POLGOV REVIEWER Approaches to the study of Politics:

1.) Traditional/Historical
POLITICS -concentrates exclusively in history,
Genealogy: emphasizes chronology and the
-polis (Greek): “city-state” historical development of
-came from ancient Greece; was used government structures
about 2,800 years ago to denote a self- -tracing of what happened back
governing city then to understand why we are what
-other words to remember: we are now
WORD MEANING 2.) The Scientific/Behavioralist
-seeks to understand how individuals
polites citizen
behave within a political institution
politikos politician
and how informal behavior
politics as the art of
contributes to policy making
politike citizenship and
-makes use of methodology,
government
variables, and hypotheses to arrive
constitution, rules of
politeia at theory
politics
3.) The Political Economy
political community,
-economist + political scientist
all those residents
politeuma -relationship between the
who have full
government and economics
political rights
-economics involves conflict over
scarce resources while politics
Definition:
involves decisions about who will
-the study of power and the powerful,
pay and who will benefit
relationship between those in control and
not in control
4.) The Systems Approach
-struggle for advantage
-Input-Process-Output (IPO)
-the art of convincing people to take your
-basically:
side
PEOPLE'S DEMAND
Definition (according to J. Salonga):
-the capacity to say no to something
dangerous and inimical to public interests
(corruption, mediocrity, dishonesty, fraud, SUPPORT

unethical practices)

Definition (according to E. Maceda): PROCESSING

-the art of compromise to achieve a
certain end

Definition (according to H. Lasswell): CONVERSION

-who gets what, when, and how

Definition (in broad sense): OUTPUT

-the art and science (step-by-step process) (DECISION/ACTION/PROGRAM/LAW)
of governance
-the means by which the will of the
community is arrived at and implemented FEEDBACK
-the activities of the government,
politicians, or political parties
 5.) Structural Functional Approach
-in every political system there are
certain structures, and these cannot
be confused with each other
-these functions must be performed
to maintain the stability of the
political systems
-basically:
POLITICAL SYSTEM
IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURES
IDENTIFY THE ROLES
(WHICH MUST BE PERFORMED WELL!)
STABILITY
6.) General Theory Approach
-basically:
SOCIETY
IDENTIFY ALL CRITICAL STRUCTURES
AND PROCESSES
EXPLAIN THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
WITH POLITICS
PREDICT GOVERNMENTAL
OUTCOMES
Images of Philippine Politics:
1.) Board Room Politics (BORO)
-decisions made by business elites
and professionals, but with important
public consequences
-businessmen give financial
support/funding to the politicians;
they get power from the politicians
who protect their businesses
-ex. People Power 2 against Joseph
Estrada
2.) Bureaucratic Politics (Bureau)
-rulemaking and adjudication by
bureaucrats, with inputs from clients
and professionals
-make decisions in favor of private
business and political interests
-ex. people in government (civil
servants)
3.) Multimedia Politics (MUME)
-mass media promotes the political
interests and choices of those who
own them, who pay them, and who
use them
-media can make or unmake a
president or a leader
4.) Faith-based Politics (FABA)
-decisions made by leaders and
members of religious groups and
have political implications
-El Shaddai, JIL, INC, CBCP, NCCP,
are some of the most prominent
religious groups which take political
positions on public issues
5.) Military Politics (Games of the
Generals)
-involves the calculated decisions of
the military, police generals, and
their subordinates to affect
preferences in the political arena
-key factor that changed
government and government
leaders
6.) Congress Politics (CON)
-policy making by legislatures
-laws affect private and public
interests
-legislation is politically beneficial
7.) Chief Executive Politics (CHEX)
-a process dominated by presidents,
governors, mayors, and their advisers
-possess and exercise discretionary
powers that are beneficial to
majority but detrimental to some few
Discretionary power
-power of own will (very powerful)
 -no question
Discretionary fund
-money used by the chief executive
-own money to be used whenever or
wherever
Technical malversation
-money used on a different project
8.) Court Room Politics (CORO)
-court orders and decisions of
judges, justices, and prosecutors in
response to interest groups and
aggrieved individuals
9.) Civil Society Politics (NGOs)
-high profile socio-political
engagement and proactive
lobbying of voluntary groups such as
NGOs, POs, cause-oriented groups,
professional associations,
cooperatives, and foundations that
influence political issues
10.) X-men Politics (Gambling
Lords)
-people less prominently-mentioned,
less openly named, less publicly
involved but actively engaged in
fixing and managing self-serving
political decisions
-drug lords, gambling lords, vice lords
who support the career of politicians
and bureaucrats who in return
provide protection to syndicated
crimes
-ex. Leila de Lima
The Isms of Politics:
1.) Political Idealism
-what is ideal, what is good is ideal
-for a political leader to be good, he
must have the love of all the people,
better if they feared him and best
when he is loved and feared at the
same time (N. Machiavelli)
-use of power and influence in
achieving the greatest welfare for
the greatest number
-kung ano ang nakabubuti para sa
lahat, dun tayo!
