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Laboratory Manual
INTRODUCTION
Proteins are the major constituents in every living cell. They have a variety of functions.
They catalyze biochemical reactions, regulate the activity of various organs in the body,
counteract the adverse effects of antigens, transport molecular oxygen, and serve as
structural materials of the muscle, skin and hair.
Chemically, proteins are macromolecules that contain alpha amino-acids as the building
blocks. These amino acids are joined together by the peptide bond, also called peptide
linkages.
A. Amino Acids
All amino acids are carboxylic acids that include an amino (NH2) functional group
attached to C-2 (the alpha carbon) and are thus called –amino acids.
alpha carbon
The structure also includes another group, R, which is variable depending on the amino
acid. For example, when R is H, the amino acid is glycine; when R is CH3, the amino
acid is alanine.
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
Nursing Biochemistry Laboratory (NurBio Lab) 2
Laboratory Manual
H H O H H O H H O H H O
N N N N
R1 R2 R3 R4
The figure above shows a segment of a polypeptide chain formed from -amino acids.
The R’s represent the side chains (variable groups) of the amino acids and the arrows
point out the peptide linkages in the polypeptide chain.
Because the amino acids in all proteins include an amino group, proteins differ from
carbohydrates and fats not only in their functions in the living organism, but also in
elemental composition. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are present
in carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain nitrogen. Because some amino acid R groups
include sulfur, sulfur is present in all proteins that include amino acids cystine, cysteine,
and methionine. Additional elements such as phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, and iodine
also occur in certain complex proteins. These elements are not part of the primary
protein structure but are constituents of non-protein substances combined with proteins.
The peptide bond of proteins is detected by the Biuret test. Compounds containing two
or more peptide linkages give a characteristic purple color with dilute copper sulfate
solution in alkaline medium. This is due to the coordination of the cupric ions with the
lone pairs of the amide nitrogen and oxygen of water.
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
Nursing Biochemistry Laboratory (NurBio Lab) 3
Laboratory Manual
H H
O
O C H H C O
N N
R ++ R
Cu
O O
N N
R CH H H CH R
O
H H
Specific amino acids, whether in the combined form in proteins or in the free state, give
specific color reactions which are used to detect their presence.
The phenolic group in the amino acid tyrosine is detected by the Millon’s test. A white
precipitate is formed which becomes red on heating. The red color is due to the mercury
salt of the nitrated tyrosine.
Aromatic rings in the amino acids such as those of phenylalanine and tyrosine are
readily nitrated. This is the basis of the Xanthoproteic test. A yellow color is produced
which turns orange upon the addition of a base.
When sulfur-containing amino acids are boiled with an alkali, the sulfhydryl or disulfide
groups are converted to an inorganic sulfide, Na2S. This reacts with lead acetate to form
a black precipitate of PbS. Cysteine and cystines in the free state and in proteins give a
positive result to the sulfur test.
The indole ring of tryptophan condenses with glyoxalic acid in the presence of sulfuric
acid to form a violet-colored complex. This is the basis of the Hopkins-Cole test.
Ninhydrin test is used to detect the presence of the amino group in alpha amino acids.
When amino acids are heated with ninhydrin (triketohydrindenehydrate), ammonia,
carbon dioxide and aldehyde are produced. The NH3 liberated combines with one mole
of the reduced ninhydrin and one mole of the oxidized ninhydrin to form Ruhemann’s
purple:
O O O
OH
several steps
+R CHCOOH N
OH NH2
O O O
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
Nursing Biochemistry Laboratory (NurBio Lab) 4
Laboratory Manual
APPARATUS/MATERIALS CHEMICALS/REAGENTS
Borrow: Request:
Bunsen burner 30 mL 1% albumin
Iron ring 25 mL 1% casein
Iron stand 20 mL 1% gelatin
15 mL 1% phenol
Bring: 12 mL 10% sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Marbles 12 mL Hopkins-Cole reagent
8 mL Millon’s reagent
8 mL concentrated ammonium hydroxide,
NH4OH
8 mL concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4
5 mL 1% peptone
5 mL 1% glycine
4 mL 1% copper (II) sulfate, CuSO4
4 mL 5% lead (II) acetate, Pb(CH3COO)2
2 mL 0.1% ninhydrin solution
2 mL 0.2% albumin solution
1 mL ammonia water
1 mL 0.2% urea
1 mL 0.2% glycine
8 mL concentrated nitric acid, HNO3
0.5 g urea
0.5 g gelatin
0.5 g peptone
PROCEDURE
A. Biuret Reaction
2. Place a pinch of urea in a dry test tube. Heat the test tube over a low flame until
the urea melts (DO NOT CHAR!) and a gas is evolved. Note the odor of the gas
produced. Cool, dissolve the contents in 20 drops of distilled water, and add 5
drops 10% NaOH and 3 drops 1% CuSO4. Compare the results with number 1 of
this test.
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
Nursing Biochemistry Laboratory (NurBio Lab) 5
Laboratory Manual
B. Millon’s Test
1. Into 3 separate test tubes place 20 drops each of the following: 1% albumin, 1%
gelatin, and 1% casein. Add 6 drops of Millon’s reagent to each test tube. Shake
and boil in water bath to the appearance of a red color. Record your observation.
C. Xanthoproteic Test
2. Repeat the test with 10 drops of 1% phenol solution. Compare result with
number 1 of this test.
2. Repeat the test with a pinch of solid gelatin, and peptone in separate test tubes.
Compare results with number 1 of this test.
E. Hopkins-Cole Reaction
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
Nursing Biochemistry Laboratory (NurBio Lab) 6
Laboratory Manual
F. Ninhydrin Reaction
2. Repeat the test with a. ammonia, b. 0.2% urea, and c. 0.2% glycine instead of
0.2% albumin. Compare the results.
QUESTIONS
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
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Laboratory Manual
Data
1% Casein
1% Glycine
1% Peptone
Urea (s)
1% Phenol
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
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Laboratory Manual
1% Gelatin
1% Phenol
Peptone (s)
1% casein
1% gelatin
0.2% Urea
02%
Glycine
Natural Sciences Department, College of Science and Information Technology, Ateneo de Zamboanga
University, Zamboanga City, Philippines.