References

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, (2006), Kurikulum 2004, Standar Isi. Jakarta :

Departemen Pendidikan.
Gail F. Burrill dkk, (1995), Geometry Applications and Counections, Englewood
Cliffs, New York: Glencoe/McGrawHill.
Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Accentuate the Negative, Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Bits and Pieces I, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Covering and Surrounding, Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Kaleidoscopes, Hubcaps, and Mirror (Symetry and
Transformation) , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001), Ruins of Montarek (Spatial Visualitation) , Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Say It with Symbols , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Shapes and Designs, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Suzanne H. Chapin dkk, (1999), Middle Grades Math Tools For Success Course 1,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Suzanne H. Chapin dkk, (1999), Middle Grades Math Tools For Success Course 2,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Suzanne H. Chapin dkk, (1999), Middle Grades Math Tools For Success Course 3,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
William D. Lechensky dkk, (1997), Pre-Algebra An Integrated Transition to Algebra
and Geometry , Englewood Cliffs, New York: Glencoe/McGrawHill.

Student’s Book - References 327

 Symbols

Symbols Meaning
⇔ Equivalent

n Square root of n

− Subtraction sign
% Percent
() Brackets
(x,y) Ordered pair of x, y
[] Square brackets
{} Curly brackets
|x| Absolute value of x
+ Addition sign
< Less than
= Is equal to
> More than
± More or less
×, • Multiplication sign

÷, /, Division sign

≈ approximately
≠ Is not equal to
≤ Less than or equal to
≥ More than or equal to
‰ Per mil
-x Inverse of x

328 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

{ a1, ... , an } List of element of a set
{ x|... } Set builder notation
U Universal set
∅ Empty set
N Set of Natural numbers
W Set of Whole numbers
A=B Set A is equal to Set B
x∈A x is element of set A
x∉A x is not element of set A
A⊂B Set A is subset of B
A⊄B Set A is not subset of B
A∩B Intersection of Set A and B
A∪B Union of Set A and B
A-B The difference of set A and B
A1 or Ac Complement of set A
AB Line AB
AB Segment of AB
AB Ukuran dari AB, panjang sisi AB
AB Ray AB
AB ≅ PQ Segment AB is congruent to segment PQ
Measure of segment AB is equal to the measure of
AB = PQ
segment PQ
∠A≅∠B Angle A is congruent to congruent to angle B
u∠A=u∠B The measure of angle A equals the measure of angle B
m ⁄⁄ n Line m is parallel to line n
m⊥n Line m is perpendicular to line n

Student’s Book - Symbols 329

 Glossary

A
Angle - A figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint.
Arc - A section or portion of the circumference of the circle.
Area - The number of square units needed to cover a surface enclosed
by a geometric figure

B
Base (1) - The bottom of a shape, solid or three dimensional object. The
base is what the object 'rests' on.
Base (2) - The number that is multiplied by itself several times.
Bisect - To divide into two equal parts. The bisector can be the point or the
line that divides the object or shape into two equal or congruent
parts.

C
Centimetre - A measure of length. A metric unit of measurement.
Circumference - The complete distance around a circle.
Chord - The segment which joins two points on a circle.
Coefficient - The numerical factor of a term.
Common Factors - A factor of two or more numbers. A number that will divide
exactly into different numbers.
Complementary Angles - Two angles are complementary if the sum of their
measures is 90°.
Cone - A three dimensional shape with only one vertex, having a circular
base.
Constant - A term that does not contain a variable.
Congruent - Objects and figures that have the same size and shape. The shapes
can be turned into one another with a flip, rotation or turn.
Cylinder - A solid figure whose bases are formed by congruent circles in
parallel planes and whose lateral surface is curved.
330 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7
D
Decimal - A real number on the base ten standard numbering system.
Denominator - The denominator is the bottom number of a fraction. The
denominator is the total number of parts.
Degree - The unit of an angle, angles are measured in degrees shown by
the degree symbol: °
Diagonal - A segment joining two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon.
Diameter - A chord that passes through the centre of a circle. Also the length
of a line that cuts the shape in half.
Difference - The difference is what is found when one number is subtracted
from another. Finding the difference in a number requires the
use of subtraction.
Dividend - The number that is being divided. The number found inside the
bracket.
Divisor - The number that is doing the dividing. The number found outside
of the division bracket.

E
Edge - A line that joins a polygon or the line (edge) where two faces
meet in a 3 dimensional solid.
End Point - The 'point' at which a line or a curve ends.
Equilateral - All sides are equal.
Equation - A statement showing the equality of two expressions usually
separated by left and right signs and joined by an equals sign.
Even Number - A number that can be divided or is divisible by 2.
Evaluate - To calculate the numerical value.
Expressions - Symbols that represent numbers or operations. A way of writing
something that uses numbers and symbols.

