simplemente eso, un requisito (que a veces se deja hasta el final, como una
materia de poca importancia, por no ser específicamente de su licenciatura), debe
tenerse siempre en cuenta que se trata de una asignatura práctica que si se aprovecha
puede representar una poderosa herramienta para construir conocimientos, ya sea por
el mero placer personal de hacerlo, con fines académicos o laborales.
Como argumento, se reproduce a continuación una breve nota publicada el 10 de
enero de 2019 en la revista Forbes.2
La pérdida de oportunidades es más latente en el grupo de entre 20 y 44 años, en el 79% de
los casos, respecto del 50% de los casos de 45 o más años.
Un estudio realizado por la empresa ABA English, en el que participaron 7,000
personas de varios países, 668 de ellas en México, reveló que el 63% de los
mexicanos reconoció haber perdido oportunidades laborales debido a un bajo nivel
en el manejo del idioma inglés.
La encuesta reveló que 9 de cada 10 mexicanos consideraron que las personas
que tienen un mejor manejo de inglés disfrutan de mejores condiciones laborales,
además 8 de cada 10 personas participantes en el ejercicio señalaron que utilizan
este idioma en su trabajo.
Dadas las condiciones del mercado mundial, la baja cifra de trabajadores que
dominan el idioma inglés es preocupante, destacó dicha academia en un
comunicado.
2
Disponible en línea:
https://www.forbes.com.mx/63-de-mexicanos-ha-perdido-un-empleo-por-no-saber-ingles/?fbclid=IwAR2kU
Dg7jL9b5skemXA_-XPymB2ya6iSy1VxgM-7mT6HDLtkUO8L6Ch5bzM Consultado el 17 de enero de
2019.
6
Destacó que la pérdida de oportunidades laborales es más latente en el grupo de
entre 20 y 44 años con 79%, cifra menor (50%) en los encuestados de 45 en adelante.
La encuesta señala que el 83% de los mexicanos considera que de saber inglés
accederían a mejores puestos y salarios en sus sitios de trabajo, ya que estiman un
posible aumento de ingresos entre el 30% y el 50%.
Algunos de los estudiantes del idioma acuden al uso de aplicaciones para
practicarlo.
El estudio reveló que el 41% de los encuestados señaló que esas herramientas
ayudan a estudiar en ratos libres y que son un mejor recurso que ver películas en el
idioma original, escuchar música o limitarse a leer libros o revistas en el idioma,
aunque eso no descarta la efectividad de tales métodos.
* * *
7
16. Los siguientes tres enunciados están en presente, ¿cuál es la diferencia entre ellos en
cuanto a la idea que transmiten?
17. Los siguientes tres enunciados están en pasado, ¿cuál es la diferencia entre ellos en
cuanto a la idea que transmiten?
18. Los siguientes enunciados están en futuro, ¿cuál es la diferencia entre ellos en cuanto a
la idea que transmiten?
19. Los siguientes enunciados son perfectos (presente y pasado), ¿cuál es la diferencia
entre ellos en cuanto a la idea que transmiten?
I have studied at UACM for some years. I had heard about UACM before registering.
9
(341 palabras)
I 1 About 2000 BC, the Egyptian pharaohs realized they had a problem. With
each military victory over their neighbors, they captured and enslaved more
prisoners of war. But the Egyptians could not pass down written orders to
these slaves as they could not read hieroglyphics.
II 5 Early writing systems, such as Egyptian hieroglyphics, were extremely
cumbersome and difficult to learn. These systems had thousands of
characters, with each symbol representing an idea or word. Memorizing
them could take years. Only a handful of Egyptians could actually read and
write their complicated script.
III 10 Linguists believe that almost all modern alphabets are derived from the
simplified version of hieroglyphics devised by the Egyptians four thousand
years ago to communicate with their slaves. The development of an
alphabet, the writing system used throughout the Western world, changed
the way the ancients communicated.
IV 15 In the simplified version, each character represented only a sound. This
innovation cut back the number of characters from a few thousand to a few
dozen, making it far easier to learn and use the characters. The
complicated hieroglyphic language was eventually forgotten, and scholars
were not able to translate the characters until the discovery of the Rosetta
20 stone in 1799.
10
II. Sombrea la casilla según sea verdadero (V) o falso (F) el enunciado sobre el
texto. Además, corrige el enunciado cuando sea falso.