-ex. Martin Luther King, Mahatma
Gandhi, Benigno Aquino
2.) Political Realism
-power makes right, might is right
-only power exercised and
grounded on reality will succeed (H.
Kissinger, Father of Contemporary
Real-Politics)
-power is always predicated by the
desires of self-interest, creating a
strong basis for politics
-ex. George Bush
3.) Political Rationalism
-the forces of reason over the reason
of force
-power and influence must be
exercise through rational dispositions,
discourse, and decisions
-deep reflection and dialogue have
become the weapons of rationalists
-ex. Fidel Ramos
4.) Political Extremism
-the reality today is the reality forever
-believes that the world today is still
divided into bipolar relations, that
the world is still in a cold war period
-capitalists vs. socialists
-ex. Jose Maria Sison, RAM CPP-NPA,
MILF
Is politics dirty?
-men by nature have dual tendencies- one
towards the good and another towards the
bad (R.E. Agpalo)
-elect good men and good politics
becomes inevitable. Bad politics is the way
of bad politicians (R.R. Dannug)
Is politics an art or a science?
ART SCIENCE
lifestyle, music,
data, fact sheet, poll
charisma,
surveys, research,
knowledge,
analysis, trending
movement, conduct
the power to the exactness of the
perform selective variables of politics
recreation of reality -draws knowledge from the social
Stylizes man’s and biological sciences as well as
consciousness to suit the humanities and physical
a person’s political sciences
objectives 4.) Psychology
-an academic and applied
discipline that involves the scientific
POLITICAL SCIENCE study of mental functions and
behaviors
Definition:
5.) History
-the study of governments, public policies
-records and analyzes past events
and political processes
-today is a reflection of yesterday;
-a social science concerned with the
who we are now is because of
theory and practice of political system and
yesterday
political behavior
-political scientists see themselves engaged
in revealing the relationships underlying GOVERNANCE
political events and conditions Definition:
-from these revelations, they attempt to -the process of decision-making and the
construct general principles about the way process by which decisions are (or are not)
the world of politics works implemented
-some political scientists seek to advance -considered to encompass all aspects of
positive (attempt to describe how things the exercise of authority in the
are, as opposed to how they should be) management of the resource endowment
theses by analyzing politics of a state and the manner in which the
power is exercised
-the quality of governance is determined
Subfields of Political Science: by the impact of this exercise of power on
1.) Sociology the quality of life enjoyed by citizens
-socius (Latin): “companion”
-socio: “society” Definition (according to Williamson, 2005):
-logos: “the study of” -study of good order and workable
-the term sociology was first coined arrangement
in 1780 by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes,
later defined by August Comte GOOD
POOR GOVERNANCE
-study of society GOVERNANCE
-involves both the informal and Arbitrary policy
Participatory
formal behaviors of people making
2.) Economics Unaccountable
Consensus-oriented
-studies economic activity to gain bureaucracies
and understanding of the processes Unenforced or unjust
Accountable
that govern the production, legal systems
distribution, and consumption of Abuse of executive
Transparent
goods in a country power
3.) Anthropology A civil society
-anthropos (Greek): “human” Responsive unengaged in
-first appeared in Renaissance public life
Germany, in the works of Marcus Effective & Efficient
Hundt and Otto Casmann Equitable & Inclusive Widespread
-study of humans’ past and present Follows the rule of corruption
law
 IDEOLOGY 2.) Conservatism
Genealogy: CORE THEMES MEANING
-ideologie: “new science of ideas” preservation of
-was created during the French Revolution tradition, with
by Antoine Destutt de Tracy regards to values,
-first used in public in 1796 practices, and
-the use of ideology as a political term has institutions
Tradition
a lot to do with the work of Karl Marx tradition is one of
the foundation
society, and without
Definition: it, they believe
-influences all of our lives, but works in such society will crumble
a way that we are often unaware of its human beings are
presence imperfect and thus
-changes the way which we see and need stability and
Imperfection
interpret the world, and how we make security, which the
decisions government can
provide
1.) Liberalism human beings
-ideology of the “industrialized West” Organic society cannot exist outside
-emphasizes the importance of the of society
individual- the uniqueness of each society is
individual and at the same time the Hierarchy and hierarchical and
equality of all individuals authority authority develops
-commitment to individual freedom naturally