F
Face - The flat surface of a three-dimensional figure.
Factor - In an algebraic or numerical expression, the quantities being
multiplied are called factors. Example: 3 and 11 are factors of 33.
Factoring - The process of breaking numbers down into all of their factors.
Figure – Geometrical shapes.
Formula - A rule that describes the relationship of two or more variables.
An equation stating the rule.

Student’s Book - Glossary 331

Fraction - A way of writing numbers that are not whole numbers. The
1
fraction is written like .
2
G
Geometry - The study of lines, angles, shapes and their properties. Geometry
is concerned with physical shapes and the dimensions of the
objects.
Greatest Common Factor - The greatest number that is a factor of two or more
numbers. Example: The greatest common factor of 30, 60, and 15
is 15.

H
Hexagon - A six sided and six angled polygon. Hex means 6.
Hypotenuse - The longest side of a right angled triangle. Always the side that
is opposite of the right angle.

I
Improper Fraction - A fraction that has a numerator that is greater than or equal to
the denominator. Examples: 5 .
2
Inequality - An open sentence that uses the symbol <, ≤, >, or ≥ to compare
two quantities.
Integers - Whole numbers, positive or negative including zero.
Isoceles - A polygon having two sides equal in length.

K
Kilometer - A unit of measure that equals 1000 metres.

L
Like Terms - Terms with the same variable and the same exponents/degrees.
Like Fractions - Fractions having the same denominator.
Line - A straight infinite path joining an infinite number of points. The
path can be infinite in both directions.
Line Segment - A straight path that has a beginning and an end - endpoints.
Linear Equation - An equation in the form Ax + By = C, where A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0,
whose graph is a straight line.
Linear function - A function in which the graph of the solutions forms a line
defined by y = mx + b where m and b are real numbers.
Line of Symmetry - A line that divides a figure or shape into two parts. The two
shape must equal one another.

332 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

M
Midpoint - A point that is exactly half way between two set points.
Mixed Numbers - The indicated sum of a whole number and a fraction.
Monomial - An algebraic expression consisting of a single term.
Multiplication - Multiplication is the repeated addition of the same number.
4x3 is the same as saying 3+3+3+3.

N
Natural Numbers - Regular counting numbers.
Negative Number - A number less than zero.
Numerator - The top number in a fraction. The numerator is the portion of the
denominator.
Number Line - A line in which points all correspond to numbers.
Numeral - A written symbol referring to a number.

O
Obtuse Angle - An angle having a measure greater than 90° and up to 180°.
Obtuse Triangle - A triangle having one obtuse angle.
Octagon - A polygon with 8 sides.
Odd Number - A whole number that is not divisible by 2.
Operation - Refers to either addition, subtraction, multiplication or
division which are called the four operations in mathematics or
arithmetic.

P
Parallelogram - A quadrilateral that has both sets of opposite sides that are
parallel.
Parabola - The graph of a quadratic function.
Pentagon - A five sided polygon. Regular pentagons have five equal sides
and five equal angles.
Percent - A ratio that compares a number to 100. Example: 76 out of 100 is
76 percent or 76%.
Perimeter - The distance around a closed geometric figure. The total distance
around is obtained by adding together the units of measure from
each side.
Perpendicular - When two lines or line segments intersect and form right
angles.

Student’s Book - Glossary 333

Plane - When a set of points joined together form a flat surface, the plan
can extend without end in all directions.
Polynomial - An algebraic term. The sum of 2 or more monomials. Polynomials
include variables and always have one or more terms.
Polygon - Line segments joined together to form a closed figure. Rectangles,
squares, pentagons are all examples of polygons.
Product - The sum obtained when any two or more numbers are multiplied
together.
Proper Fraction - A fraction where the denominator is greater than the
numerator.
Protractor - A semi-circle device used for measuring angles. The edge is
subdivided into degrees.

Q
Quadrant - One quarter (qua) of the plane on the cartesian coordinate system.
The plane is divided into 4 sections; each section is called a
quadrant.
Quadradic Equation - An equation that can be written with one side equal to 0.
Asks you to find the quadratic polynomial that is equal to zero.
Quadrilateral - A four (quad) sided polygon/shape.
Quadruple - To multiply or to be multiplied by 4.
Quotient - The solution to a division problem.

R
Radius - A line segment from the centre of a circle to any point on the
circle. Or the line from the centre of a spere to any point on the
outside edge of the sphere. The radius is the distance from the
centre of a circle/sphere to the outside edge.
Ratio - The relation between to quantities. Ratios can be expressed in
words, fractions, decimals or percents. E.g., the ratio given when
a team wins 4 out of 6 games can be said a 4:6 or four out of six
or 4/6.
Ray - A straight line with one endpoint. The line extends infinitely.
Rectangle - A parallelogram which has four right angles.
Right Angle - An angle that is 90°.
Right Triangle - A triangle having one angle equal to 90°.
Rhombus - A parallelogram with four equal sides, sides are all the same
length.

