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Introduction
Human activities generate three broad sources of air pollution:
stationary or point, mobile, and indoor. In developing countries such as
India especially in the rural area, indoor air pollution from using open
fires for cooking and heating may be a serious problem. Industries,
power plants etc. are the cause of stationary air pollution. But in urban
areas both developing and developed countries, it is predominantly
vehicular pollution that contributes to overall air quality problem.
The pollution from vehicles are due to discharges like CO, unburned HC,
Pb compounds, NOx, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) mainly
from the tail pipes. The Hindustan times, a leading Indian daily has
conducted a survey and forthcoming results suggests a rise of 8-10 % in
motorized vehicles in the major metropolitan cities of the country which
would cause a large amount of air pollution in India.
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irritation of eyes, various bronchial problems and visibility. Common
health effects due to the different pollutants are shown in table 1.
exacerbating cardiovascular
disease
Personal discomfort.
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lung
[3]
1.3 Emission factors
Two wheelers in India using petrol are mainly of three types: 4-stroke,2-
stroke and without gear. The exhaust emissions from petrol-run vehicles
consist of CO, HC, NOx, SO2, and partial oxides of aldehydes, besides
particulate matters including lead salts. The incomplete combustion of
petrol due to an imbalance in the air-fuel ratio leads to emissions of CO
and HC especially from 2-stroke engines. The NOx, however, are formed
due to high combustion temperature and availability of oxygen and
nitrogen in the combustion chamber, whereas aldehydes result from the
partial oxidation of HC. Table 2 shows the various sources of emissions
in different cases.
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on %
4 2 stroke
stroke
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CHAPTER
2
(1) What are the actual emission of pollutants from 2-wheeler (petrol)
and light 4 wheeler (petrol) vehicles with respect to instantaneous
speed?
(2) What factors (weather, road grade, traffic conditions etc.) contribute
the most to high emission or fuel use?
(4) How we can apply the derived relation to estimate future pollutant
levels.
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CHAPTER 3
Literature Review
A number of studies has been done in this field i.e. speed vs emission of
vehicle. Most of the works were done in the developed Countries in the
past and that has resulted in development of many softwares which
ease the prediction work. Example of such tool is COPERT IV program.
For country like India which has 2nd largest population in the world, such
method and softwares have to be developed for forecast of future
problems and solutions.
Total emission from any pollutant (Etotal) was related as a sum of hot
(Ehot) and cold emissions (Ecold).
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Etotal=(Eurban) + (Erural) + (Ehighway) (2)
Eijl = hjl vjl [ 1+ Bjl(Qijl – 1)] [ k=1.13 ∑ djkl Fhotijkl ] [refer page vii for
abbreviations] (3)
Lan Yue, has done studies on emission of vehicle with respect to the
road grade in mountainous region. He concluded that environment
temperature plays major role in emission.
[8]
CHAPTER 4
Methodology
Basic combustion chemistry equation:
2. Hydrocarbon (HC)
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Traditionally people use chassis dynamometer for getting speed of
vehicle in standing condition. We would be using an alternate approach
to measure speed of vehicle in standing position by measuring the rpm
of the rear wheel (because speedometer is connected to front wheel in 2
wheeler vehicle). Measurement is done by use of non-contact digital
LED tachometer, which measures the rpm of wheel.Setup is shown in
Figure 1.
A.G.A probe was inserted in the tail pipe of the vehicle. We kept a paper
sticker on the rear wheel and tachometer was pointed to that sticker
and started vehicle in standing condition. After giving some throttle,
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vehicle attained a certain speed. Throttle was kept constant at that
time. RPM was measured from the tachometer and emission was noted
down at the same time. For the next reading we increased speed by
giving again more throttle and measurement was done. Limitation to
this method was that we cannot go beyond 45-50 Km/hr. because it was
dangerous to go at such high speed without any aid.
4.3 Calculations
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This is an indirect way of getting speed. After getting the speed vs
emission was plotted and polynomial curve fitting was applied for
curves for different vehicle. Relation was developed between speed and
emission using mathematical application like MS excel.
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CHAPTER 5
For two wheelers, the pollutants graphs were fitted in polynomial curve
and the coefficients were calculated from the MS excel tool.
We have assumed that the each vehicle tested has equal numbers in
the vehicle population for the Indian region. So the coefficient obtained
from the curve for each vehicle is taken as average value of the entire
coefficients.
The analysis for different pollutant is shown in the Appendix at the end
of this report.
5.2 Results
The relations were obtained for CO, CO2, NOx, HC for the two wheeler
for the 1st phase of the project as following:
Carbon monoxide
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Overall Relation between CO(%) by volume vs Speed of the vehicle(2
wheeler) is following:
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon
NOx
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CHAPTER 6
6.1 Conclusion
The above study reviews the relationship between the vehicle speed
and the respective pollutants emission. The results of this work will
enable environmental planners to forecast future emission if the speed
details are available by implementation in the software for India. The
results will enable detailed insight of factors influencing emission and
development of recommendations for improved operation to reduce
emissions. Deeper knowledge of driving characteristics and speed is
essential to means of the estimates for those pollutants(CO) whose
dependence of emission form speed is strongly non linear. Factors such
as Gear change behavior by the driver shows a sudden release of large
amount of pollutant when a gear is change. CO (%) is reduced if gear
not changed while CO2 (%) is increased at the same time showing
complete combustion of some fuel. Powered 2 wheeler emit more HC. It
is to be stressed that all the results in the work are subject to the
uncertainties, As vehicle are intentionally chosen to represent the
variety of fleet with regard to engine size, manufacturer, the results
appear to be fairly representative of the fleet.
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also to be done. With more data we will be able to relate the traffic
characteristics and speed of the vehicle.
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References
2. Trozzi, C., Vaccaro, R., and Crocetti, S., (1996), Speed frequency
distribution in air pollutants emissions estimate form road traffic ,
The science of total environment 189/190 (1996) 181-185.
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APPENDIX
CO vs Speed (Km/hr) plot
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CO2 (%) vs Speed (Km/hr) Plot
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Data tables ( rpm, speed, CO, CO2, NOx ,HC )
Table a.1 (TVS Apache)
speed(km/ CO (% by CO2(% by NOx(pp
RPM hr) volume(1L)) volume(1L) HC(ppm) m)
0 0 0.431 4.05 30 7
33 2.68686 0.597 4.2 33 7
50 4.071 0.504 4.3 34 9
70 5.6994 0.512 4.3 31 10
100 8.142 0.543 4.28 31 10
120 9.7704 0.968 4.27 33 10
130 10.5846 1.24 4.25 44 11
140 11.3988 1.16 4.35 43 10
150 12.213 0.869 4.42 28 10
181 14.73702 0.53 4.29 24 10
225 18.3195 0.442 4.75 52 7
250 20.355 0.606 4.65 40 7
270 21.9834 0.303 4.42 43 5
300 24.426 0.373 4.54 50 7
340 27.6828 0.593 4.64 48 4
350 28.497 0.616 4.7 43 4
370 30.1254 0.544 4.76 39 4
400 32.568 0.376 4.85 33 6
420 34.1964 0.52 4.76 42 7
450 36.639 0.2 5.9 28 21
500 40.71 0.162 5.4 35 21
530 43.1526 0.674 5.07 43 13
540 43.9668 0.798 5.13 43 11
550 44.781 0.817 5.2 40 8
600 48.852 0.721 5.42 36 7
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Table a.2 (TVS Apache)
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Table a.4 (Bajaj Pulsar)
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