NOTES

1. Continuity Equation (Ryan’s Sloppy Derivation)

 dm= inner mass + boundary mass
=ρd V+ ρ ⃗l⋅d ⃗S
⇒m =∰ ρd V +∯ ρ ⃗l⋅d ⃗S
CV CS
dm d
= ∰ ρd V +∯ ρ ⃗l⋅d ⃗S
⇒
dt dt C V ( CS )
d
⇒ 0 = ∰ ρd V +∯ ρ ⃗l ⋅d ⃗S
dt CV( CS ) (mass can’t be generated nor destroyed)
d
= ∰ ρd V +∯ ρ ⃗l ⋅d ⃗S
dt ( CV ) CS
d d
= ∰ ρd V + ∯ ρ ⃗l⋅d ⃗S
dt CV dt CS
d dρ ⃗ ⃗ d ⃗l ⃗ d ( d ⃗S )
= ∰
dt CV
ρd V +∯
CS dt
l⋅d S +∯ ρ
CS
( )dt
⋅d S +∯ ρ ⃗l⋅
CS dt ( )
d d ⃗l ⃗
= ∰ ρd V +0+∯ ρ
dt CV CS dt
⋅d S +0 ( ) (
⃗l is basically 0)
d
= ∰ ρd V +∯ ρ V⃗⋅d ⃗S
dt CV CS
d ⃗ ( ρ V⃗ ) d V
=∰ ρd V +∰ ∇⋅
C V dt CV
d ⃗ ( ρ V⃗ ) ] d V
= ∰ [ ρ+ ∇⋅
dt CV
d ⃗ ( ρ V⃗ ) ] d V
= ∰ [ ρ+ ∇⋅
dt CV
EXERCISES
2. (Example 2.1) The subsonic compressible flow over a cosine-shaped (wavy) wall is illustrated in Figure 2.17. The wavelength and amplitude of
the wall are l and h , respectively, as shown in Figure 2.17. The streamlines exhibit the same qualitative shape as the wall, but with
diminishing amplitude as distance above the wall increases. Finally, as y →∞ , the streamline becomes straight. Along this straight line, the
freestream velocity and Mach number are V∞ and M∞ , respectively. The velocity field in Cartesian coordinates is given by
2πβ y
u=V ∞
{1+
h 2π
β l
cos
[ ( )] }
2 πx −
l
e l

and
2 πβ y
2π 2 πx −
v=−V ∞ h sin
l l
e ( ) l

where
β≡√ 1−Μ
∞2
m
l=1 .0 m , h=0. 01 m, V ∞ =240
Consider the particular flow that exists for the case where s , and M ∞=0.7 . Also, consider a fluid element of
x y 1
, = ,1
fixed mass moving along a streamline in the flow field. The fluid element passes through the point l l 4 . At this point, calculate the
( )( )
time rate of change of the volume of the fluid element, per unit volume.

1 D( δ V ) ⃗ ⃗
=∇⋅V
 δ V Dt

= ∂ ⃗i + ∂ ⃗j+ ∂ ⃗k ⋅( u ⃗i +v ⃗j +w ⃗k )
(
∂x ∂ y ∂z )
2 πβ y 2 πβ y
= ∂ ⃗i + ∂ ⃗j+ ∂ ⃗k ⋅ V ∞ 1+
(
∂x ∂y ∂z
h 2π
β l )cos
( {
2 πx −
l
e
[ ( )] l
}
⃗i −V ∞ h 2 π sin 2 πx e
l l
−
( ) l ⃗j+0 ⃗k
)
2 πβ y 2 πβ y
= ∂ V ∞ 1+
∂x {
h 2π
β l
cos
2 πx −
l
e
[ ( )] } l
− ∂ V ∞h
∂y
2π
l
sin
2 πx −
l ( )
e l

2 πx

=V ∞
h 2π
e
−
2 πβ y
l
[ ( )] ( )
∂ cos
l
∂
2 πx
l
−V ∞ h
2π 2 πx
( ) ∂ − 2 πβ y
sin
∂e
−
2 πβ y
l (
∂−
2 πβ y
l )
β l 2 πx ∂x l l ∂y
∂ ( ) l ( l )
2 πβ y 2πβ y
h 2π −
[−sin( 2 πxl )]( 2lπ )−V h 2lπ sin ( 2 πxl ) e (− 2 πβl )
−
l l
=V ∞ e ∞
β l
2 2 π √ 1−0. 7 2 y
2π 1 −
=V ∞ h ( )( )
l
β− e
β
l
sin ( 2 πxl )
 1

( )
= 240
m
s
( 0.01m )
2π
( )(
1m
2
√ 1−0.72− 1
√1−0 .7 2 ) e
2 π 1−0.7 2∗1
− √
1
sin ( )
2π
1
4

1
¿−0. 732
s
3. (Example 2.2) Consider an incompressible flow, laminar boundary layer growing along the surface of a flat plate, with chord length c, as in
Figure 2.23. for an incompressible, laminar, flat plate boundary layer, the boundary-layer thickness δ at the trailing edge of the plate is
δ 5
=
c √ Rec
and the skin friction drag coefficient for the plate is
D' 1 .328
Cf ≡ =
q∞ c ( 1 ) √ Rec
where the Reynolds number is based on chord length
ρ∞|V ∞|c
Rec =
μ∞
Let us assume that the velocity profile through the boundary layer is given by a power-law variation
n
y
u=V ∞ ()
δ
Calculate the value of n, consistent with the information given above.
 Power

4. (Problem 2.1) Consider a body of arbitrary shape. If the pressure distribution over the surface of the body is constant, prove that the resultant
pressure force on the body is zero.
d F⃗ surface =−Pd { ⃗S ⇒ ⃗F surface=−∯ Pd { ⃗S ¿=−∰ ∇⃗ Pd { V ¿=−∰ 0dV =0¿
 Approach I: CS CV CV

d F⃗ surface =−Pd { ⃗S ⇒ ⃗F surface =−∯ Pd { ⃗S ¿=−P∯ d ⃗S =−P⋅0=0 ¿

 Approach II: CS CS
5. (Problem 2.2) Consider an airfoil in a wind tunnel (i.e. a wing that spans the entire test section). Prove that the lift per unit span can be obtained
from the pressure distributions on the top and bottom walls of the wind tunnel (i e., from the pressure distributions on the walls above and below
the airfoil.)
∂
∂t
∰ ρd V +∯ ρ V⃗⋅d ⃗S=0
 Continuity Equation: CV CS

⇒ ∂ ∰ ρd V =0
 Assume Steady State
∂t C V
∯ ρ V⃗⋅d ⃗S =0
 Summary: CS
∂ V⃗ ρdV + ( ρ V⃗ ⋅d ⃗S ) V⃗ = ⃗f dV − Pd { ⃗S + F⃗ ¿
∂t
∰ ∯ ∰ ∯ viscous
 Momentum Equation: CV CS CV CS

⇒ ∂ ∰ V⃗ ρd V=0
 Assume Steady State
∂t C V
 Assume there’s no other source of friction but for lift
⇒ F⃗ viscous=
⇒∰ ⃗f d V =0
 Assume no body force CV

∯ ( ρ V⃗⋅d ⃗S ) V⃗ =−∯ Pd { ⃗S ¿
 Summary: CS CS