-however, this does not mean that it is important to own
an individual is free to do whatever and invest in
s/he likes property, and have
-there are still constraints on what private earnings, for
you are actually allowed to do (ex. those seem to be a
hurting others, pagiging paasa, pag- way of creating a
property
kain ng tinagong pagkain ng iba sa stable world
ref, chz hahaha) people are less likely
to destroy someone
BELIEF MEANING else’s property if
ability to use they also own
Faith in reason one’s intellect in property
taking action
the idea that 3.) Socialism
different moral, CORE THEMES MEANING
Tolerance and cultural, and human beings
pluralism political cultures are tied to one
can exist another by the
Community
together bonds of a
each person common
should be given humanity
Justice
what they are the natural
due relationship
Cooperation
among humans
is one of
 cooperation -extreme embrace of nationalism
rather than (some nations are superior than
competition others)
socialists are -ex. Benito Mussolini (Italy), Adolf
Equality committed to Hitler (Germany)
equality 5.) Capitalism
emphasis is on -an economic system focused on
social class as profit
Class politics
the determining -freedom of ownership and
factor of society competition
no to private -the market is the defining
property mechanism in ordering society;
because it supply and demand
causes -economic growth is when all
competition, people increase their material
therefore wealth and become better off
resulting to social 6.) Totalitarianism
Common inequality -the state (which is in the hands of
ownership all property perhaps one person or a small
should be group/party) controls almost
communal everything in its territory
from each -no freedom
according to his -total system control, absolute power
ability, to each -rule by ideological manipulation
according to his (controlling the minds of its subjects),
need (K. Marx) terror, and brutality
7.) Anarchism
What’s the distinction between the -chaos
two? -not a form of government, but an
SOCIALISM COMMUNISM ideology
middle zone 8.) Nationalism
between thought to be a -the nation should be the central
communism and classless society principle of political organization
capitalism
state attempts to
re-direct society no hierarchy, no The Political Spectrum:
towards its authority POLITICAL LEFT POLITICAL RIGHT
communist ideal characterized by
sympathy for
4.) Fascism principles such as characterized by
-born in the period between the first liberty, equity, sympathy for
world wars and emerged fraternity, and principles such as
dramatically in Italy and Germany progress authority, order,
-against rationalism preference for hierarchy, and duty
-life is struggle, and the strongest equality and
survive (survival of the fittest by common ownership
Charles Darwin)
-does not believe in equality
-believes in elitism (that some people
are born leaders)
 POWER Sources of Power:
Definition: 1.) The people
-central to the study of politics 2.) Constitution
-the heart of politics 3.) Parliamentary laws
-no power, no politics, no maintenance of 4.) Conventions
law and order 5.) Knowledge and capability
6.) Organization
Definition (according to M. Weber): 7.) Social status
-power as a tool for an individual or a 8.) Religious status
group of humans to achieve their 9.) Control over mass media
objectives even though their behaviors 10.) Economic position
involves with violence or coercion 11.) Charismatic personality
12.) Faith
Definition (according to K. Marx): 13.) Skill
-political power as an instrument for elite 14.) Authority
groups to maintain their influence and using
power to rule other groups of people
Sources of Power (according to French and
Definition (according to Ramanathan): Raven, 1959):
-power is influence, absolute rights of 1.) Force: the Coercive Power
individual as a ruler. Ability to settle -probably the most easily
problem, implement policy will influence recognizable power
the citizens’ loyalty -followers’ belief that the leader has
the power to punish them for non-
Definition (according to R.H. Tawney): compliance
-the capacity of an individual, or group of 2.) Wealth: the Reward Power
individuals, to modify the conduct of other -political clientelism (political
individuals or groups in the manner in which sociology)
he (the power holder) desires -followers’ belief that the leader has
resources- benefits that will help the
Definition (as adapted from Robert Dahl): followers in reaching their goals and
-an aspect of a relationship between two meet their needs
social actors, where actor A can induce or 3.) Expertise: the Expert Power
influence actor B to do something in line -expertise has provided individuals
with A’s preferences, when one would not with power and influence
do that otherwise -knowledge is power
-basically kapag si A napagawa si B ng -leader possesses superior
isang bagay na ‘di normally gagawin ni B information and ability
-pag mas marami kang experience
at alam, bida ka!
