1.

a) Project organization is a process which provides decisions about the realization and the process
of a project. It is the structuring, organization and configuration as well as project process
according to plan.
Forms - Functional organization
Project based organization
Matrix organization.

b) Requisites: - Adequate formulation

Sound project organization
Proper implementation planning
Advance action
Timely availability of funds
Judicious equipment tendering & procurement
Better control management
Effective monitoring.

2. a)
Steps:-

 Calculate the total no. of paths and its duration.

 Indicate the critical path.
 Perform the forward pass on CP
 Calculate the activity times – early and late start times.
 Perform the backward pass
 Calculate the early and late finish times.
 Calculate all the floats.

2b) Sources

1) Ordinary shares

2) Preference shares

3) Debentures

4) Bonds

5) Term loans

6) Deferred credits

7) Capital investment subsidy

8) Lease financing

9) Unsecured loan

10) Internal accruals

11) Bridge loans

12) Public deposits

Schemes

1) Have key elements

2) Importance of project

3) Procedure for implementation

4) Assigning roles within plan to work with strength and weakness

5) Need of a schedule
 6) Requirements, fund, supplies and equipments

7) Develop a project program

3a) Advantages

1) Documentation

2) Structure

3) Feedback

4) Clarify expectations

5) Planning

6) Motivation

Problems

1) Not assessing actual performance

2) Infrequent feedback

3) Non databased assessment

4) Lack of effective matrices

5) Lack of accountability

Steps to overcome

1) Comparing with others

2) Doing exceptionally well

3) Recent behavior

4) Lacks in one department

5) Lenient rating

3b) Measures

1) Termination by extinction

2) Termination by addition

3) Termination by integration

4) Termination by starvation
4a) Rules for network construction

1) Arrows represents activities and circles the events

2) Each activity should be represented by only one arrow

3) Each diagram starts and ends with a single event

4) First event denotes the start of the project and all activities should emerge from the single
event

5) The general rule for numbering the event is that head event should always be numbered larger
than the tail event

6) No two activities have the same starting or ending node

7) Dummy activities indicates precedent relationships (not consuming any resources of time)

4b) Project control

Data gathering, management and analytical process used to predict understand and constructively
influence the time and cost

Functions

1) Planning and scheduling

2) Risk management

3) Cost estimation

4) Scope and change management

5) Earned value management

6) Document control

7) Supplier performance

8) Maintaining project baseline

9) Project reporting