V F
5. Alrededor del 2000 a.c. los egipcios desarrollaron un alfabeto con el que
fueron capaces de comunicarse con sus esclavos.
PARA OPINIONES:
1. No aparece referencia a ninguna evidencia verificable que convierta la afirmación
en hecho.
2. La afirmación la hizo una persona de acuerdo con su punto de vista (verbos
como "Fulanito" dice, afirma, sostiene, reporta, coincide con... etc.).
3. Aparecen adjetivos que indican juicios de valor: bueno, malo, mejor, peor,
excelente, caro, barato, etc.
4. La afirmación no se refiere directamente a un fenómeno o suceso sino a la
interpretación que alguien (persona) hace del mismo.
5. La afirmación es discutible, ya que representa el punto de vista de una persona.
No importa que el 99.9% de la gente pueda coincidir, si hay un 0.1% que pudiera
no concordar, se trata de una opinión.
16
3
Lo que en la voz activa era el sujeto pasa a ser el “agente” en la pasiva.
21
(377 palabras)
I 1 The cave paintings at Lascaux are among the earliest known works of art.
They were discovered in 1970 near the village of Montignac in central
France when four boys stumbled into a cave. Inside they found a series of
rooms with nearly 1,500 paintings of animals that were between 15,000 and
5 17,000 years old.
II There are several theories regarding the function of the paintings. A
natural feature of the cave may have suggested the shape of an animal to a
prehistoric observer who then added highlights to relay his vision to others.
Since many of the paintings are located in inaccessible parts of the cave,
10 they may have been used for magical practices. Possibly, prehistoric people
believed that the act of drawing animals, especially with a high degree of
accuracy, would bring the beasts under their control or increase their
numbers in times of scarcity.
III The animals are outlined or portrayed in silhouette. They are often
15 shown in what is called twisted perspective, that is, with their heads in
profile but their horns facing front. Many of the images include dots, linear
patterns, and other designs that may carry symbolic meaning.
23
IV The most magnificent chamber of the cave, known as the Great Hall of
the Bulls, contains, a painted narrative. From left to right, the pictures depict
20 the chase and capture of a bison herd.
V As soon as the paintings had been examined and identified as
Paleolithic, the caves were opened to the public in 1948. By 1955, however,
it became increasingly evident that exposure to as many as 1,200 visitors
per day was taking its toll on the works inside. Although protective
25 measures were taken, the site closed in 1963. In order to satisfy public
demand, a life-sized replica of the cave was completed in 1983, only 200
meters from the original.
VI ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. The cave painters were conscious of visual perspective; they painted
30 figures high on the wall, styled so that they would not appear
distorted to the viewer below.
2. The only human figure depicted in the cave appears in the Shaft of
the Dead Man. The fact that it is drawn more crudely than the
animals suggests that they did not think it was endowed with magical
35 properties.
24
14. En la siguiente tabla, escribe a qué corresponde cada número de acuerdo con la
lectura.
1. 1970 6. 1,200
2. 1,500 7. 1963
4. 1948 9. 200
5. 1955
(422 palabras)
1825
1856
1893
1899
1904
1923
1935
1939
1989
12. ¿Qué dijo Freud sobre los chistes, los lapsus linguae y los sueños?
13. ¿Qué tipo de estudios hizo Freud con la cocaína?
14. ¿A qué se dedicó Freud antes de volcarse hacia la psicología?
15. ¿Qué relación existió entre Freud y el Nazismo?
16. ¿Qué relación tiene el arte surrealista y el psicoanálisis?
30
(362 palabras)
I 1 Mickey Mouse was “born” on November 18, 1928, when the short cartoon
Steamboat Willie was screened at the Colony Theater in New York City.
Although the animated mouse has appeared in two films before, Plane
Crazy and Gallopin’ Gaucho, Steamboat Willie was the first of Walt
5 Disney’s films to sync with sound. An instant hit, the film propelled Mickey
to pop culture stardom.
II Disney lore claims that Mickey Mouse was invented on a train when
Disney (1901–1966), depressed by the loss of his copyright on an earlier
creation, Oswald the Rabbit, dreamed up a new character named Mortimer
10 Mouse. Disney’s wife, Lillian (1900–1997), didn’t like the name Mortimer
and suggested the gentler moniker Mickey.
