WIND ENERGY

Energy Resource
TABLE OF CONTENT
WHAT IS WIND?
WHAT IS WIND ENERGY?
INTRODUCTION TO WIND AS RESOURCE OF ENERGY
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF WIND ENERGY
POWER GENERATION BY WIND ENERGY
WIND TURBINE
WORKING
TYPES OF WIND TURBINE
FEATURES OF WIND TURBINE
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS OF WIND ENERGY
APPLICATIONS
WIND PLANTS IN PAKISTAN
WIND
Wind is the stabilization movement of air between areas
of high and low atmospheric pressure, created by the
uneven heating of the Earth's surfaces: land, water, and
air.
The greater the pressure difference between these areas,
the harder the wind blows. Wind also exists as the
circulation of air around a high or low pressure area.
WIND ENERGY
Wind energy is a form of solar energy. It is clean and
renewable source of energy which is fastest growing in
today world.

Wind energy or wind power describe the process by which

wind used to generate electricity.
INTRODUCTION TO WIND AS A RESOURCE
OF ENERGY
The wind is a clean, free, and readily available renewable energy
source.
Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun,
variations in the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
Wind turbines are capturing the wind’s power and converting it to
electricity.
This source of power generation plays an increasingly important role
in the way we power our world.
The term "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by
which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.
SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY
 All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately
comes from the sun

 The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun

 About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is

about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all
plants on earth

 Differential heating of the earth’s surface

and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal
air currents that are affected by the earth’s
rotation and contours of the land  WIND.
~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
OF WIND ENERGY
 Wind has been used by people
for over 3000 years for grinding
grain and pumping water
 Windmills were an important
part of life for many
communities beginning around
1200 BC.
 Wind was first used for
electricity generation in the late
19th century.
The first recording of a windmill came from a Hindu book dating
back to about 400 B.C.E.
Scientists believe that the first windmills created to do work were
created
In China 2000 years ago. There is no written history of this
however.
The first recorded windmills that were created to do work are
from seventh-century Persia.
The first historical reference to Chinese windmills was in 1219.
This is significant because during this time windmills were used
along the coast of china for wind power.
Evolution from truss (early 1970s) to monopole towers
POWER GENERATION BY WIND ENERGY
Wind is used to produce mechanical power using the kinetic energy
created by air in motion.
This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as
grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this
mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses,
schools, and etc.
Three key factors affect the amount of energy the wind:
o wind speed
o Air density
o Swept area
• Equation for Wind Power
P = 1 /2ρ A V³
 WIND TURBINE
 A wind turbine is a device
that converts kinetic energy
from the wind into
electricity.
 Simply stated, a wind turbine
is the opposite of a fan.
Instead of using electricity to
make wind, like a fan, wind
turbines use wind to make
electricity.
Main parts of a wind turbine:
WORKING
• Wind turbines operate on a simple principle:
 The energy in the wind turns the propeller-like blades around a rotor.
 The pitch of the blades makes optimum use of the wind direction.
 The rotor is connected to the main drive shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity.
 Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy.
 At 30 meters or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less
turbulent wind.
 Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or
they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity
distribution.
TYPES OF WIND TURBINE
• There are two types of wind
turbine:
HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND
TURBINE
 It is the most common type used today
world.
 All of the components (blades, shaft,
generator) are on top of a tall tower.
o Blades face into the wind. The wind hits the
blades of the turbine that are connected to a
shaft causing rotation.
o The shaft is horizontal to the ground. The
shaft has a gear on the end which turns a
generator.
o The generator produces electricity and sends
the electricity into the power grid.
 Vertical axis wind turbine
• In vertical axis turbines
the shaft and blades are
connected to is vertical
to the ground.
All of the main
components are close to
the ground. Also, the
wind turbine itself is
near the ground
unlike horizontal where
everything is on a tower.
FEATURES OF WIND TURBINE
• Automatic orientation The wind turbine is automatically oriented to take
maximum advantage of the kinetic energy of the wind.
• Turning of the blades The wind makes the blades turn, which start to move with
wind speeds of around 3.5 m/s and provide maximum power with a wind speed
11 m/s.
 With very strong winds (25 m/s), the blades are feathered and the wind turbine
slows down in order to prevent excessive voltages.
• Gearbox The rotor (unit of three blades set in the hub) turns a slow axis that is
connected to a gear box that lifts the turning velocity from 13 to 1,500 revolutions
per minute.
• Generation The gearbox transfers its energy through a fast axis that is connected
to the generator, which produces the electricity.
• Evacuation The energy generated runs through the inside of the tower to the
base. From there, the energy runs over an underground line to the substation,
where its voltage is raised in order to inject it into the electrical grid and distribute
it to the points of consumption.
• Monitoring All of the critical functions of the wind turbine are monitored and
supervised from the substation and the control center in order to detect and
resolve any incidents.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
 Wind energy is friendly to the
surrounding environment, as no fossil
fuels are burnt to generate electricity
from wind energy
 Wind turbines requires less space
than average power stations.
 When combined with solar electricity,
this energy source is great for
developed and developing countries
to provide a steady, reliable supply of
electricity.
Disadvantages
 The main disadvantage regarding
wind power is down to the winds
unreliability factor.
 In many areas, the winds strength is
not enough to support a wind
turbine.
 Wind turbines generally produce allot
less electricity than the average fossil
fueled power station, which means
that multiple wind turbines are
needed to make an impact.
APPLICATIONS OF WIND ENERGY
• There are following applications of wind energy which are given
below:
Wind energy is used to run pumps to draw water from the grounds
through wind mills.
Wind energy has also been used to run flourmills to grind the grains
like wheat and corn into flour.
Now-a-days wind energy is being used to generate electricity.
The wind energy is used to propel the sailboats in river and seas to
transport men and materials from one place to another.
WIND MILLS IN PAKISTAN
There are some term necessary to understand before going to study about wind mills.
• Wind farm development
There are some important matters which must be matter before
wind power plant consideration:
oUnderstand your wind resource
oEvaluate distance from existing transmission lines
oDetermine benefits of and barriers to allowing your land to be
developed
oEstablish access to capital
oIdentify reliable power purchaser or market
oAddress siting and project feasibility considerations
oUnderstand wind energy’s economics
oObtain zoning and permitting expertise
Wind power production
There are two basic term which describe the power production of wind mills:
o Efficiency
o Capacity
 Efficiency
 Efficiency describe the term how much we get useful energy from a renewable source.
 But there is not such machine that give 100 percent result, so wind turbine converts only 30-
40 percent of wind kinetic energy into electricity.
Capacity
 The word capacity defines how much the production of a power plant.
 A wind turbine at a typical wind farm operates 65-80 percent of the time, but usually at less
than full capacity, because the wind speed is not at optimum levels. Therefore, its capacity
factor is 30-35 percent.
A typical life of wind turbine is 20 to 25 years.
List of Wind Power Project Companies obtained Letter of Support (LOS) from AEDB: The
following IPPs acquired LOS from AEDB upon submission of Performance Guarantees;
Location of land
Sr. # Company Name Date of Issuance of LOS Project Capacity (MW)