Significance of Power: 4.) Position: the Legitimate Power
-an instrument for an individual to achieve -position in any organization is one of
objectives or aims the surest avenues to power
-tool for the leader to gain support from the 5.) Popular Support: the Referent Power
people as to implement certain policy -based on the followers’
-can be considered as a guarantee for the identification with the leader
leader to convince people -popular support minimizes the need
to use coercive power or reward
power to obtain compliance to the
decision of the government
Types of Power: corrupts absolutely)
1.) Political Power
-control of or influence on the state
-ability to make or influence political Specific Aspects/Three Distinct Faces of
decisions Power (according to Steven Lukes):
2.) Economic Power 1.) Decision-making Power
-control of economic assets -open face
3.) Military Power -the ability to control or influence in
-ability to wage war or to compel an open and direct way
others through intimidation or -allows people to have a say,
deterrence through elections, referendums, and
4.) National Power lobbying
-collective power of a nation which -open to forms of scrutiny throughout
includes economic, political, and therefore it can be argued that
emotional, and military power of a power, in this case, can be seen as
nation legitimized
-through the use of this power, a 2.) Agenda-setting Power
nation establishes relations with other -secretive face
countries and gets its will enforced -power is exercised behind closed
on other nations doors
-you have real power if you can set
the agenda (S. Lukes)
What is the distinction? -you can decide or limit what will be
POWER OVER POWER TO discussed and more importantly
the idea of one’s what cannot be discussed,
prevalent kind of ability to realize effectively controlling the situation
power one’s goals without -effectively used by the powerful to
coercing others ignore the demands of the weak
interactive process through avoidance, delay, or
individually (by
(you have to have bureaucracy
exercising one’s
someone to have 3.) Ideological Power
freedom)
power over) -power to shape desires
collectively (by -seeks to identify the means through
joining with others in which power influences, shapes, or
potential or active
a free and voluntary determines conceptions of
way) necessities, possibilities, and
purposeful activity strategies of challenge in situation of
promotive (gawin conflict (Gaventa, 1982:15)
mo na PETA mo!) -allows powerful groups, such as
or government or big business, to make
associated with
preventive (wag ka people think that they agree to
visions of a good
na gumawa ng something or want something that
society, based on
PETA!) may actually be harmful to their own
the ideals of
balanced interests
freedom, equality,
(democracy -can be exercised through religion,
justice, solidarity,
associated with media, and the elite
democracy
balanced power)
or
unbalanced
(absolute power
Dimensions of Power (according to S.
Lukes):
1.) Pluralist view
-open, transparent system while
recognizing that political resources
are not distributed evenly, they are
also not completely centralized with
a small group of the elite
-political actors are influenced by a
number of other factors such as their
constituents, lobbyists, and pressure
groups
-political agenda can be controlled
or manipulated
2.) Elitist view
-recognizes the power we can see,
but also acknowledges that power is
also involved when specific issues
are left off the agenda in order to
avoid conflict
3.) Supreme and most insidious exercise
of power
-an example would be the way in
which capitalists have manipulated
the interests of the working classes to
believe that capitalism is in their best
interest rather than communism
-through education and media, the
ruling class has been able to instill
these values to the extent where
people see no alternative
-best illustrates the society we live in
today, while the other two show a
weaker power
Power and Human Nature
-power corrupts and absolute power
corrupts absolutely (Lord Acton)
-we have learned by sad experience that it
is the nature and disposition of almost all
men, as soon as they get a little authority,
as they suppose, they will immediately
begin to exercise unrighteous dominion
(D&C, 121:39)
AUTHORITY
Definition:
-closely associated with power
-formal or legal as distinguished from
personal power
-a position: authority is attached to
positions
-roles: the set of patterned expectations
about behavior that the members of
society attach to a position in an institution
-power assigned to a position by the
popularly accepted ground rules for the
operation of the political system
Definition (according to Rogow and
Lasswell, 1963):
-authority can be defined as the legitimate
(conforming to establish rules and
procedures) exercise of power
Definition (according to A.R. Ball):
-authority is the recognition of the rights to
rule without limited power obtained by the
leader
Definition (according to Roskin):
-refers to the leader’s ability to gain loyalty
Types or Sources of Authority (according to
M. Weber):
1.) Traditional Authority
-based on ancient customs,
traditions, or conventions
-closely tied up with hereditary
systems of power and privilege
-ex. Brunei Sultanate (eldest will be
the Sultan), Britain, Belgium,
Netherlands, Spain
2.) Charismatic Authority
-people following a leader because
they believe that s/he has
extraordinary personal qualities that
command their obedience
-ex. Mussolini, Hitler, Mao Zedong
3.) Legal-rational Authority
-based upon acceptance of
