Quality Assessment of Persian Translation of English Pharmaceutical Leaflets Based On House's Model

Quality Assessment of Persian Translation of English Pharmaceutical Leaflets Based on
House’s Model
[PP: 67-76]
Atefeh Zekri
Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics
Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University
Fars, Iran
Zahra Shahsavar
Department of English Language, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Shiraz, Iran
ABSTRACT
This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers
randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets
were analyzed based on House’s functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the
profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors
and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were
identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous
and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of “mistranslation”, 15
instances of “grammatical mistakes”, six instances of “addition”, six instances of “omission” and four
instances of “substitution”. The only covert error was “tenor mismatch” in all sample sentences. The study
findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students’ translation. Moreover,
awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as
translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective
way.
Keywords: Covert error, Overt error, Pharmaceutical leaflets, Translation, Translation assessment
ARTICLE The paper received on: 01/11/2016 Reviewed on: 17/11/2016 Accepted after revisions on: 20/12/2016
INFO
Suggested citation:
Zekri, A. & Shahsavar, Z. (2016). Quality Assessment of Persian Translation of English Pharmaceutical Leaflets Based
on House’s Model. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 4(4), 67-76. Retrieved from
www.eltsjournal.org
1. Introduction with the target text accurately. A number of

Translation is a complicated definitions of translation emerge from the
procedure which has a significant role in literature. Some definitions are quite
human life (Shahsavar & Naderi, 2015). narrow; for example, Catford’s (1965)
A qualified translator should be able to find defined translation as a “replacement of
meaning in the source text and replace it textual material in one language by
International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies ISSN:2308-5460
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 October-December, 2016
equivalent textual material in another taking drugs, this information should be

language” (p. 20). Toury (1982) referred to written in an understandable manner that
translation as “any target language text help patients to know whether to take a
which is presented or regarded as such specific drug or undergo a medical
within the target system itself, on whatever procedure. It should also help them to figure
grounds” (p. 27). out if a drug is safe, effective, and
Recently, there has been an appropriate to use.
increasing focus on the importance of Despite the importance of the
Medical translation. It is a particular kind of quality assurance in translating drug
technical translation that requires an exact leaflets, to our best of knowledge, there is
translation and proofreading. An accurate no comprehensive research conducted to
medical translation may help medical evaluate the Persian translation of
translators to interpret and facilitate the pharmaceutical leaflets. To fill the gap, this
communication process between patients study tries to evaluate the quality of Persian
and medical professionals while poor translation of English pharmaceutical
medical translation may lead to life- leaflets based on House's (1997) model of
threatening situations for the patients translation quality assessment. It tries to
(Heine, 2003). According to Arroyo (2007), analyze a set of translated leaflets by
a translation error may trigger severe making a comparison between original
clinical consequences. That is, any leaflets and their Persian translations.
translation particularly leaflet information 2. Drug Leaflets Translation
translation needs to be verified for possible One of the most important sources
translation errors. In a word, in medical of information about patients’ medication is
texts, a translator should consider a drug leaflet. Pharmaceutical leaflets
educational and professional background, usually contain some information about
levels of knowledge and experience, drug ingredients of the drug, instructions
purposes and applications of information, about how to use drugs, their possible side
linguistic abilities, familiarity with effects of drugs, some special warnings,
specialized terminologies, reading contexts, dosage of them, or caution and drug storage
and broader cultural context (Resurreccio & information. When drug leaflets are
Davis, 2007) discussed in the framework of medical
According to Jensen and Zethsen texts, their information delivery is
(2012), in the medical text, leaflet important (Bjerrum & Foged, 2003).
information is one of the main areas in However, the incomplete or insufficient
translation. In many countries such as translation of pharmaceutical leaflets into
Canada, Germany, Iran, and the United target language may lead to the transfer of
States drug leaflets are usually provided false information and cause significant
along with drug products so that consumers health risk to patients. Incorrect translations
can read, understand, and follow the affect the health and lives of drug
instructions for effective and safe consumers. When drug leaflets are
medication. To this end, drug leaflets must discussed in the framework of the medical
be written in a way to be easy to understand texts, the way of delivering information is
so that the users can easily follow the important. This fact is reflected in some
instructions. Since patient information definitions of the drug in medical texts. For
leaflets are required to make a choice in instance, Zargarzade and Law (2010)
Cite this article as: Zekri, A. & Shahsavar, Z. (2016). Quality Assessment of Persian Translation of English
Pharmaceutical Leaflets Based on House’s Model. International Journal of English Language & Translation
Studies. 4(4), 67-76. Retrieved from www.eltsjournal.org
Page | 68
Quality Assessment of Persian Translation of English Pharmaceutical … Zekri Atefeh. & Shahsavar Zahra.
defined prescription container label as Although some studies have been

available source of information if it is done on drug leaflets (e.g., Jensen , 2011;
readable and understandable for patients. Karwacka, 2014; Ouliaei-Nia, Changiz, &
They studied verbal translation services of Hosseini, 2008), most medical
multilingual prescription labels in professionals lack adequate knowledge to
California. One of their conclusions is that translate drug leaflets and most studies do
nearly one-third of sampled pharmacies not consider problems in leaflet
specifically in urban areas do not supply translations. There seems to be lack of
these services for Limited English research about the reason of unclear
proficient (LEP) patients, and these translations of drug leaflets. In spite of the
pharmacies supplied verbal translation richness of literature on using drugs, the
services of multilingual prescription labels assessment of drug leaflets has remained
only when patients request. untouched so far. To fill the gap, this
Pedersen and Halliday (2009) research attempts to evaluate the quality of
argued that technical language, especially Persian translations of English drug leaflets
language of leaflets, should be simple and based on House's (1997) model. The
concise so that patients can understand how specific research questions are as follows:
to take their drugs. They also mentioned RQ1. Are there any possible errors in
that the younger generation is not the same Persian translation of pharmaceutical
as the older one in that the former is not leaflets from English into Persian?
used to reading leaflets but the latter is. RQ2. Do the translators apply covert or
Berghammer (2009) believed that accurate overt translation while translating
and readable instructions of drug or medical English pharmaceutical leaflets into
documents are as serious as sterilization. Persian?
Other studies such as Aykol (2011) and 3. Methodology
Jensen (2011) confirmed translation 3.1 Design
problems or difficulties not only in medical This study tried to assess Persian
translation but also in drug leaflet translation of English pharmaceutical
translation. leaflets based on House’s (1997)
In another study, Alikhademi (2015) functional-pragmatic model of TQA. It
applied House’s (1997) model to benefited from content/document analysis
investigate the translation quality of the design within qualitative approach. To this
medical text in the Persian translation of the aim, a corpus-based comparative analysis
book entitled “Langman’s Medical approach was used in which the researchers
Embryology”. The results revealed that compared English and Persian drug leaflets.
covert translation was mainly applied in 3.2 Materials
translation. In the same line, Shakernia Materials used in this study
(2014) attempted to find out whether the consisted of 30 pharmaceutical
type of translation proposed by House leaflets issued between March-August,
(1997) is appropriate for the Persian 2015 containing English and Persian texts.
translation of English short stories. She Due to time constraints, three sentences out
found that in translating short stories, covert of each leaflet were analyzed. In this
translation was preferred to overt one research, parallel corpus was used to
because of being more straightforward. compare original English source texts and
their Persian translation. We compared the
Page | 69
extracted sentences of leaflets with their built into the text. “Genre” is the text type.
Persian translations. For instance, it shows if a leaflet text is a
3.3 Instrument medical text, using technical or clinical
In this study, House’s (1997) model words. “Function” used to establish,
of TQA was used to evaluate the quality of maintain and signal relationships between
Persian translations of English drug leaflets; people. For instance, the function of the
the main reasons for selecting the model is leaflet text is an interpersonal; in a word, the
that it well matched the purpose of our author's intention is to give an effective
study. Also, it was popular among information text about his personal
stakeholders in translation field. knowledge and understanding. He wants to
House (1997) introduced overt and share and communize his personal
covert as two kinds of translation. Covert experiences and his point of view with the
translation seems like an original text rather medical world.
than translation. It is directly addressed to In an overt translation, the target
target language culture audience and needs translation audience is not directly
cultural filter. It consists of business addressed. It is closely similar to source
circulars, scientific texts, journalistic texts, language and culture which should be
advertisements, information booklets. remained as intact as possible. Unlike
According to House (1997), covert errors covert translation, a translation is
can be divided into different categories. categorized as overt if the text reads like a
“Field” refers to the nature of the social translation rather than an original text. It
action which is taking place. It can be includes political, literary, religious texts
divided into two parts: subject matter and which may have different types of errors
social actions. “Tenor” covers participant including mistranslation (i.e., the exact
relationship including “author's provenance meaning of words or sentences of the source
and stance”, “social role relationship” and text are not conveyed appropriately in the
“social attitude”. “Author’s provenance and target language), grammatical mistakes
stance” refers to the relationship between (i.e., the translated items violate the
the addresser and the addressees in terms of grammatical conventions of the target
social power and social distance as well as language), addition (i.e., the target text
personal view points. “Social role includes extra items more than the source
relationship” refers to analyzing the role text), omission (i.e., the obligatory item of
relationship between addresser and the the source text information is left out in the
addressees which may be either target text ) and substitution (i.e., the lexical
symmetrical (marked by the existence of conventions of the target language are
solidarity or quality) or asymmetrical followed wrongly or even replacing a
(marked by the presence of some kind of lexical word with another in a wrong way)
authority). The last level of tenor is “social (American Translators Associate, 2016).
attitude” which reflects on the level of 3.5 Data Collection Procedures
formal style in medical texts. This type of Following the consultation with a
language is used in scientific medical statistician, the researchers selected a set of
places. “Mode” refers to the way we 30 pharmaceutical leaflets issued between
communicate and participate in the text. March-August, 2015. The leaflets were
This participation could be simple or a kind randomly selected from the packages of
of a monologue with no addressee that is drugs imported to Iran. Because of the
Page | 70
limited shelf life of pharmaceutical experienced “pharmacists” in a “formal”

products, the researchers selected the way in which the addresser (pharmacist)
leaflets out of available drugs which and the addressees had different social role
produced between 2012 -2015 upon the relationship; therefore, their relationship
orders of Iranian drug importing from was considered “asymmetrical”. For the
different companies and various countries. “mode”, these leaflets were in “written”
Based on the purpose of this study, those form and in most cases contain “simple”
leaflets containing both original English language as they target general population.
and translated Persian texts were selected. As the leaflets used technical and clinical
Due to time constraints, only three words in the general field of medicine, we
sentences of each pharmaceutical leaflet labeled the “genre” as “medical”. We
were analyzed. determined the “function” of the text as
To analyze the collected data, 90 “interpersonal” function as the author’s
sentences out of 30 leaflets and their Persian intention was to give an effective
translations were analyzed by the raters information text about his personal
based on House’s functional-pragmatic knowledge and understanding.
model. In this study, the raters were two The same analysis was envisioned
expert translators (except the researchers) for the target text profile with the only
who were familiar with pharmaceutical difference that in the target text the
texts. To ensure internal consistency translator took the author’s stance instead of
between the raters, in case of any the pharmacist. In this part, tenor mismatch
disagreement between the raters, they tried was found in the comparison of the profiles
to discuss and reach an agreement on the of source and target texts. It was a case of
quality of the translation. At first, the the covertly erroneous errors found in
profiles of both source texts and target texts analyzing pharmaceutical leaflets. This
including the field, tenor, mode, genre, and error type was seen in the mismatch
function were collected. Then, their overtly between the author’s provenance and that of
and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds the translator. In fact, the cases of the error
of strategies used by the translators in type identified in this study were author’s
translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into provenance as a pharmacist and translator’s
Persian were identified based on the provenance as a translator.
comparative analysis of the source and 4.2 Identifying Overt Errors
target texts using House’s (1997) In this study, the most frequent
functional-pragmatic model of TQA. overtly erroneous errors were
4. Results mistranslation (47%), grammatical
In this study, we tried to identify if mistakes (26%), addition (10%), omission
there are any possible errors in Persian (10%) and substitution (7%). The results of
translation of pharmaceutical leaflets. the data analysis showed that out of 90
4.1 Identifying Covert Errors analyzed sentences, 47 were erroneous and
The analyses of leaflets showed that 43 were error-free. In other words, no error
the “field” of the source text was obviously was found in 48% of the sentences. In the
“pharmaceutical” and the leaflets were 47 erroneous translations, 58 overt errors
“specifically” provided for relevant patients were found indicating that some translated
who used the drugs. For the “tenor”, the sentences contained mixed errors (see Table
leaflets were usually prepared by 1).
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Table 1: Frequencies and percentage of overt errors “Histamine” is a substance which is rushed
by human's body; causing itchy, watery
eyes, sneezing and runny nose. By having
enough knowledge in the medical context,
it’s clear that the form is not correct,
although this translation does not cause
much challenge, it is not well-formed
within grammatical level. Hence, the
suggested Persian translation is as follows:
The following shows the analyses of :‫قرصها ي سيتيريزين هيدروکلرايد‬
different types of overtly erroneous errors ‫آپوستيريزين با مسدود کردن محل های گيرنده از اتصال‬
and the related examples of each error in ‫ماده هيستامين به آن جلوگيری کرده و به کاهش عالئم‬
details. For more information on the full .‫حساسيت کمک می نمايد‬
analyses of errors and suggested c) Addition
translations, readers are referred to Rowatinex: assists in the dissolution
Appendices A and B. and expulsion of stones in the renal system.
4.3 Examples of Different Types of Errors: ‫ افزايش حالليت و انهدام سنگ‬: ‫رواتينکس‬
a) Mistranslation .‫هايی با منشأ کلسيمی در کليه و مجاری ادراری‬
Vitane: Children (over 1 year): 2 ml The word “‫ "با منشأ کلسيمی‬which
daily after meal or as directed by the means “with calcium source” provides
physician. unnecessary and even wrong information.
١ ‫ روزانه‬:)‫ کودکان( باالی يکسال‬: ‫ویتان‬ Because the sources of stones in the renal
‫ميلی ليتر بعد غذا يا طبق تجويز پزشک‬ system are different, so sometimes the
The dose is rendered wrongly and treatment plans may be different. The
"2" is changed into "1", so" mistranslation". suggested Persian translation is as follows:
Vitane is multivitamin drops indicated to ‫افزايش انحالل و دفع سنگ ها درسيستم کليه‬
prevent vitamin deficiency conditions. If .‫ و مجاری ادراری‬: ‫رواتينکس‬
this amount of dose is taken, the course of d) Omission
treatment will be prolonged. The suggested Isotretinoin :Important: The
Persian translation is as follows: medicine is teratogenic meaning, it may
‫ ميلی‬٢ ‫ روزانه‬: )‫کودکان (باالی يکسال‬: ‫ویتان‬ harm the fetus. Increased risk of
‫ليتر بعد ازغذا يا طبق دستور پزشک‬ miscarriage.
b) Grammatical This warning has been omitted
Cetirizine Hydrochloride Tablets: completely. Isotretinoin is indicated for the
Apo-Cetirizine helps relieve your allergy treatment of the severe forms of acne.
symptoms by blocking your receptor sites Omitting such important information may
before histamine binds there. threaten a pregnant woman’s life. Its
-‫ آپو‬:‫قرصها ي سیتیریزین هیدروکلراید‬ Persian translation is as follows:
)‫ستيريزين با مسدود کردن محل گيرنده ها (رسپتورها‬ ،‫ اين دارو تراتوژن است‬: ‫ مهم‬:‫ايزوترتينوئين‬
‫از پيوند هيستامين ها بدان جلوگيری کرده و موجب رفع‬ ،‫ هم چنين‬.‫يعنی ممکن است به جنين آسيب برساند‬
.‫عاليم حساسيت می شود‬ .‫افزايش خطر سقط جنين وجود دارد‬
In this example, the Persian word is
almost a countable noun, but the English
one is not considered countable. Also,
Page | 72
e) Substitution 5. Discussion
Glycerol : Though, in some In this study, we analyzed a set of
individuals, they may be prolonged for translated leaflets by making a comparison
about 2 to 3 months or more. between original leaflets and their Persian
‫ هرچند در برخی افراد ممکن است‬:‫گليسرول‬ translations based on House’ (1997) model.
.‫ماههای خيلی زيادی به طول بيانجامد‬ The results indicated that the overtly
In this example, the phrase (2 to 3 erroneous errors were more prevalent than
months or more) is substituted with “ ‫ماههای‬ the covertly erroneous errors. It means that
‫ ”خيلی زيادی‬which means “many months”. the leaflet reads like a translation rather than
The perception of the reader maybe an original text. The probable reason is that
different from that of the writer as “2 to 3 overtly erroneous errors seem like the
months or more” is usually not equivalent original texts and do not smack of
to “many months”. Hence, suggested translation.
Persian translation is as follows: Another important finding is that
‫ هرچند در برخی افراد ممکن است‬:‫گليسرول‬ translators used word-by-word,
.‫ ماه يا بيشتر طول بکشد‬3 ‫ تا‬2 substitution, omission and addition
f) Mixed errors strategies in their Persian translations of
-The dosage of insulin and/or other English pharmaceutical leaflets. Our results
blood sugar-lowering medicinal products are similar to the previously reported
must possibly be adjusted. findings of Alikhademi (2015) and Heidari-
‫ مقدار مصرف انسولين و يا ساير محصوالت‬- Tabrizi, Chalak, and Taherioun (2014) who
.‫کاهنده خون ممکن است نياز به تنظيم پيدا کند‬ investigated overt and covert errors on the
In this example, both “omission” Persian translations of “Langman's Medical
and “grammatical mistakes” errors Embryology” and “Orwell’s Nineteen
occurred. The phrase “blood sugar” was Eighty-Four”, respectively.
omitted in Persian translation. Also, In this study, in most cases, leaflets
“and/or” has been translated in a wrong were contained simple language as they
order from grammatical view. The correct targeted general population, so patients can
Persian translation is as follows: understand the text of the leaflets. This
‫" يا" ساير‬/"‫مقدار مصرف انسولين "و‬ result was consistent with Pedersen and
.‫داروهای کاهش دهنده قند خون بايد تنظيم شود‬ Halliday’s (2009) study who believed that
Moreover, the results of descriptive drug leaflets should be translated in a
statistics indicated that the overtly simple language without difficult
