INTRODUCTION TO SOUND &

TV BROADCASTING.

Presented By
Lasantha Samaranayake.
 What is a TV System
 Conversion of Light Energy into
Electrical Energy
 Transmission & Reception of the
Electrical Energy
 Conversion of the electrical signal into
an optical image
Picture Elements
 The picture information is optical in character and
may be thought of as an assemblage of a large
number of bright and dark areas representing
picture details.
 These elementary areas are known as picture
elements.
Scanning

 The process of scrutinizing and transmitting

an image element by element is refereed to
as scanning.
 It produces what is known as the scanning
raster.
Scanning Raster
Scanning
 By starting at the upper left corner along line 1
and moving towards the right at a constant speed.
At the end of line 1 a quick return is made to the
left hand side to start the scanning of line 2, again
moving towards the right.
 When all lines have been scanned in this way from
top to bottom, the process is repeated at a constant
speed.
 Constant speed is maintained in line and
frame scanning.
 At the end of each line and each frame
synchronizing signals are inserted to mark
the start of each line and each frame.
TV Line Scanning
Scanning Lines
 Scanning
 Progressive scanning

 Interlace Scanning
Progressive Scanning
Progressive scanning
 Interlaced scanning
 Used for a flicker free reproduction of the picture.
 Lines of the complete raster

Odd field (312.5 lines) Even field (312.5 lines)

1,3,5..etc. 2,4,6 etc..
Duration Tv /2 Duration Tv /2
Interlace scanning
Interlace scanning
First Field
2nd Field
Interlace Scanning
Horizontal scanning

 The linear rise of current in the horizontal

deflection coils.
 Deflects the beam across the screen with a
continuous uniform motion for the trace
from left to right.
Vertical Scanning

 The saw tooth current in the vertical

deflection coils moves the electron beam
from top to bottom of the raster at a uniform
speed while the electron beam is being
deflected horizontally.
 Image Continuity
 Television picture elements of the frame by means of the
scanning process, it is necessary to present the picture to
the eye in such a way that an illusion of continuity is
created and any motion in the scene appears on the
picture tube screen as a smooth and continues change.
 To achieve this persistence of vision is used.
 Persistence of Vision = 1/16 Sec.

 Eye (or the brain rather) can retain the

sensation of an image for a short time even
after the actual image is removed.
 Picture Repetition Frequency.
 24 frames per second (Hz) - for cinema.

 25 frames per second (Hz) - television for 50

Hz AC supply.

 30 frames per second (Hz) - television for 60

Hz AC supply in
North America
and Japan
Aspect Ratio

 Width/Height = 4/3
 Most of the motion occurs in horizontal
frame and so large width desirable
 Eyes can view with more ease and comfort
when width is more.
 Direct TV transmission of film programs
without wastage of any film area.
Aspect Ratio
Trace
 Field frequency - 50Hz
 Frame frequency – 25Hz
 Line frequency – 625 x 25 = 15625 Hz
 Period for a line – 1/15625 Hz = 64s = Th
 T (vertical) - 1/50 = 20 ms = TV
Retrace (Fly back)
 In accordance with CCIR,
 Tfh = 0.18 Th = 11.52 s
 Tfv = 0.08 Tv = 1.6ms

 The number of visible lines

 (1-0.08) 625 = 575
Synchronization
 Synchronism between the scanning process at the
transmitting and receiving ends is maintained by
inserting once during each line and once during
each frame a synchronization signal.
 This is produced by a sync generator and
transmitted during the blanking pulses.
 Sync pulses are injected at the blacker than black
level.
Saw Tooth Wave form
 NUMBER OF LINES

• The quality of the reproduced picture

- determined by the resolution.
• Optimum viewing distance
- Five times the picture height.
• D/H = 5
• Limit angle = 0
• Tan  = (H/L)/D
• Tan 0 = 4 x 10 –4
• L = 2500 / (D/H) = 500
 Luminance bandwidth
 A black and white image only contains white, black and
shades of grey. All these values could be obtained merely
by varying brightness.

 The brightness of light is measured in terms of Luminance.

The word ‘Luminance’ is directly defined by CIE in relation
to human vision. It is represented by the letter Y as far as
video is concerned.
 Luminance Bandwidth is 5MHz
Composite Video Signal (CVS)
CVS Scanned image (SI)
Blanking component (B)
Sync component (S)
 Blanking signal :
 Apply during the horizontal and vertical beam
returns.
 T bh – 0.18 Th
 T bv – 0.08 Tv
Composite Picture Signal

 Mixture of the blanked signal, picture signal

and the sync signal is called composite
picture signal.
Horizontal Blanking
Horizontal Blanking Period
 Divided in to 3 sections
 Front Porch
 Sync Pulse
 Back Porch
Sync Signal
 Used for the synchronization of the
scanning at the transmitter with the line
and field of the picture at the receiver.

 Sync signals drive the deflection systems

at both Tx and Rx ends.

 Sync pulse level is lower than the blanking

level, so called “blacker than black”.
Horizontal Blanking