Jhimpir
1 FFC Energy Ltd. 1st December 2010 49.5

Jhimpir
2 Zorlu Enerji Pakistan Ltd 9th February 2009 56.4

Gharo
3 Foundation Wind Energy -I Ltd. (formerly: Beacon Energy Ltd.) 12th May 2012 50

Gharo
4 Foundation Winnd Energy -II Pvt. Ltd (Formerly: Green Power (Pvt) Ltd) 12th May 2012 50

jhimpir
5 Three Gorges First Wind Farm Pakistan Ltd (Formerly : CWE) 30th December 2011 49.5

jhimpir
6 Sapphire Wind Power Company (Pvt) Ltd 27th September 2012 52.8

Jhimpir
07 Metro Power Co. (Pvt) Ltd, 9th August 2012 50

Gharo
08 Gul Ahmed Wind Power Ltd 9th August 2012 50

jhimpir
09 Sachal Energy Development Pvt Ltd 20th March 2013 50

jhimpir
10 Yunus Energy Ltd (Formerly: Lucky Energy Ltd) 24th October 2012 50

Gharo
11 Tenaga Generasi Ltd. 4th September 2012 49.5

Gharo
12 Master Wind Energy (Pvt.) Ltd 8th August 2012 52.8
 Gharo
12 Master Wind Energy (Pvt.) Ltd 8th August 2012 52.8

Gharo
13 Zephyr Power (Pvt.) Ltd 12th August 2016 50

gharo
14 Hydrochina Dawood Power Ltd. (Formerly: WIN Power Ltd) 25th June 2011 49.5

jhimpir
15 UEP Wind Power Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd 5th March 2014 99

jhimpir
16 Act Wind (Pvt.) Ltd 22nd May 2014 30

jhimpir
17 Jhampir Wind Power (Pvt.) Limited 23rd December 2014 50

jhimpir
18 Hawa Energy (Pvt.) Ltd 19th November 2014 49.5

jhimpir
19 Hartford Alternative Energy (Pvt.) Ltd 9th May 2016 49.3

jhimpir
20 Three Gorges Second Wind Farm Pakistan Ltd 1st August 2016 49.5

jhimpir
21 Three Gorges Third Wind Farm Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd 1st August 2016 49.5

jhimpir
22 Tricon Boston Consulting Corporation Pvt. Limited - A 8th November 2016 49.6

jhimpir
23 Tricon Boston Consulting Corporation Pvt. Limited – B 8th November 2016 49.6

jhimpir
24 Tricon Boston Consulting Corporation Pvt. Limited - C 12th August 2016 49.6