III Always a playful and rambunctious character, the original Mickey was a
bit more mischievous than than today’s family-friendly rodent. The studio
later edited out a full thirty seconds of Steamboat Willie because of the
15 original Mickey’s violent behavior. Mickey went on to star in many more
films after Steamboat Willie, including the 1940 musical Fantasia.
IV Mickey’s film career took a backseat for many years while he transitioned
into the corporate logo of the Walt Disney Corporation. However, he made a
comeback in 1955 with the launch of the Mickey Mouse Club TV program
20 and opening of the Disneyland amusement park. Mickey appeared on
31
1900
1901
1928
1940
19554
1966
19785
1997
20076
4
Son dos eventos en una mismo año.
5
El año de esta fecha no viene en formato numérico, sino indicado de otra manera. Se debe hacer una
pequeña operación aritmética (suma) para determinarlo. Pista: hay un número ordinal escrito con letra
indicando esta fecha.
6
Este evento requiere una explicación un tanto más larga que las demás.
33
6.12. Anarchism
(381 palabras)
an anarchist. Anarchists were also blamed for an attack on Wall Street that
killed thirty-eight bystanders in 1920, although the crime was never solved.
V Anarchists, by their very nature, lacked a cohesive national leadership
structure, although the most well-known American anarchist was Emma
25 Goldman (1869–1940). But their secretiveness only made them appear
more fearsome; fears of anarchism helped trigger the Red Scare after
World War I, in which Goldman and many suspected anarchists and
communists were deported from the United States.
VI Anarchism still has followers, although its violence ended in the United
30 States after the 1920s.
VII ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. Goldman was implicated in a plot to kill industrialist Henry Clay Frick
(1849–1919), a steel baron who had crushed a strike in 1892.
2. The Secret Agent, a classic 1907 novel by Joseph Conrad
35 (1857–1924), tells the story of an anarchist plot to blow up
Greenwich Observatory in England.
3. Rebels in Paris seized control of the French capital for two months in
1871, setting up a quasi-anarchist government called the Paris
Commune. Most of the commune’s leadership was executed after
40 French troops reasserted control.
35
II. Escribe los hecho relacionados con cada uno de las siguientes personas.
Persona Hecho
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Mikhail Bakunin
Czar Alexander II
Umberto I
Leon Czolgosz
William McKinley
Emma Goldman
Joseph Conrad
36
(338 palabras)
I 1 Americans come down with 1 billion colds. Adults average 2 to 4 colds each
year, and children suffer through 6 to 10. The majority of these occur during
the late fall and the winter months, because people tend to spend more time
indoors –and in close contact with each other–, spreading germs.
II 5 Colds aren’t caused by just one virus; more than 200 types cause
symptoms of common cold. Rhinoviruses account for about 35 percent of
them; coronaviruses and viruses that cause other, more severe illnesses
are also culprits. These viruses are typically spread by inhaling drops of
mucus that contain the virus (by breathing in someone else’s sneeze, for
10 example) or by touching an infected surface, then an eye or nose. (Cold
viruses aren’t spread through oral contact.) Because cold viruses can live
outside the body for a day or more, experts recommend washing your
hands with soap and water frequently to protect yourself.
III Symptoms take about 2 to 3 days to develop after infection and
15 include a sore throat, runny nose, fatigue, and mild cough. Although they
clear up within 4 to 7 days, the stuffiness can last for weeks. For the first 3
days, colds are contagious. Although colds themselves aren’t dangerous in
children and adults, they can wear down the immune system, making the
body more vulnerable to bacterial infections, such as strep throat.
37
II. Encierra en un círculo la letra del inciso que complete correctamente el enunciado.
III. ¿A qué se refieren –exacta o aproximadamente– cada una de las siguientes cifras en
el texto? Relaciona las columnas (escribe la letra del inciso correcto dentro del
paréntesis). Nota: Sobran cuatro incisos.
Enunciado V F
34. Los niños y los adultos se resfrían con la misma frecuencia en Estados Unidos.
36. La gente se resfría más seguido cuando pasa más tiempo al aire libre.
37. La gente se resfría más seguido cuando pasa más tiempo bajo techo.
38. La gente se resfría más seguido cuando está más tiempo en contacto cercano
con otros.
41. Si alguien se talla los ojos después de haber tocado una superficie donde
alguien resfriado estornudó, puede contagiarse.
