Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A quadratic equation has the form of: ax2 + bx + c = 0 and general has two values of x
that satisfy, which are called roots, and are often written as x1 and x2. At least there
are three methods of finding roots of a quadratic equation as shown below .
Find roots of quadratic equation: x2 + x – 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 2) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
which gives the roots of either x = -3 or x = 2
x2 + x = 6
(x + ½)2 - ¼ = 6
25
(x + ½)2 =
4
5
(x + ½) = ±
2
1 5
x= − ±
2 2
1 5 1 5
either x1 = − + = 2 or x2 = − − = −3
2 2 2 2
ax2 + bx = -c
b c
x2 + x= −
a a
2 2
b b c
x + − 2 =−
2a 4a a
2
b b 2 − 4ac
x + =
2a 4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a 4a 2
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
x1 = or x2 =
2a 2a
Applying this formula to the quadratic equation x2 + x – 6 = 0 we obtain:
a= 1, b = 1 and c = -6
−1 ± 12 − 4.1.( −6) −1 ± 5
x1,2 = =
2.1 2
either x1 = - 3 or x2 = 2
Exercise 1:
Find roots of each quadratic equation below.
1) 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
2) 2x2 – 9x – 9 = 0
3) 6x2 + 5x + 1 = 0
4) 20x2 + 41x + 20 = 0
5) 9x2 – 30x + 25 = 0
6) 49x2 + 28x + 4 = 0
7) x2 – 2x = 0
8) x2 – 4 = 0
9) x2 + x – 1 = 0
10) 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
11) x2 – x – 1 = 0
12) -3x2 – 6x – 2 = 0
2.2 Discriminant
Examples:
1. Of the quadratic equation 25x2 – 30x + 9 = 0, find :
a. Discriminant
b. Its roots
Answer:
a. D = (-30)2 – 4.25.9 = 900 – 900 = 0 , ( D=0)
− 30 3
b. x= − =
2( 25 ) 5
2. Of the quadratic equation x2 + x – 11 = 0, find:
a. Discriminant
b. Its roots
Answer:
a. D = 12 – 4(1)(-11) = 45, (D>0)
−1 ± 45 1 3
b. x= =− ± 5
2 2 2
1 3 1 3
x1 = − + 5 or x 2 = − − 5
2 2 2 2
3. Of the quadratic equation x2 + 2x + 2 = 0, find:
a. Discriminant
b. Its roots
Answer:
a. D = 22 – 4(1)(2) = -4, (D<0)
b.
−2 ± −4 − 2 ± 4.( −1) − 2 ± 2 −1
x= = = = −1 ± −1 (because −1
2 2 2
imaginary number, then roots equation x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 are imaginary.
Exercise 2:
Of each quadratic equation below, find: a) discriminant and its roots
1. 36x2 + 60x + 25 = 0
2. x2 – 8x + 16 = 0
3. 4x2 – 24x + 36 = 0
4. 9x2 + 6x + 1 = 0
5. x2 – 2x – 5 = 0
6. 3x2 + 2x – 3
7. x2 – x – 5 = 0
8. 2x2 + 6x + 1 = 0
9. x2 – 4x + 8 = 0
10. 2x2 – 2x + 3 = 0
11. 3x2 + 4x + 2 = 0
12. x2 + 2x + 4 = 0
x + x2 − 23 2
c).
1
x1
+
1
x2
=
1
= 5 =−
x1 .x2 3 5
2. If x1 and x2 are roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + x – 3 =
0, then find the values of:
a). x12 + x22
b). x13 + x23
x1 x 2
c). +
x2 x1
1 1
d). 3
+ 3
x1 x 2
e). x12 x 2 + x1 x 22
Answer:
a). x12 + x22 = (x1 + x2)2 – 2x1.x2
= (-1/2)2 – 2(-3/2)
=¼+3
=3¼
b). x13 + x23 = (x1 + x2)3 – 3x12x2 – 3x1x22
= (x1 + x2)3 – 3 x1x2 (x1 + x2)
= (-1/2)3 – 3(-3/2)(-1/2)
= -1/8 – 9/4
= -19/4
x1 x 2 ( x12 + x 22 )
c). + =
x2 x1 x1 .x 2
( x1 + x 2 ) 2 − 2 x1 .x 2
=
x1 .x 2
( −1 / 2) 2 − 2(−3 / 2)
=
−3 / 2
= -3/2 (¼ +3)
2 13 13
= − =−
3 4 6
1 1
d). 3
+ 3 =
x1 x 2
2.4 Determining Quadratic Equations Of Given Roots
If x1 and x2 are roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
b c
x1 + x2 = − or b = -a(x1 + x2) and x1.x2 = or c = a.x1.x2 so that the quadratic
a a
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be written as :
ax2 – a(x1 + x2)x + ax1.x2 = 0 or x2 – (x1 + x2)x + x1.x2 = 0
Examples:
1. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are -3 + √5 and -3
- √5
Answer:
x2 – (x1 + x2)x + x1.x2 = 0
x1 + x2 = (-3 + √5) + (-3 - √5) = -6
x1.x2 = (-3 + √5)(-3 - √5)
= 9 + 3√5 - 3√5 – 5
=4
2
x – (-6)x + 4 = 0
x2 + 6x + 4 = 0
2. If x1 and x2 are roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 3x – 4
1 1
= 0, then find the quadratic equation whose roots are and .