publicly articulated, society-wide
 rules and regulations issued by duly
authorized public officials
-hold any position according o the
legal procedures
-power could only be legitimate if:
power is exercised according to
established rules, the rules are
justified in terms of the shared beliefs
of the government and the
governed, and legitimacy
demonstrated by the expression of
consent on the part of the governed
(David Bentham)
STATE
Definition:
-a community of persons permanently
occupying a definite portion of a territory,
independent of external control, and
possessing a government to which a great
body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience
Theories on the origin of the State:
1.) The Natural Theory
-man’s urge toward being part of
the community
2.) The Force Theory
-one person or group forced all
people within an area to obey their
rule
-happens through war, where the
strong dominates the weak
3.) The Divine Theory
-God created the state and gave
certain people the “divine right” to
govern the lands
4.) The Divine Right of Kings Theory
-spiritual power was given to certain
people as sovereigns of the state
-absolute power
5.) The Social Contract Theory
-the state is essentially a contract
between the leader and the people
Rights of the State:
1.) Right of Existence and Self-defense
2.) Right of Independence
3.) Right of Equality
4.) Right of Legation/Diplomatic
Relation
Roles of the State:
is -parens patriae: “parents of the country”
-it is the role of the state as a sovereign to
be the guardian of a person under legal
disability (juveniles or the insane)
-the state must care for those who cannot
take care of themselves in terms of health,
welfare, comfort, interstate water rights,
and general economy of the state
What is the distinction?
STATE NATION
a population having
a common
language and
presupposes a literature, tradition
government and a and history, customs,
definite territory and consciousness
of rights and wrongs
inhabiting a territory
of geographic unity
a political or legal
an ethnical concept
concept
where there is a
state, there is at
least one nation
may be made up of
there can be a
one or more nations
nation without there
(poly-national state)
being a state
or
only one nation in
one state (mono-
national state)
Essential Powers of the State:
1.) Police power
2.) Power of Eminent Domain
3.) Power of Taxation
State Principles and Policies: -must be sufficiently adequate to
1.) Recognition of the Aid of Almighty provide for its maintenance
God (preamble) development, and growth
2.) Sovereignty of the People -terrestrial, fluvial, aerial domains
3.) Renunciation of war as an instrument
of national policy Contiguous zone
4.) Supremacy of civilian authority over -12 nautical miles away from the
the military territorial sea
5.) Separation of Church and State
6.) Recognition of the importance of Exclusive Economic zone
family as basic social institution and -200 miles away from the territorial
of the vital role of youth in nation sea
building
7.) Guarantee of human rights PLACE WHY IT’S OURS
8.) Separation of Power Within the 200-
9.) Independence of Judiciary mile Exclusive
10.) Guarantee of local autonomy Scarborough
Economic zone
11.) High sense of public service Shoal
(123 miles west
morality and accountability of Subic Bay)
12.) Nationalization of natural Spratly Within the 200-
resources and certain private Islands/Kalayaan mile Exclusive
enterprises affected by public Group of Islands Economic zone
interest Sultan of Sulu
13.) Non-suability of the state was granted this
14.) Rule of the majority territory as a
15.) Government of laws and not Sabah
prize for helping
men the Sultan of
Brunei

Elements of State: 3.) Sovereignty

1.) People
-must be sufficient in number,
capable of maintaining its existence
permanently
-small enough to be ruled, big
enough to be self-sufficient
-requires the presence of both sexes
-no fixed number required
2.) Territory
-includes the land over which the
state exercises control
-also includes the rivers and lakes
therein, certain areas of the sea
which borders on its coast and the
air space above them
-a mass of land where people can
permanently reside
-no specific area is required
-supreme power of the state to
command and enforce obedience
from its people as well as to have
freedom from foreign control
-could be manifested internally
through its freedom to rule within its
territory, externally through its
freedom to carry out its activities
without control by other states
4.) Government
GOVERNMENT
Definition:
-system of offices that oversee and guide
the interactions of individuals in a political
system
-successfully upholding a claim to exercise -government by occupation
the exclusive regulation of the legitimate
use of force in enforcing its rules within a -the elevation from De Facto to De Jure will
territorial area depend on the recognition of the
-agency or instrumentality which international community
formulates, expresses, and realizes the will
of the people
Types of Government (according to who
rules and who participates):
Why government? 1.) Autocracy
-human life in the state of nature is nasty, -rule by one
brutish, and short (Thomas Hobbes) -power to govern is held by one
-to create order person
-to protect life -generally the power to rule is
-to defend property rights inherited or by military force
-to enforce contracts
TYPES MEANING
leader takes control
What is the distinction? over the government
GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION STATE and has total power
few admit they are
cannot exist dictators and almost
agency without a Dictatorship