42. Si alguien se toca la nariz después de haber tocado una superficie donde
alguien resfriado estornudó, puede contagiarse.
44. Uno puede contagiarse a través del piel de las manos si se toca una superficie
donde alguien resfriado estornudó.
45. El virus del resfriado puede sobrevivir fuera del cuerpo más de un día.
46. En cuanto una persona se contagia del virus del resfriado comienza a tener
síntomas.
48. Los analgésicos que se compran sin receta pueden ayudar a aliviar el
resfriado.
(399 palabras)
IV Clichéd as it may sound, pain is truly all in our heads. Different parts of
the brain work together in a network to form what is sometimes called the
20 pain matrix. Some areas of the matrix tell us about intensity, while others
inform us about the location, duration, and type of pain –burning, throbbing,
or sharp. The sensation of pain triggers the feeling of distress, thanks to a
part of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex. Interestingly, it does not
distinguish between physical and emotional pain. It responds equally to a
25 broken arm and to a broken heart.
V ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. People who are good at empathizing with others have more active
anterior cingulate cortices. They actually feel other people’s pain.
2. Human fetuses develop the neural circuits to feel pain at twenty-nine
30 weeks, well into the third trimester.
3. Newborns who are circumcised without anesthesia show greater
responses to pain at four-month and six-month vaccinations.
4. Amputees often complain of phantom limb pain. They experience
intense, soothing pain that seems to come from the limb that is no
40 longer there. These cases were some of the first evidence that pain
comes, in part, from the brain.
47
(447 palabras)
forced Francis to give the money back to his father.) From that day on,
Francis embraced a life of poverty.
V 20 Returning to Assisi, he traded his fancy clothes for rags. He started a
small religious group, the Franciscans, whose members took vows of
poverty and spent their days caring for lepers and society’s other outcasts.
His goal was to rebuild the church, both literally —he gathered stones to
repair San Damiano— and metaphorically, by reinvigorating the church as a
25 whole.
Initially, the Franciscans were met with suspicion by religious authorities,
VI and Francis was never formally ordained a priest. But his group was
recognized by Pope Innocent III (c. 1161–1216) in 1209, giving the order
the official right to preach. In addition to his simple lifestyle, Francis was
30 known for his love of animals and supposed ability to communicate with
them. In one tale, he purportedly convinced a wolf to stop terrorizing an
Italian village.
VII With his ranks of followers growing, Francis joined the Fifth Crusade. He
was captured by the Egyptian sultan in 1219, but eventually released. He
35 later returned to Assisi, where he died at age forty-five.
VIII ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. Canonized in 1228, only two years after his death, Francis is the
patron saint of animals, the nation of Italy, and ecology.
2. Francis was also a poet; dozens of his poems have survived, and his
40 religious song “Canticle of the Sun” is still performed.
3. A sister organization to the Franciscans, the Poor Clares, was
founded by Saint Clare of Assisi (1194–1253), the daughter of a local
nobleman, in 1212.
51
Enunciado V F
H O
(491 palabras)
I 1 Although blood transfusion has been practiced successfully for less than
a century, the idea that fresh blood gives new life has been around for much
longer.
II The first authentic attempt at transfusion may have been the case of
5 Pope Innocent VIII (1432 – 1492) around 1492. An unknown illness left the
pope semi-comatose, and he was transfused with the blood of three young
boys. All three died, as did the pope shortly afterward.
III In the 17th century, the English physician William Harvey (1578 – 1675)
discovered that blood flowed through arteries in one direction and veins in
10 another, paving the way for new theories about transfusion. The English
physician Richard Lower (1631 – 1691) performed one of the first
successful animal-to-human transfusions in 1677, by putting blood from a
sheep into the vein of a man’s arm. The French physician Jean-Baptiste
Denys (1640 – 1704) wrote that he preferred animal donors to humans
15 because their blood was less likely to be “rendered impure by passion or
vice.” However, in 1668, Denys performed a calf-to-human transfusion and
his patient became sick to his stomach and urinated black liquid –then died
after a second transfusion a few months later. A lawsuit followed, and the
practice of blood transfusion was banned by the Catholic Church and
55
II. ¿Qué se dice en el texto acerca de cada una de las siguientes personas?
Relaciona las columnas (escribe la letra del inciso correcto dentro del paréntesis).
Nota: Sobran tres incisos.