x1 x2
Answer:
x1 + x2 = -b/a = -3/2
x1.x2 = c/a = -2
1 1
If = α and = β then the quadratic equation whose roots α and β are x2 –
x1 x2
(α+β)x + α.β = 0
1 1
(α+β) = +
x1 x2
x1 + x 2
=
x1 .x 2
−3/ 2 3
= =
−2 4
1 1 1
α.β = . =
x1 x 2 x1 .x 2
1
=
−2
1 1
So. The quadratic equation whose roots and are:
x1 x2
3 1
x2 - x- = 0 or 4x2 – 3x – 2 = 0
4 2
3. If x1 and x2 are roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 + 2x – 5
= 0, then find quadratic equation whose roots are 2x1 + 1 and 2x2 + 1.
2.5 The Quadratic Function and Plotting its Graph
If ax + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation, then the function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is
2
Axis of symmetry
for a<0
Examples:
1. Plot the graph of:
a. y = x2 – 2x – 8
b. y = 10x – x2
c. y = x2 – 6x + 9
d. y = x2 + x + 1
Answer: (a) y=x2- 2x – 8
b D − 2 ( −2) 2 − 4.1.( −8)
(i) Vertex P( − , )= P
− 2.1 ,
= P(1,-9)
2a − 4a − 4.1
b − ( −2 )
(ii) Axis of symmetry x = − = = −1
2a 2 .1
(iii) Intersects y axis at the point (0,c) that is the point (0,-8)
(iv)Intersects x axis (if y = 0)
x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
(x – 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4 or x = -2
Parabola intersects x axis at two different points, that is point (4,0) and (-2,0)
Y x=1
y=x2 – 2x – 8
-2 0 1 4 X
0 10 X
x=5
2.6 Finding Quadratic Function Formula From The Graph
1. If graph of the quadratic function (the parabola) has the given extreme
P(xp,yp), then the quadratic function formula is: f(x) = a(x – xp)2 + yp, also means,
the equation of the parabola is y = a(x – xp)2 + yp, since:
2
b b2
Y = ax + bx + c = a x + −
2
+c
2a 4a
2
b b 2 − 4ac
= a x + + = a( x − x p ) 2 + y p
2a − 4a
The point a can be determined when another point is given.
2. If the parabola is as bellow that is intersects x axis at the point (x1,0) and
(x2,0) the equation of the parabola is y = a(x – x1)(x – x2)
Y Y
x1 x2 X x1 x2 X
Examples:
1. Find equation of each parabola below:
a) Y b) Y
12
4
0 1 X -2 0 3 X
-3
Answer:
a) y = a(x – xp)2 + yp
y = a(x – 1)2 + (-3)
(0,4) → 4 = a(0 – 1)2 – 3
4=a–3
a=7
So: y = 7(x – 1)2 – 3 or y = 7x2 – 14x + 4
y = a(x – (-2))(x – 3)
(0,12) → 12 = a(0 + 2)(0 – 3)
12 = -6a
a = -2
So: y = -2(x + 2)(x – 3) or y = -2x2 + 2x + 12
2. Graph of quadratic function passes through the points (1,-4), (-1,0) and
(2,-3). Find of equation quadratic function it.
Answer:
y = ax2 + bx + c
(1,-4) → -4 = a(1)2 + b(1) + c
a + b + c = -4 .................. (1)
2
(-1,0) → 0 = a(-1) + b(-1) + c
a–b+c=0 .................. (2)
2
(2,-3) → -3 = a(2) + b(2) + c
4a + 2b + c = -3 .................. (3)
By substitution method:
(2) → c = -a + b
(1) → a + b – a + b = -4
2b = -4
b = -2
(3) → 4a + (-4) –a + (-2) = -3
3a = 3
a=1
c = -1 + (-2)
c = -3
So: y = (1)x2 + (-2)x + (-3) or y = x2 – 2x – 3
2.7 Aplications of Quadratic Functions
Examples: