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EDUCATION
A Review Material for the NCBTS-Based Licensure
Examination for Teachers
Competencies
1. Determine the roles of the teachers as active members of the community and as
global citizens responsible for the outcomes of their actions and for developing
other citizens.
2. Analyze historical, economic, socio-cultural, geographical, environmental,
political and social-psychological factors that affect the role of the school as an
agent of change.
3. Interpret educational problems in the light of philosophical and legal
foundations of education.
4. Apply the four pillars of learning in responding to the aspirations of the
community: learning to know; learning to do; learning to live together; learning
to be.
Content Coverage
1. Social Science Theories & Education
2. Four Pillars of Learning
3. Intercultural communication
4. Gender and development
5. Globalization and education
CONTENT UPDATE
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- See the importance of analyzing the processes as these carry with them many
implicit assumptions about learning and children
- Interaction: the process in which the ability is both developed and expressed;
refines our ability to think.
- 2 Types of Interactionism
1. Symbolic Interactionism – views the self as socially constructed in relation
to social forces and structures and the product
of ongoing negotiations of meanings (“Looking-
glass-self”)
2. Non-Symbolic Interactionism – require mental processes
Learning to Be
- To better develop one’s personality and to act with ever greater autonomy, judgment
and personal responsibility
- The complete fulfillment of the human person, in all richness of the personality, the
complexity of forms of expressions and various commitments – as an individual,
member of a family or community, citizen and producer, inventor of techniques and
creative dreamer
- Believes in the holistic and integrated approach to educate the human person towards
the full development of the dimensions: physical, intellectual, aesthetic, ethical,
economic, socio-cultural, political, and spiritual
Cultural Transmission
1. Enculturation – learning one’s own culture
2. Acculturation – learning new traits from another group
3. Assimilation – an individual loses entirely of previous group identity and takes
on that of another group.
Importance and Functions of Culture
1. Culture helps the individual fulfill his potential as a human being.
2. Through the development of culture, one can overcome physical disadvantages
and allows provision of needs.
3. Culture provides rules of proper conduct for living in a society.
4. Culture provides an individual his/her concepts of family, nation or class.
Cultural Relativism
An approach to the question of the nature and role of values in culture
An anthropological approach which posits that all cultures are of equal value and
need to be studied in a neutral point of view
Social Institutions
Structures and mechanisms of social orders and cooperation that govern the behavior
of its members
A group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role
Characteristics of an Institution
1. Institutions are purposive.
2. Institutions are relatively permanent in their content.
3. Institutions are structured.
4. Institutions are a unified structure.
5. Institutions are necessarily value-laden.
Functions of Institutions
1. Simplify social behavior for the individual person
2. Provide ready-made forms of social relations and roles for the individual
3. Act as agencies of coordination and stability for the total culture.
4. Tend to control behavior
Essential Tasks
1. Replacing members or procreation
2. Teaching new members
3. Producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services
4. Preserving order
5. Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
Major Social Institutions
1. Family
2. Education
3. Religion
4. Economic institutions
5. Government
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Influences all aspects of our lives, the schooling we receive, the social roles we play, and
the power and authority we command
Theories of Gender Development
Social Learning Theory – parents, reinforce appropriate gender role behaviors
Cognitive Development Theory – children engage in symbolic thinking, acquire their
gender identity, then begin the process of acquiring gender-
appropriate behaviors
Gender Schema Theory – schema helps a child to develop gender identity, formulate an
appropriate gender role, and develop an integrated schema or
picture of what gender is and should be
Gender Stereotyping
The beliefs humans hold about the characteristics associated with males and females
Gender & Equality
Gives women and men the same entitlements to all aspects of human development,
including economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights, the same level of respect
of power to shape the outcomes of these choices
Gender Inequality
Four themes that characterize feminist theories about gender inequality:
1. Men and women are situated in society not only differently but also
unequally.
2. Inequality results from the organization of society, not from any significant
biological or personality differences between men and women.
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Imagination
Effective organizing
Issues on Globalization
Socio-cultural Issues – massive migration, managing difference, global changes in
culture
Economic Issues – educational and employment opportunities, neo-liberal
framework
Political Issues – constraints on national/state policy due to external demands
from transnational institutions -
Globalization and Its Impact on Education
Education as a service industry is part of the globalization process
Globalization may mean a more competitive and deregulated educational system.