Enunciado V F
22. La idea de que la sangre fresca da vida tiene poco más de un siglo.
30. Han existido casos de personas que enfermaron de SIDA por culpa de
los bancos de sangre.
60
Enunciado H O
31. Blood transfusion has been practiced successfully for less than a
century.
33. The practice of blood transfusion was banned by the Catholic Church.
36. It was fair that Denys received a lawsuit because his patient died as a
result of a blood transfusion.
37. The Catholic Church should not have banned blood transfusions.
39. Some people, about 85 percent, share a factor with the rhesus monkeys,
the Rh factor.
(373 palabras)
15 accused to jump into a river. If he was guilty, he would drown. But if he was
innocent, he would “escape unhurt,” and the accuser would be put to death
for making a false charge.
III The king’s scribes wrote the laws on a black stone pillar that was dedicated
to the god of justice and displayed in public. In the inscription, Hammurabi
20 called on “all coming generations” to observe the laws and not to “alter the
law of the land which had I have given”. Future kings, Hammurabi said, must
uphold the rule of law rather than govern according to their own impulses.
The notion that rulers could not arbitrary change the laws governing their
citizens was a revolutionary concept. Respect for the rule of law remains one
25 of the fundamental hallmarks of successful governments.
IV ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. The pillar that displayed Hammurabi’s laws was unearthed in 1901 by
a French archeologist and now stands in the Louvre Museum in Paris.
2. Hammurabi’s code was inscribed in cuneiform, a complex writing
30 system used by most ancient civilizations in the Near East. Modern
scholars were unable to decode cuneiform characters until 1835.
3. Babylonian scientists used a counting system based on the number
sixty, which is why minutes have sixty seconds.
63
1. Hammurabi fue
a) un lugar en Babilonia.
b) un rey de Irak.
c) un gobernante babilónico.
2. Babilonia
a) se encuentra en Irak.
b) existió en lo que actualmente es Irak.
c) floreció de 1792 a 1750 a.C.
3. Entre 1792 y 1750
a) Babilonia floreció.
b) Babilonia fue conquistada.
c) reinó Hammurabi.
4. A Hammurabi se le considera el primer
a) rey de la historia.
b) legislador.
c) conquistador babilónico.
5. Hammurabi promulgó
a) sobre los límites de los reinados.
b) el primer código legal.
c) uno de los primeros códigos legales del que hay constancia escrita.
6. El código Hammurabi consistía en
a) únicamente las penas aplicables a los infractores.
b) leyes aplicables a todos.
c) los caprichos de los gobernantes déspotas.
64
Enunciado V F
22. El sistema de escritura cuneiforme fue usado por todas las civilizaciones
antiguas del Oriente Cercano.
Enunciado H O
36. Hammurabi issued one of the first written codes of law recorded in
history.
37. Men who harbored runaway slaves were subject to capital punishment
by the Hammurabi code.
38. Wives who left their husbands without a “good cause” were subject to
capital punishment by the Hammurabi code.
13.25-26. Memory
(527 palabras)
I 1 One of the most important functions of the brain is to control memory, the
ability to recall facts, people, events and other information that was learned
at an earlier time and stored for later use. The gray matter that makes up the
brain’s wrinkly outer cerebral cortex is filled with memories, much as a
5 computer disk is full of files, waiting to be activated and pulled back into the
conscious thought process.
II There are two basic types of memory. To remember snippets of
information you need soon the brain relies on short-term memory, or
working memory. You may need to make a deliberate effort to keep these
10 thoughts fresh in your mind, such as when someone gives you a phone
number but you can’t write it down right away.
III Long-term memory is forged when temporary memories are
transferred to a more permanent vault in the brain. Not every piece of
information becomes a long-term memory; in order for something to make
15 the transition the nerve pathways on which it travels must be strengthened
and reinforced over time; that’s why study guides often advise students to
read things or recite information at least three times. Having a strong
emotional association with a memory also helps you retain information. A
good night sleep seems to be important for transferring short-term memories
20 into permanent ones, as well.
69
Enunciado V F
24. Los eventos con una carga sentimental importante tienden a ser
olvidados para proteger al cerebro de un trauma.
33. Una de las causas posibles de la amnesia puede ser que una persona
no respira mientras duerme.
74
Enunciado H O
34. One of the most important functions of the brain is to control memory.
35. The gray matter that makes up the brain’s wrinkly outer cerebral cortex is
filled with memories.
