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1. Nappe – cone-shaped part, it can be upper Equation of a circle – derived from distance formula
nappe or lower nappe
1. Standard Equation
2. Generators – line lying entirely on the cone
a. x2 + y2 = r2 Center at origin
3. Vertex – intersection of all generators 2 2 2
b. (x-h) + (y - k) = r Center at (h,k)
4. Axis – line that passes the vertex and the center
c. If r = 1 , it is a unit circle
of the circle formed
Examples:
CONIC SECTIONS – curves formed by the intersection of
a plane and a double right circular cone 1. C is at origin and radius = 2/3
x2 + y2 = r2
1. Parabola – if the cutting plane is parallel to one
x2 + y2 = (2/3)2
and only generator
x2 + y2 = 4/9
2. Ellipse – if the cutting plane is not parallel to 9x2 + 9y2 =4
any generator
2. C is (-4,6) and P on the circle is (3,4)
3. Circle– if the cutting plane is not parallel to any
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
generator but perpendicular to the axis
(3+4)2 + (4 - 6)2 = r2
4. Hyperbola – if the cutting plane is parallel to 2
49 + 4 = r2 r = sqrt53
generators 2 2
(x+4) + (y - 6) = 53
CONIC – set of points whose distances from a fixed 3. C is (15, -6) and Area of the circle is 16pi
point are in constant ratio to their distances from a 16 pi = pi r2
fixed line that is not passing through the fixed point r2 = 16 r = 4
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
PARTS OF CONIC (x-15)2 + (y + 6)2 =16
4. C is (-6, 1) and Circumference of the circle is 8
1. Focus – fixed point of the conic
pi
2. Directrix – fixed line “d” corresponding to the
8 pi = 2 pi r
focus
8 = 2r r = 4
3. Principal Axis – line that passes through the
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
focus and perpendicular to the directrix, every
(x+6)2 + (y - 1)2 = 16
conic is symmetric with respect to its principal
5. C is (-3.-4) and tangent on x = 1
axis
Tip: Find the distance of 1 and – 3 since they are B. Convert GE to SE
both x-coordinates to find the radius: 1 - -3 = 4 1. x2 + y2 +6x + 8y + 9 = 0
so the radius is 4 h = -6/ 2 = - 3
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2 k = -8 / 2 = -4
(x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16 r2 = (6/2)2 + (8/2)2 – 9 = 9 + 16 - 9 = 16
6. Center lies on y – axis and tangent to y= - 11 (x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16
and y = -17
Tip: Since center lies on y-axis, imagine points 2. x2 + y2 -18x + 16y + 48 = 0
on the circle on (0,-11) and (0,-17), find its h = 18/ 2 = 9
midpoint and that is the center (0,-14), find the k = -16 / 2 = -8
distance of any point, which you prefer and (0,- r2 = (-18/2)2 + (16/2)2 – 48 = 81 + 64 - 48 =
14), the distance is 3, so that is the radius. 97
x2 + (y +14)2 = 9 (x-9)2 + (y +8)2 = 97
7. Endpoints of a diameter (3, -12) and (-15.8)
a. Find the midpoint to get the center: (-6, -2)
b. Find the distance between the center and Tip: You can also use transpose the constants to right
any endpoint s on the diameter by distance side, combine x and y terms in the left side, then adding
formula: the radius is sqrt181 a constant to each x terms and y terms to get a perfect
c. (x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2 square trinomial, add those numbers to the constants
d. (x+6)2 + (y +2)2 = 181 on the right side:
1. x2 + y2 +6x + 8y + 9 = 0
x2 + y2 +Cx + Dy + E = 0
x2 + 6x + ___+ y2 + 8y + ____ = -9+ ____ + _____
C = -2h D = -2k E = h2 +k2 – r2 x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 + 8y + 16 = -9 + 9 + 16
(x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16
𝐶 𝐷
h = -C/2 k = -D/2 r2 = (2 )2 + ( 2 )2 − 𝐸
Finding the Equation given three points:
2 2
a. C + D – 4E < 0 No Graph
b. C2 + D2 – 4E = 0 Point (-8,5) (-3,10) (0,9)
c. C2 + D2 – 4E > 0 Circle First column is the coefficients of x,
-8 5 1 -89
then next is y and last is always 1,
-3 10 1 -109
Examples then the fourth is the sum of squares
0 9 1 -81
of x and y then its additive inverse.