334 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

S
Scalene Triangle - A triangle with 3 unequal sides.
Sector - An area between an arc and two radii of a circle. Sometimes
referred to as a wedge.
Slope - The slope shows the steepness or incline of a line, determined
from two points on the line.
Subtraction - The operation of finding the difference between two numbers or
quantities. A process of 'taking away'.
Supplementary Angles - Two angles are supplementary if their sum totals 180°.
Symmetry - Two halves which match perfectly.

T
Tangent - When an angle in a right angle is X, the tangent of x is the ratio of
lengths of the side opposite x to the side adjacent to x.
Term - A part of an algebraic equation or a number in a sequence or a
series or a product of real numbers and/or variables.
Tessellation - Congruent plane figures/shapes that cover a plane completely
without overlapping.
Translation - A term used in geometry. Often called a slide. The figure or
shape is moved from each point of the figure/shape in the same
direction and distance.
Transversal - A line that crosses/intersects two or more lines.
Trapezoid - A quadrilateral with exactly two parallel sides.
Triangle - Three sided polygon.

U
Unit - A standard quantity used in measurement. An inch is a unit
of length, a centimetre is a unit of length, a pound is a unit of
weight.
Uniform - All the same. Having the same in size, texture, colour, design
etc.

V
Variable - When a letter is used to represent a number in equations and or
expressions. E.g., in 3x + y, both y and x are the variables.

Student’s Book - Glossary 335

Venn Diagram - A Venn diagram is often two circles (can be other shapes) that
overlap. The overlapping part usually contains information that
is pertinent to the labels on both sides of the Venn diagram. For
instance: one circle could be labeled 'Odd Numbers', the other
circle could be labeled 'Two Digit Numbers' the overlapping
portion must contain numbers that are odd and have two digits.
Thus, the overlapping portions shows the relationship between
the sets. (Can be more than 2 circles.)
Volume - A unit of measure. The amount of cubic units that occupy a space.
A measurement of capacity or volume.
Vertex - A point of intersection where two (or more) rays meet, often
called the corner. Wherever sides or edges meet on polygons or
shapes. The point of a cone, the corners of cubes or squares.
W
Weight - A measure of how heavy something is.
Whole Number - A whole number is a positive integer which has 1 or more units
and can be positive.
X
x - A symbol most often used to represent an unknown quantity in
an equation.

336 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Index

A
Acute 217, 19
Addition 1, 83
Algebraic 219, 223, 225, 231, 234, 217
Altitude 279
Angle 218, 307, 310, 311, 307, 310, 311
Angles 217, 307, 312

B
Base 307

C
Coefficient 307
Constant 307

D
Denominator 308
Diagram 28, 22, 31, 83, 115, 117, 313
Digit 75, 313
Division 1

E
Equation 97, 103, 106, 131, 308, 309, 311
Exponent 25

F
Factor 34, 308, 309
Fraction 32, 33, 35, 36, 54, 56, 36, 32, 309, 311
Fractions 31, 34, 37, 39, 48, 50, 54, 58, 49, 50, 51, 31, 48, 309

Student’s Book
Student’s - Glossary
Book - Indexs 337
I
Integers 309
Intersection 187

K
Kites 267

L
Least Common Multiple 38, 52
Linear 103, 106, 112, 114, 309
Lines 217, 218, 225, 217, 297, 279
Line Segment 309

M
Multiplication 1, 310

N
Natural 44, 310
Notation 75
Number 5, 13, 52, 59, 53, 56, 73, 95, 112, 148, 156, 153, 308, 310, 313
Number Line 310
Numbers 3, 8, 310, 313
Numerator 310

P
Parallelogram 258, 259, 310
Percent 43, 44, 126, 310
Perimeter 259, 276, 153, 288, 310
Perpendicular Bisector 300
Polynomial 311
Price 147, 135

R
Ratio 136, 262, 263, 311
Rhombus 311
Rounding 10

338 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

S
Scale 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 142
Side 22, 24, 31
Square 243
Subtraction 1, 312

T
Terms 2, 7, 32, 48, 75, 63, 84, 98, 103, 106, 112, 120, 136, 152, 140, 147, 160,
198, 172, 187, 167, 175, 208, 218, 251, 261, 280, 297, 309
Trapezoid 271, 273, 272, 271, 243, 312
Triangle 285, 287, 288, 297, 298, 299, 302, 279, 310, 311, 312

U
Union 198, 200, 203, 210, 199, 201, 159

V
Variable 2, 103, 106, 112, 114, 312

Student’s Book - Indexs 339

340 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7