38. Sleep apnea damages the brain’s ability to transition memories from
short term to long term.
40. Mnemonic devices are very popular ways to remember facts better.
75
(385 palabras)
times more likely to die of a heart attack than women with the exact same
20 medical profile who did not think they were at risk. Thinking sick may make
you sick.
IV In some realms of medical treatment, the placebo effect actually seems
to be getting bigger. In studies of antidepressants, the response rate to
placebos has been increasing by 7 percent every ten years. In 1980, 30
25 percent of depressed people given a placebo improved without any other
treatment; in 2000, it was 44 percent. This change may be due to
widespread advertising and heightened expectations for drugs. In general,
the public has more faith in psychiatric medication than it did twenty years
ago, which gives placebos more power.
V 30 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. The color of pills may also have an effect on some patients. In one
Italian study, blue placebos made excellent sleeping pills for women
but had the opposite effect on men.
2. Painful injections may have more therapeutic value than ones that
35 hurt less.
77
14.28. Plato
(327 palabras)
I 1 Plato (427 - 347 BC) was born in fifth century Athens to a wealthy family. A
young Athenian of his station would have been expected to pursue politics, but
instead Plato followed the path of his mentor, Socrates (470 - 399 BC), and
became a philosopher.
II 5 Plato’s philosophical writings are dialogues in which two or more characters
discuss a philosophical issue. The main character in most of Plato’s dialogues is
Socrates. Since Plato never speaks in the dialogues, scholars face the question:
How much of what Plato puts into Socrates’ mouth is Plato’s own philosophy,
and how much is just a report of Socrates? Many scholars believe Plato’s earlier
10 dialogues are historically accurate accounts of Socrates’ teachings. Later, they
believe, Socrates became a literary character for Plato’s own purposes.
III Plato is best known for his theory of forms --abstract, immaterial things imitated
by the physical objects of this world.
IV Another famous Platonic view is that all knowledge is recollection. Plato
15 believed the soul was immaterial and existed before it inhabited a body. Before it
was embodied, the soul knew the forms, without being distracted and limited by
79
13. Plato (427 - 347 BC) was born in fifth century Athens.
14. A young Athenian of his station would have been expected to pursue
politics.
17. Many scholars believe Plato’s earlier dialogues are historically accurate
accounts of Socrates’ teachings.
23. What Plato puts into Socrates’ mouth is Plato’s own philosophy.
24. What Plato puts into Socrates’ mouth is just a report of Socrates.
83
IV. De acuerdo con la lectura, en los siguientes enunciados, marca con una X la
casilla de la V si la afirmación es verdadera o la de la F si es falsa.
Enunciado V F
* * *
Anexos
85
Lecturas adicionales
86
Ulysses
(407 palabras)
(413 palabras)
II In his writings, Plato uses the character of Socrates, his real-life teacher, to
espouse his own philosophical views. The Republic is written in the form of
10 a dialogue between Socrates and his students.
III In his famous passage from The Republic, Socrates describes a
scenario in which men, trapped in a cave, can see only the shadows of
objects projected on the wall. They are forced to face forward while a fire
burns behind them. Objects are held up in font of the fire, projecting images
15 the men identify. For instance, the men in the cave may think they see a
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book, but what they see is only the book’s shadow as it is held up behind
them.
IV When a man escapes the cave to witness the true nature of things, he is
at first pained by the brilliance of the sun and confused by the physical
20 objects. But when he eventually understands the true nature of the world,
he pities the masses who know only shadows. Of course, the men in
Socrates’ cave resist learning the truth and thing their escaped friend is
crazy when he tries to describe it.
V In the allegory, the men trapped in the cave represent the world’s
25 ignorant masses. They see only representations of objects, the sights and
sounds that can be discerned by our physical senses. The man who
escapes the cave to witness the true nature of things is the philosopher.
Using their intellect, philosophers are able to discern forms –abstract,
immutable truths that are the real foundation of the universe. The
30 philosopher who escapes the cave knows the real nature of things.
VI The Republic is ultimately concerned with the question of justice. Plato
believed that in order to establish justice, one must know what is good.
Therefore, philosophers who understood the form of the good should rule
as kings. The rest of society should be organized to fulfill those rulers’
35 demands.
VII ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. Plato was born in Athens about 427 BC.
2. Plato referred to his philosopher kings as “Guardians”.
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