A. Convert SE to GE That is the augmented matrix
1. (x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16 -8 -4 0 -8 - > R1 –R 3
C = -2(-3) = 6 -310 -28 -> R2 –R3
D = -2(-4) = 8 091 -81
E = 9 + 16 – 16 = 9 Since -4, is on first row, second
column, add it to 4 to become
x2 + y2 +6x + 8y + 9 = 0
-20 0 0 - 120 - > R1 + 4R2 0, and 9 is on the third row,
2. (x-9)2 + (y +8)2 = 97
-3 1 0 -28 second column, add it to -9 to
C = -2(9) = -18 27 0 1 171 - > R3 – 9R2 become 0, and R2 is 1.
D = -2(-8) = 16
E = 81 + 64 – 97 = 48
x2 + y2 -18x + 16y + 48 = 0 100 6 - > simplified form of R1 above
010 -10 - > R2 + 3R1
Tip: You can also use long method or expansion of 001 9 -> R3 – 27R1 So C = 6, D is – 10 and E
binomials and combine similar terms to get the GE. = 9. That is the Reduced
The result will be 1 0 0
always in this 010 Row Echelon Form and
format 001 write it on GE.
PARABOLA 2. (x-3)2 = 3/2 (y + 6)
Vertex: (3,-6)
PARABOLA - set of all points equidistant to fixed point a = (3/2) / 4 = 3/8
and fixed line. Focus: (3,-45/8) , since parabola opens upwards
and x is the squared variable, the x-coordinate
Latus Rectum – chord drawn through the focus and is still the same with h, and the x-coordinate is k
perpendicular to the axis of the parabola + a which is -45/8
Axis of Symmetry – line that passes through the focus Directrix: y = - 51/8 since y is not the squared
and vertex and perpendicular to the directrix variable and k – a which is – 51/8
Length of LR: 4a = 4(3/8) = 3/2
Axis of Symmetry: x = 3, since it is the squared
variable and it is the h
LR endpoints: (15/4,-45/8) and (9/4,-45/8)
(3+2(3/8), -45/8) (3+3/4, -45/8) because the y
variable is not squared, that is the x-coordinates
of both endpoints which is from y-coordinate of
focus and x-coordinates came from h+2a
LR Equation: y = -45/8
Since -45/8 is the coordinate which are
common on both endpoints, and they lie on the
same line.
K = -C/2 a = -D/4 h = ( E – k2 )/ 4a
or my tip above,
Co-vertices: (+5,0) , since minor axis lies on the x-axis Major Axis Length = 2a = 24, Eq. of Major Axis: y = 8,
because b2 is below x2 that’s why y coordinates are the since vertices have common x-coordinate which is 8
same.
Minor Axis Length = 2b = 8 Eq. of Minor Axis: x = -10,
Foci: (0,+12), since vertices and foci are on the same since co -vertices have common x-coordinate which is -
line, they have the same x-coordinates but different y- 10
coordinates from the vertices, and the coordinates are
the value of +c. Latus Rectum Endpoints are (-10+8√𝟐, -8 + 4/3), since
latus rectum is perpendicular to the major axis and
Major Axis Length = 2a = 26, Eq. of Major Axis: x = 0, passes through the focus, the coordinate which are the
since vertices have common x-coordinate which is 0 same with focus but not the same with vertices is -
10+8√𝟐, and the other coordinate is k + b2/a = -8 + 4/3 .
Minor Axis Length = 2b = 10 Eq. of Minor Axis: y = 0,
Expand if possible and simplify fractions, if possible.
since co -vertices have common y-coordinate which is 0
Length of LR: 2b2 / a = 8/3
Latus Rectum Endpoints are (+25/13 , +12), since latus
rectum is perpendicular to the major axis and passes Eccentricity: c/ a = (2√2) /3
through the focus, the coordinate which are the same
with focus but not the same with vertices is + 12 and General Equation of an Ellipse given Several Conditions
the other coordinate is h + b2/a = +25/13
1. Vertices: (2,8) (-22,8)
2
Length of LR: 2b / a = 50 / 13 And Co-vertices: (-10,12) (-10,4)
b2 = 62 – (3√3)2 = 36 - 27 = 9
(𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑦 − 2)2
+ =1
36 9
Multiply it to 36 which is their LCD.