group of people always claim to be
which government, leaders of
who run the
formulates, but it is democracy
system of the
expresses, possible to ex. Kim Jong II (North
government for
and realizes have a Korea)
a given period
the will of the government usually headed by a
of time
people without a king, queen,
state emperor, empress,
tsar
exercising the
Purpose and Necessity of Government: Absolute supreme power of
-to exist for the benefit of the people Monarchy government
-without government, there would be no power is usually
one to administer the affairs of society for inherited and
the common good (chaos will prevail; bye absolute
bye to freedom, justice, truth, and equality) ex. King Louis XIV
(France, 1700s)
the king/queen is
Kinds of Government (according to limited by law and
legitimacy): Constitutional shares power with
1.) De Jure Monarchy elected officials
-established by authority of the ex. present day
legitimate sovereign England
2.) De Facto
-established in defiance of the 2.) Oligarchy
legitimate sovereign -government of the privileged few
-government by revolution -when a family or small group of
-government by secession people holds the power to govern
 -the power is derived from wealth, President)
military power, social status,
education, or some combination of Democratic Republic
these -often, a nation calling itself a
-ex. India, Russia, Great Britain, democratic republic is neither of the
China, USA two, but a dictatorship
-communist dictatorships have been
TYPES MEANING especially prone to use this term
Power is derived -ex. the Democratic Republic of
from virtue, age, Vietnam, the People’s Republic of
Aristocracy experience, China, the Democratic People’s
wisdom, or Republic of Korea
education
Rule by religious
leaders Systems of Government (according to how
Theocracy
ex. the Vatican, power is distributed):
Afghanistan, Iran 1.) Unitary
Power is -all decisions and power held at
consolidated a central level
Military Junta
under military -power is not shared between
force states, counties, or provinces
-ex. China, France, Japan
3.) Democracy 2.) Federal
-rule by the people -decisions and power split
-people hold the govern to rule between national and state (or
-sovereign power is vested to the province) governments
people -power is shared by a powerful
central government
METHODS MEANING -states of provinces are given
power of considerable self rule, usually
government is through their own legislatures
controlled directly -ex. USA, Mexico, Germany,
Direct by the people; Canada, Australia, Brazil
pure or absolute 3.) Confederation
everyone votes -vast majority of political power
on every issue rests with the local governments;
people elect the central government has very
representatives little power
who then make -local governments have a great
decisions for them deal of freedom to act as they
parliamentary wish, but this freedom often leads
(voters elect to conflicts between states and
members to a the federal government
Representative -ex. Confederate States of
parliament-
legislature) America (1861-1865)
presidential
(voters elect
legislators and
directly/indirectly
elect the
Commonwealth of Nations: from the people people’s
-an organization of 53 independent states representatives
made up most of former colonies that were merely states the provides the details
part of the British Empire general framework of the subject of
-headed by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, of the law which it treats
however this position is not a hereditary one intended not merely
intended primarily to
-16 nations is The Commonwealth share to meet existing
meet existing
Queen Elizabeth II as their Head of State, conditions but to
conditions only
although each of these nations are govern the future
governed separately supreme or conforms to
-Commonwealth Realms include Australia, fundamental law constitution
United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea, etc.
Genesis of Philippine Constitutions:
1.) 1987 Constitution
-Philippines’ first constitution
CONSTITUTION -also called the Biak na Bato
Definition: Constitution
-part of a country’s sovereignty -written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix
-fundamental and supreme law of the land Ferrer
-basis of all other laws in the land -created in accordance with the
-serves as a guide to the government in establishment of the Biak na Bato
making decisions republic
-lasted only until Gen. Aguinaldo
and Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera
Kinds of Constitutions (according to origin signed the Pact of Biak na Bato
and history): -almost the same as the Cuban
1.) Conventional or Enacted Constitution of Jimaguayu
-ex. Constitution of Japan, 1889 2.) Malolos Constitution
enacted/granted by the Monarch & -written by Felipe Calderon
Philippine Constitution -ratification and proclamation held
2.) Cumulative or Evolved at the Barasoain Church in Malolos
-ex. English Constitution -created in accordance with the
establishment of the First Philippine
Kinds of Constitutions (according to form): Republic, 1899
1.) Written -lasted until the Philippine-American
-ex. Philippine Constitution war
2.) Unwritten 3.) 1935 Constitution
-English Constitution -written by Claro M. Recto
-created in accordance with the
Kinds of Constitutions (according to manner establishment of the Commonwealth
of amending): Republic
1.) Rigid or inelastic -Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934
-ex. Philippine Constitution caused the drafting of the 1935
2.) Flexible or elastic Constitution
-had to be approved by Pres.