erroneous errors were more than the terminology so that patients can understand
covertly erroneous errors and translators of how to take their drugs.
pharmaceutical leaflets committed more The findings of this study are
overtly erroneous errors than covertly applicable to educational settings in the
erroneous ones. On the whole, the result sense that teachers in translation studies
showed some cases of overtly erroneous area can help learners as prospective
errors (i.e., mistranslation, grammatical translators to improve the quality of their
mistakes, addition, omission, substitution) translations through avoiding the common
and one case of covertly erroneous errors errors found in the analyzed texts.
(i.e., tenor mismatch) in analyzing Persian Moreover, the students of the translation
translations of English pharmaceutical studies become aware of the errors of
leaflets. current translations and this consciousness
Page | 73
leads them to better performance in their required. In this study, we just assessed the
future job as translators. In addition, the quality of English to Persian text
results play a conscious-raising role in a translation; it is not clear whether the
broader sense. Practitioners in the field of assessment of the leaflets of other languages
translation studies and other related areas to Persian reaches the similar results.
become aware of the current state of Another area in which the need for further
pharmaceutical leaflet translations and it research may feel is assessing the
may stimulate them to step into taking pharmaceutical leaflet translations based on
appropriate measures to promote the quality other prominent models of TQA such as
level of the current translations. Waddington’s (2001) model. Last but not
The results may be helpful for the least, this study focused on analyzing the
following groups: First, it may help pharmaceutical leaflets translation, other
translators and readers to get familiar with studies may investigate the quality of
the problems of drug leaflet translations English to Persian translation of medical
such as introducing superfluous books, journal articles, advertisements, or
information, violating the conventions of drug labels.
the target language, literalness in case of 6. Conclusion
using difficult medical terms. Second, it This research attempted to evaluate
helps translators to minimize translation the quality of Persian translations of drug
errors in the translation of pharmaceutical leaflets based on House’s functional-
leaflets. Third, using adequate strategies in pragmatic model. The overtly erroneous
Persian translation of leaflets may help errors were more prevalent than the covertly
pharmaceutical companies in importing erroneous errors. The study findings can
drugs into Iran. Fourth, it can assist doctors help teachers in translation studies to
in writing prescriptions accurately. Finally, improve the quality of their translation.
precise leaflet information may help Moreover, awareness of the errors of
patients and their families to be clear about current leaflet translations can assist
the use and preservation of the drugs students in performing their future jobs as
especially in using over the counter drugs translators. It may provide a better
for those patients who use directly without understanding of the problems of drug
giving a prescription from healthcare leaflet translation. The findings may
professionals or doctors. directly and indirectly affect the health
Limitations and Suggestions for further patients.
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Appendices
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Quality Assessment of Persian Translation of English Pharmaceutical Leaflets Based On House's Model

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Quality Assessment of Persian Translation of English Pharmaceutical Leaflets Based on

1. Introduction with the target text accurately. A number of

equivalent textual material in another taking drugs, this information should be

defined prescription container label as Although some studies have been

limited shelf life of pharmaceutical experienced “pharmacists” in a “formal”

Aykol, F. D. (2011). A comparative analysis of Karwacka, W. (2014). Quality assurance in

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies ISSN:2308-5460

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