If hyperbola opens left and right, the standard form is
(x2-8x+16) + 4(y2-4y+4)= 36
x2-8x+16 + 4y2-16y+16 – 36 = 0 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
x2+ 4y2 - 8x -16y - 4 = 0 𝑎2 𝑏2
If hyperbola opens upward and downward, the
standard form is
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Remember this formula: c2 = a2 + b2 , where (𝑦 − 3)2 (𝑥 − 7)2
− =1
a = distance of the center to the end of transverse axis 36 196
b = distance of the center to the end of conjugate axis Remember, it is possible that conjugate axis is greater
c = distance of the center to the foci than transverse axis which means that a can be less
than b.
b = sqrt 9 = 3
c = sqrt (36 + 9) = sqrt 45 = 3√5
GE of a conic: Ax2+ By2 + Cx + Dy + E= 0
Center: (4,2)
1. A = B, A and B are not equal to 0, it is a circle
Vertices: (4+6, 2) , since transverse axis is parallel to the
2. A = 0 or B = 0 , it is a parabola
y-axis because a2 is below x2 that’s why y coordinates
3. A and B are greater than 0, it is a ellipse
are the same and x-coordinates came from h + a
4. A is less than 0 or B is less than 0, either one of
Foci: (4+3√𝟓, 2), since vertices and foci are on the them will be less than 0 but not both A and B
same line, they have the same y-coordinates but and the other one will be greater than 0, it is a
different x-coordinates from the vertices, and the hyperbola.
coordinates are h + c.
WORD PROBLEMS
Transverse Axis Length = 2a = 12,
1. A pizza delivery area can be represented by a
Conjugate Axis Length = 2b = 6 circle, and extends to the
points (0,18) and (−6,8) (these points are on
Asymptotes: y = 2 + 1/2(x - 4) the diameter of this circle). Write an equation
for the circle that models this delivery area.
where b/ a is the slope, rise over run, from the formula: a. Find the center of the circle by getting the
y = k + b/a (x - h) when transverse axis is parallel to x- midpoints of the diameter: (-3,13)
axis or on x-axis while : y = k + a/b (x - h) when b. Find the radius by getting the distance of
transverse axis parallel to y-axis or on y-axis any endpoint to the center: r2 = (0- -3) 2+
(18- 13) 2 = 32 + 52 = 34
General Equation of an Ellipse given Several Conditions c. Substitute the center and radius to the form
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
1. Vertices (7,9) and (7,-3) and Conjugate Axis is d. (x+3)2 + (y - 13)2 = 34 : standard form
28 units long e. If the question states that the equation
must be GE, the answer is x2+ y2 +6x -26y +
2a = 9 - -3 = 12, a = 6 144 = 0
2b = 28, which is the length of conjugate axis.
2. A searchlight has a parabolic reflector (has a
b = 14 cross section that forms a “bowl”). The
Center is the midpoint of the vertices: (7,3) parabolic “bowl” is 16 inches wide from rim to
and 62 is below of y-variable because the rim and 12 inches deep. The filament of the
vertices have common x-coordinate. light bulb is located at the focus. (a) What is
the equation of the parabola used for the
reflector? (b) How far from the vertex is the at this same time. Find the coordinates of all
filament of the light bulb? possible points where the airplane could be
a. The vertex of the parabola is at the origin. located. (Find the equation of the
b. Use the equation x2 = 4ay, since the hyperbola where the plane could be located).
parabola opens upward. a. The radars are the foci and the length of the
c. Substitute y = 12 , since it is 12 inches and x radars are 160 miles so the center is at
= 8 because it is half of 16 inches, which is (80,0) so c = 80
the width of the parabolic bowl, it means b. Next is get the difference of the distance
that (8, 12) is a point on the parabola. traveled by an airplane which is 200 m –
d. 64 = 4a (12) 4a = 16/3 , a = 4/3 100 m = 100 m and that is 2a so a = 50
e. Substitute 16/3 to 4a for the equation: x2 = c. To get b2 = c2 – a2 , b2 = 802 – 502 = 6400 –
16/3 y , so the length of latus rectum is 2500 = 3900
16/3 and a = 4/3 which is how far from the d. Substitute that to the form below since the
vertex is the filament of the light bulb, the plane’s path is actually on one branch of the
focus itself. hyperbola; let’s create a horizontal
f. The general equation is x2 - 16/3 y = 0, 3x2 hyperbola
- 16y = 0 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
3. Two girls are standing in a whispering gallery (𝑥−80)2 𝑦2
that is shaped like semi-elliptical arch. The e. − = 1 since a2 = 2500 b2
2500 3900
height of the arch is 30 feet, and the width = 3900 and center is at (80,0)
is 100 feet. How far from the center of the
room should whispering dishes be placed so References for problem solving questions:
that the girls can whisper to each other?
https://shelovesmath.com/precal/conics/
a. The center of the arch is at the origin.