Franklin Roosevelt
What is the distinction? -ratification included women for the
CONSTITUTION STATUTE first time
legislation direct legislation from the
 -effectivity was halted during the -pushed for the restoration of the
Japanese occupation presidential government and
-was continued in 1946 until 1972 protection of human rights
4.) 1943 Constitution
-drafted by the Phil Committee Phil CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS CONSTI
Independence longer term, but without reelection for
-created in accordance with the president
establishment of the Second abolition of capital punishment
Philippine Republic, or Puppet party list representation and creation of
Republic Sandigang Bayan
-main purposes were to make creation of the Human Rights
Filipinos believe that they will be Commission (or CHR)
given independence, and to allow controlled power of president in
the Japanese to have more declaring Martial Law
influence over Philippine territory and
resources
-lasted until the end of the Japanese Different Kinds of Laws made by the
Occupation, 1945 Government:
5.) 1973 Constitution 1.) National Laws
-created in accordance with the -implemented throughout the
declaration of Martial Law and the country
New Society -drafted by the congress
-ratification was done through -also known as Republic Acts
citizens’ assembly -ex. Tax Laws, Local Government
-main purpose before Martial Law Code
was to reflect genuine Philippine
independence and sovereignty
OTHER LAWS IMPLEMENTED
-main purposes after Martial Law
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY
were to change the present
government to parliamentary form, International Laws
and to give Marcos more power and Laws coming from the President
postpone the incoming 1973 (Executive Orders)
elections Laws administered by the Supreme
-lasted until the People Power Court
Revolution, 1986
6.) Freedom Constitution 2.) Ordinances
-promulgated on March 25, 1986 -passed by local government bodies
-created in accordance with the in cities, municipalities, towns,
establishment of the Revolutionary provinces, etc.
Government of 1896 -implemented in LGUs because they
-only parts about human rights were are important to the communities
retained from the previous -ex. change in street names, curfew
constitution 3.) Barangay Orders
-served as a temporary/transitional -passed in Sangguniang Barangay
constitution -implemented in barangays
7.) 1987 Constitution -usually related to cleanliness,
-ratified February 2, 1987 peace, and order
-formulated by the Constitutional
Commission (ConCom) led by
Cecilia Munoz Palma
 -ex. prohibiting establishment of bars,
collection of garbage, curfew
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
NATIONAL LAWS AND INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES/AGREEMENTS
ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUANCES TO
IMPLEMENT NATIONAL LAWS
ORDINANCES BY LGUs
Charter Change:
AMENDMENT REVISION
to change some
writing or substantial
parts of the
changing in the
constitution; piece-
constitution
meal change
Methods for Proposing Amendment or
Revision (Sections 1 & 2):
1.) By constituent assembly
-by congress
-upon a vote of ¾ of all its members
voting separately
2.) By constitutional convention
-called for the purpose
-2/3 vote of Congress calling for
plebiscite for a call for constitutional
convention (pagbobotohan muna
kung gagawa ng ConCon)
-ConCon is a body assembled to
frame, revise, or formulate
amendments
-members are elected by the voters
3.) By the people directly
-through initiative
-petition of at least 12% of the total
registered voters and at least 3% of
every legislative district therein
-applied only to amendments or
simple changes only
GLOBALIZATION
Definition:
-a term used to describe the changes in
societies and the world economy that are
the result of dramatically increased trade
and cultural exchange
-in specifically economic contexts, it refers
almost exclusively to the effects of trade,
particularly trade liberalization or free trade
Globalization can mean:
1.) The formation of a global village
-closer contact between different
parts of the world
-increasing possibilities of personal
exchange, mutual understanding
and friendship between “world
citizens”
2.) Economic globalization
-free trade
-increasing relations among
members of an industry in different
parts of the world (globalization
industry)
-corresponding erosion of National
Sovereignty in the economic sphere
Signs of Globalization:
1.) Increase in international trade at a
faster rate than the growth in the
world economy
2.) Increase in international flow of
capital including foreign direct
investment
3.) Greater transborder data flow using
technologies
-mas madali nang makipag-
usap/magconnect sa ibang tao,
regardless of location
4.) Greater international cultural
exchange
-ex. export of Hollywood and
Bollywood movies
5.) Even terrorism has undergone
globalization
6.) Spreading of multiculturalism
 -better individual access to cultural growth of debt and
diversity, and some reduction in debt crises
diversity
-assimilation, hybridization,
