Trial Lecture of Pakistan Affairs

Lecture by: WAQAS KHAN

Why a joint project of Pak Affairs and
Current Affairs?
 Overlapping course outline
 Two subjects in a single go
 An efficient way to save your precious time
 You can’t separate Pak Affairs from the current part as
both are interrelated in many ways
 Smart study
 One must not follow a bookish approach to engulf these
subjects. This is a common ground between both
 Guest speaker sessions
 Addition of components of PA and CA in various
subjects
Myths of Pakistan Affairs and Current
Affairs?

 Pakistan affairs and current affairs are low scoring

subjects in competitive exams
Why are we incapable to score in Pak
Aff and current aff?
 Unawareness
 Bookish approach
 Lack of research
 Lack of references i.e Quotes, examples, personalities,
documentaries, facts and figures
 No use of jargons and terminologies that fulfill the need
of the paper i.e political science terminologies for pak
aff and use I.R terminologies
What is Pakistan Affairs all about?

 History
 Revolutions and Evolution
 Study of constitution
 Political affairs
 Economic affairs
 Social issues
 Foreign policy
 Relations of Pakistan with its neighbors and major countries
 Role of Pakistan in international organizations
 Changing regional apparatus and Pakistan’s role in it
 Regional and International security and threats to Pakistan
Historical part consists of:

 Ideology of Pakistan
 Historical perspectives of ideology of Pakistan
 Downfall of muslims
 Reformists movements
 Educational movements
 Political struggle of muslims in the subcontinent
 Pakistan movement
 Evolution of Democratic system in Pakistan
 Civil military relations and military interventions
What should be approach to
understand the any ideology?

 One must be well acquainted with the past experiences

of any nation in order to understand its ideology.
How is an ideology developed?

 Terrible experiences of the past.

 A dissatisfied strata or a group emerges that require
changes/alteration in ongoing political, economic or
social setup.
 Ex: Pakistan movement, American revolution, French
revolution, Russian revolution
This is the only reason that I am going
to enlighten you on the historical
background of the formation of
Pakistan before discussing the ideology
in order to make sure you get a good
grip over this subject
Historical perspective of ideology of
Pakistan: Imp questions to think about?
 How did the downfall of muslims of the subcontinent take
place?

 Why did the British come here?

 How did the Hindus progress while the muslims were

oppressed for long?

 How did the revival of muslims take place?

Why did the British come?

 Indian was known as “The Golden Bird” in Europe due to

raw materials and agricultural products

 Race of imperialism

 India’s contribution to the global economy in 1500 AD

was somewhere around 24.5%. That was equal to all of
Europe's share
Downfall of muslim rule in the
subcontinent:
Causes:
 Incapable successors of Aurangzeb
 Lack of unity among the rulers of the provinces of
subcontinent
 Rise of Marathas and Sikhs
 Rise of Hindus of Rajputana against the policies of
Aurangzeb
 Backwardness in science and technology
 Absence of Naval power
 Corrupt administration
 Arrival of British East India Company (B.E.A.C)
Arrival of British in Sub-Continent
(1583-1857)
 In 1583, Queen Elizabeth-I ordered a naval expedition
for the purpose of trade with the Subcontinent (took 16
years to reach the subcontinent)
 Negotiations took place with the Mughal Emperors for
the trade of various commodities
 Akbar declined the offer
 In 1605, after the death of Akbar, Jehangir succeeded
Akbar and allowed the British
 Thomas Roe and Capt. William Hawkins secured many
trade facilities for the English by Emperor Jehangir
 In 1614, British established B.E.I.C in Bombay
 Before the arrival of British, they signed pacts with the
native govt ensuring that they will not interfere in the
state affairs (domestic, political, and economic)and will
not make any fort.

 They started making offices throughout the subcontinent

for expansion

 They stated the reason that we have security threats

from freedom fighters so they called their Army

 However, their real motive was to capture the rule of

India
Battle of Plassey (23 June 1757)

 Causes:

 British built Fort William

 Interference of British in state matters

Battle of Plassey (Cont.)

 Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula (35000 warriors) VS Lord Clive of

B.E.I.C (950 warriors)

 Defeat of Nawab owing to treachery of Mir Jaffar

 Mir Jaffar was appointed as a titular King by British and

remained till 1765
Battle of Maysore (1799)
 Tipu Sultan (40000) VS Gen. Harris and Commander Col.
Aurthur Wellsely (35000)
 Tipu Sultan defeated due to treachery of Mir Sadiq
 “Sun will never set on the British Empire now”
 Till 1823, British had occupied 1/3rd part of subcontinent
 The British up rise lead towards the downfall of the
muslim society in every aspect of life i.e political,
religious, economic, and intellectual
 The British attitude towards the Indians resulted in the
war of Independence 1857
Battle of Maysore
Era of 1823 to 1857

 Expansionist policies of British

 Era of oppressive policies
 Rebellious elements of the society paved a way for the
rise of the British
 Hatred of Indian community towards British
 Final blow to the govt of subcontinent
 Rebellion, Mutiny, War of independence1857
 Step towards ideology, legislation, political organization
of Indians
 Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

 Introduction of Enfield Rifle in 1856 with greased

cartridges with cow fat and pig fat

 Refusal of Hindus and Muslim sepoy to use these

cartridges
Political Causes of 1857 war of
independence

 Expansionist policies of British (treachery and bribery)

 Absence of united Indian Army

 Disrespect of Mughals
Economic Causes
 Agrarian policies of British

 Export was in the control of British

 Regular system of taxation

 Indians were reduced to lower grades

 Exclusion of Indians from high posts

Social Causes

 Racial arrogance

 Conversion towards Christianity

 System of education

 Enforcement of alien customs and tradition

Military causes

 Difference of salaries (Lower salaries for Hindus and

extremely low for muslims)

 Religious issues in military (issue of bearded – for muslims

and Sikhs)
Outbreak of 1857 War

 In April 1857, some soldiers at Meerut refused to use the

cartridges soaked in cow and pig fat and were court
martialed

 Remaining soldiers started a rebellious movement

against the British

 This movement soon proliferated to the other parts of

the subcontinent
Causes of Failure

 Capable leadership was missing

 Lack of planned and unified effort

 No support from the superior/educated class of Indians

 Strong British military

 Diplomatic skills of British

Aftermaths of the War

 Socio-economic backwardness

 Confiscation of property

 Company rule was changed to crown rule in 1858

Thank you for listening patiently

Q&A