b. The width of the arch is the length of major
axis, 100 ft, which is 2a so the value of a =
50
Galingan natin guys sa exam, aral tayo mabuti para
c. The height of the arch is the half the length
of minor axis, 30 ft, which is b so the value hindi lang makapasa kundi matuto, ilaban natin
of b= 30 iyan, ilaban natin iyan. God Bless sa lahat. Kapag
d. We need to find c so that how far from the may mali sa reviewer or tanong, tanungin na lang
center should whispering dishes should be
ako haha, salamat ulit. :D
placed, which are the foci.
e. C2 = 502 – 302 = 2500 – 900 = 1600, c = 40
f. So, the girls should stand 40 ft from the
center so that they could hear each other
g. If the question is what is the equation that
will represent this problem, the answer is:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
2500 900
Tip: If there are questions that what is the length of the
string, that is the same as the length of the major axis,
which is 2a.
kung kaya;t naimbento ito ng tao. Ayon kay Henry Gleason, ang wika ay masistemang
Charles Darwin balangkas ng sinasalitang tunog na pinipili at
isinasaayos sa paraang arbitraryo upang magamit
Nakikipagsalaparan ang tao kung kaya’t nabuo ang ng mga taong kabilang sa isang kultura.
wika. Survival of the fittest, elimination of the
weakest. Ito ang simpleng batas ni Darwin. Upang CHARLES DARWIN
mabuhay ang tao, kailangan niya ng wika. Ito ay Ayon kay Charles Darwin, ang pakikipagsapalaran
nakasaad sa aklat na Lioberman (1975) na may ng tao para mabuhay ang nagtuturo sa atin upang
pamagat na “On the Origin of Language”, sinasaad malikha ng iba’t ibang wika. Ang wika ay
dito na ang pakikipagsapalaran ng tao para natututunan sa mga pakikipagsapalaran sa iba't
mabuhay ang nagtuturo sa kanya upang makalikha ibang tao.
ng iba’t ibang wika.
RENE DESCARTES
Wikang Aramean
Ayon kay Rene Descartes, ang wika ay
Wikang Aramean ay paniniwalang ang kauna- nagpapatunay na ang tao ay kakaiba.“
unahang wikang ginagamit sa daigdig ay ang
lenggwahe ng mga Aramean. Sila ang mga PHILIP EMERT AND WILLIAM DONAGHY
sinaunang taong nanirahan sa Syria (Aram) at
Mesopotamia. Tinatawag na Aramaic ang kanilang "Ang wika ang paraan sa pagkokonekta ng bawat
wika. tao saan mang lugar.“
SAN BUENAVENTURA
Jose Rizal
“Ang wika ay isang larawang binibigkas at
Kung lahat ng likas na bagay ay galing sa Poong
isinusulat. Isang kahulugan, taguan, imbakan o
Maykapal, bakit hindi ang wika? Naniniwala ang
deposito ng kaalaman ng isang bansa.”
pambansang bayani na kaloob at regalo ng Diyos
ang wika sa tao. NOAM CHOMSKY
Haring Psammatichos Ang wika ayon kay Chomsky ay isang prosesong
mental. May unibersal na gramatika at mataas na
Sinasabi sa paniniwalang ito na bilang hari ng
abstrak na antas; may magkatulad na katangiang
Ehipto, gumawa ng isang eksperimento si
linggwistik.
Psammatichos kung paano nga ba nakapagsasalita
ang tao. May dalawang sanggol siyang pinalaki sa HYMES
loob ng kuweba at mhigpit na ipinag-tos na hindi
ito dapat makarinig ng anumang salita. Sa tagal ng nangangahulugan itong isang buhay, bukas sa
panahon nakapagsalita raw ng “Bekos” ang Sistema ang wika na nakikipagnteraksyon.
dalawang bata na ang ibig sabihin ay tinapay. Sa Binabago at bumabago sa kapaligiran bilang bahagi
maikling sabi, likas na natututuhan ng tao ang wika ng kultura ng grupong gumagamit nito. Isa itong
kasanayang panlipunan at makatao.
HALLIDAY 3. Pang-Regulatori
may gamit na instrumental ang wika. Tumutulong Ang wika ay kumokontrol sa kilos at asal ng iba
ito sa mga tao upang maisagawa ang mga bagay na
gusto niyang gawin. Halimbawa
Ayon kay Halliday, ang mga tungkulin ng wika ay: Pasulat- Tula, Awit, Nobela
1. Pang-Interaksyunal 6. Pangheuristiko