Westernization, Americanization, or Globalization in the Philippines:
Sinosization (Chinese) of cultures -has been taking part in globalization ever
7.) Erosion of National Sovereignty and since the country signed agreements with
national borders through the World Trade Organization in 1995
international agreements -very effective in the Philippines
-formation of organizations such as -has allowed major changes such as more
the WTO and OPEC labor, and more Filipino and foreign
8.) Greater international travel and companies have emerged in the nation in
tourism order to help the country’s developing
9.) Greater immigration, including illegal economy
immigration
10.) Development of global ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
telecommunications infrastructure Peaceful relations
11.) Development of a global (most countries have Health issues
financial systems trade relations with (more health risks
12.) Increase in the share of the each other in order and new threats
world economy controlled by to boost economy, and challenges for
multinational corporations leaving behind bitter epidemics,
13.) Increased role of international past experiences if especially in the
organizations that deal with any) (ayan, kung transport of food
international transactions mga bansa nga ‘di items from country
14.) Increase in the number of bitter, edi kaya mo to country) (ex.
standard applied globally rin! dawn of HIV/AIDS)
-ex. copyright laws #notoampalaya2k17)
Employment
(one of the most Loss of culture
Views on Globalization: crucial advantages; (people may adapt
ANTI PRO numerous to the culture of the
promotion of employment resident country,
free trade leads to a
corporatist agenda, opportunities- follow the foreign
more efficient
which is intent on companies are culture more, forget
allocation of
constricting the moving towards the their own roots; this
resources, with all
freedoms of developing countries may give rise to
those involved in the
individuals in the to acquire labor cultural conflicts)
trade benefitting
name of profit force)
increasing Education
autonomy and (with numerous Uneven Wealth
strength of educational Distribution
corporate entities leads to lower institutions around the (rich are getting
increasingly shape prices, more globe, one can richer, poor are
the political policy of employment, and move out from the getting poorer;
nation-states better allocation of home country for poverty is not
imposes credit- resources better opportunities reduced)
based economics, elsewhere)
resulting in Product Quality Environment
unsustainable (product quality has Degradation
 been enhanced to (industries are using at a comparatively
retain the customers) natural resources lower cost)
by means of Travel and Tourism
mining, drilling; (international trade
burden on the helps in increasing
environment) the number of
Disparity tourists)
(structural External borrowing
unemployment (opportunity for
owes to the corporate, national,
Cheaper prices created disparity; and sub-national
(globalization has developed borrowers to have
brought in fierce countries are better access to
market competition) moving their external finance)
factories to foreign
countries where
labor is cheaply Other terms to remember:
available)  backdoor entry to politics/congress
Communication Conflicts -when people make party lists for the
(every single (has given rise to sake of wanting to run for congress
information is easily terrorism and other  political party
accessible; the forms of violence; -group of people who share
internet has loss of human life common visions and goals
significantly affected and economic  party list
the global economy) resources) -representatives of the marginalized
Transportation (wheel sectors
of every business  public servants
organization; today -“alipin ng bayan”
once can  rightsizing
conveniently deliver -formerly called “rationalization of
the products to a the government”
customer located at -pagbabawas ng employees with
Cut-throat
any part of the world) duplicated positions
competition
GDP increase (Gross  Nepotism
(affects the local
Domestic Product is -practice among those with power
markets
the money value of or influence of favoring relatives or
dramatically; local
goods and service friends, by giving them jobs
markets shrink and
produced within the  political dynasty
suffer huge losses
domestic territory of -a family in which several members
as they lack the
the country during an are involved in politics
potential to
accounting year)  bicameral
advertise or export
Free trade (a policy -legislature that consists of two
their products in a
that does not levy houses
large scale)
taxes, duties,  unicameral
subsidies, or quota on -legislature that consists of only one
the import/export of house
goods from other
countries; allows
consumers to buy
goods and services
Extra readings that may help:
 10 Point Prescription on Effective
Leadership by Niccolo Machiavelli
 The 48 Laws of Power by Robert
Green

Waaah, lodi!! You have officially reached

the end of this reviewer- congrats! Good
luck sa prelims <3
Prepared by: Danica Sarabia