Schools should be sites for “counter hegemonic movements”.
Content of Education – curriculum upgrading, productivity orientation
The Fall Out of Globalization – internationalization of education, finances,
privatization of secondary and higher education
CONTENT CHALLENGE
DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Then choose the best answer.
1. Which social science theory is satisfied when people tend to agree and cooperate on a certain issue?
A. Conflict Theory C. Interaction Theory
B. Consensus Theory D. Structural Functionalist Theory
2. Who advocated on the theory that presents the struggle of social classes to maintain dominance and power in social
systems?
A. Blumer C. Marx
B. Dahrendorf D. Mead
3. What is believed to be the state of a society if there is absence of conflict and no disagreements manifest between
members of a society?
A. Consensus C. Interaction
B. Equilibrium D. Symbiosis
4. Which functional imperative by Parsons is being described when a system must clearly identify its primary tasks and
work out ways to achieve them?
A. Adaptation C. Integration
B. Goal attainment D. Latency
5. What is the assumption of a functionalist perspective about why society chooses a particular form or set-up?
A. That a society takes its particular form because that form works well for that society given its particular situation.
B. That a society chooses a particular form based on the prevailing trends common in other societies.
C. That a society tends to reject a particular form if it makes it subordinate to other societies.
D. That a society prefers a particular form because it is always useful in different situations.
6. Which pillar of education is being strengthened by a teacher who provides learning opportunities for his/her students
to develop their social skills and capacities to work with other members of the class?
A. Learning to know C. Learning to live together
B. Learning to do D. Learning to be
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7. Which is the result of successfully learning to live together?
A. There will be group consensus.
B. There will be peace and harmony.
C. There will be excellence in work habits.
D. There will be a continuous drive to discover new knowledge.
9. A teacher facilitates an inquiry task to be participated in by at least 4 members per team. What pillar of learning is
strengthened in this situation?
A. Learning to know C. Learning to live together
B. Learning to do D. Learning to be
10. What is being stressed by the 4 Pillars of Learning?
A. The importance of equipping individuals with the learning tools for adaptation and interdependence.
B. The acquisition of updated knowledge about oneself, family, community and the world.
C. The acquisition of competence that enables people to work in teams in peace and harmony.
D. The value of equality, fairness and social justice to achieve harmony ant peace across the globe.
11. Which reflects the quality of a person?
A. Language
B. Educational attainment
C. Occupational skills
D. Structural context
12. What is not true about the relationship of culture and language?
A. The more languages one speaks, the richer his/her cultural background becomes.
B. The structure of a language determines the way in which speakers of that language view the world.
C. No amount of training can produce the more advanced uses of language found in people, no matter what their
culture.
D. An understanding of language can provide individuals with a better appreciation of the different cultures of people
with whom they may relate.
13. Which transmission of culture involves the process of learning some new traits from another culture?
A. Acculturation
B. Assimilation
C. Enculturation
D. Pluralism
15. Which exemplifies the function of culture where individuals can overcome their physical disadvantages?
A. The invention of the cellular phones enables family members to communicate with one another even between
great distances.
B. The establishment of rules of proper conduct for living in a society ensures orderliness and social justice.
C. The development of one’s full potentials as a human being.
D. The creation of new needs and the arrangement of means to acquire them.
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16. Which illustrates cultural relativism?
A. Practices that are considered taboo in a certain group but are acceptable to other groups.
B. Learning the folkways and social traditions of one’s own group.
C. A Tuguegaraoeño moves to a point where s/he speaks only Visayan and assumes the folkways of the local
group.
D. When students migrate from rural to urban areas, they learn some of the urban customs and routines.
19. Which social institution is concerned with the satisfaction of the material wants of a society?
A. Economic
B. Educational
C. Government
D. Religious
20. Which gender development theory believes that parents reinforce appropriate gender role behaviors?
A. Cognitive Developmental Theory
B. Gender Schema Theory
C. Interactionist Theory
D. Social Learning Theory
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D. Narrowing income of gaps between developed and developing countries through improvements in basic
education
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