Real Ana Solved

FACEBOOK GROUP-HIGHER MATHS DISCUSSION
BY Dr. A.P. SINGH

SOLUTIONS TO QUESTIONS POSTED ON FACEBOOK
FROM 30th August to 9th December, 2017
REAL ANALYSIS
POSTED ON 30th August
1. Which of the following function is/are uniformly
continuous on prescribed domain?
(a) sin 1x on (0,1]
∞)
(b) sin(sin (sinx)) on (0,∞
(c) e on ℝ
x
(d) sin(x sin x) on ℝ

Solution : Correct Answer is (b)
1
(a) sin
x
on (0,1] is not uniformly continuous because
1
lim sin
x→0 x
doesnot exist.
∞) is uniformly
(b) sin(sin (sinx)) on (0,∞
continuous because composition of three
uniformly continuous functions is uniformly
continuous.
(c) e x on ℝ is not uniformly continuous because
graph of e x →∞ faster than as x→
→∞
1
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(d) sin(x sin x) on ℝ is not uniformly continuous

because if sin(x sin x) is uniformly continuous
than for given ε >0 ∃ δ>0 such that
ε
|sin(xsinx)-sin(ysiny)|<ε
δ
Whenever |x-y|<δ
π; y=2nπ
Take x=2nπ π+ 2n1π
π-2nπ
|x-y|=|2nπ π- 2n1π |= 2n1π <δ
δ (n large)
π)-sin   2nπ + 2n1π  sin 2nπ + 2n1π  
πsin(2nπ
|sin(2nπ
=|0- sin  2nπ + 2n1π  sin 2n1π  
=| sin 2nπ sin 2n1π + 2n1π sin 2n1π  a sin 1 as n→
→∞
This will make contradiction if ε<sin1
POSTED on 31st August, 2017

2. Suppose f is a continuous real-valued function. Let
1
I = ∫ f ( x ).x 2 dx then it is necessarily true that I equals?
0
f (1) f (0)
(a) 3
−
3
2
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
f (c)
(b) 3
for some c ∈[0,1]
1
(c) f   − f (0)
3
(d) f (c) ; for some c ∈[0,1]
Solution: Correct Answer is (b)

By second mean value theorem
Let f and g be defined on[a,b] with f continuous
g ≥0; and g integrable. Then there is a point
c ε (a,b) such that
b b
∫ f ( x).g ( x)dx = f (c)∫ g ( x)dx

a a
Take f(x)=f(x); g(x)=x2

[a,b]=[0,1]
You will get your answer
POSTED on 1st September, 2017

3. Which of the sequence of functions <fn> are
uniformly convergent on the prescribed domain?
(a) <fn(x)>=<xn> on [0,1)
(b) <fn(x)>=<nx.e-nx> on (0,∞
∞)
3
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(c) <fn(x)>=< sin nx
n
> on ℝ
Solution: Correct Answer is (c)
(a) <fn(x)>=<xn> on [0,1)
f ( x ) = lim f n ( x ) = 0 x ε [0,1)
n→∞
1 is the limit of [0,1)

If <fn(x)> is uniformly continuous on[0,1)
Then nlim lim f n ( x ) = lim lim f n ( x )
→∞ x→c x→c n→∞
At c=1; 0=1. This is not possible

So not uniformly convergent.
(b) <fn(x)>=<nx.e-nx> on (0,∞ ∞)
f(x)= nlim→∞
f n ( x)
− nx
= lim nxe =0
n→∞
By Mn?test
Mn= x∈sup f n ( x) − f ( x)
( 0,∞ )
1
− nx 1 − n.
Mn= x∈sup nxe − 0 ≥ n. e n
(0,∞ ) n
1
=e
1
Mn ≥
e
4
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
→∞; Mn→0 Not uniformlyconvergent.

As n→
(c) <fn(x)>=< sin nx
n
> on ℝ
f(x)= lim sin nnx = 0
n→∞
By Mn?test
sin nx 1
sup −0 ≤
M n= x∈R n n
By Sandwich Theorem;
sin nx 1
0 ≤ sup −0 ≤
x∈R n n
Mn→0 as n→ →0
So < sin nx
n
> uniformly convergent on ℝ
POSTED on 2nd September, 2017

4. Let f: ℝ→ℝ b e a function satisfying
|f(x)-f(y)| ≤ k|x-y|, for x,y ε ℝ. where k is a positive
real constant. Then
(a) f is differentiable
(b) f is constant function
(c) f is Monotonic
(d) None of above
Solution: Correct Answer is (d)
5
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Take f(x)=|x|, clearly ||x|-|y||≤|x-y| for x,y ε ℝ

But |x| is not differentiable at x=0
not a constant function and not monotonic on ℝ.
POSTED ON 4th September,2017

5. Which of the following subsets of ℝ2 are compact
(a) X1 = { (x,y) ε ℝ2 ; 1 ≤ x2 + y2 < 2}
(b) X2 = { (x,y) ε ℝ2 ; x2 + y2 = 1 and xy ≠ 0}
(c) X3 = { (x,y) ε ℝ2 ; |x| + |y| < 1}
(d) X4 = { (x,y) ε ℝ2 ; x2 + y2 ≤ 1} ∩ (ℤ
ℤ×ℤ)
(a) X1 = { (x,y) ε ℝ2;1≤x2 + y2 < 2 } ;
X1 is not closed implies not compact.
(b) X2 = { (x,y) εℝ2 | x2 + y2 = 1 and xy ≠ 0}
Clearly (0,1),(1,0),(0,-1) and (-1,0) are limit
points of X2 but does not belongs to X2
(c) X3 = { (x,y) εℝ2 ; |x| + |y| < 1}
Clearly X3 is not closed implies not compact.
(d) X4 = {(x,y)ε εℝ2 ; x2 + y2 ≤ 1} ≤∩ ∩ (ℤℤ×ℤℤ)
X4 = {(1,0), (0,1), (-1,0), (0,-1), (0,0)}
6
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
X4 is finite subset of ℝ2 implies X4 is compact.

6. Which of the following subsets of ℝ are connected
(a) A = sin 1x | x ∈ ( 0,1) 
(b) B = {| x | | x ∈ ( −1,1)}∩ {e x | x ∈ R }
(c) C = sin 1x | x ∈ ( 0,1)  ∩ Q
 1 
(d) D =  x sin
 x
| x ∈ ( 0 ,1) 

Solution:Correct answer (a),(b),(d)

(a) sin 1x | x ∈ (0,1)
A=[-1,1], clearly A is connected subset of ℝ, as A
is interval.
(b) B = {| x | | x ∈ ( − 1,1)} ∩ {e x
| x ∈ R}
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
B is singleton set. So B is connected.
(c) C = sin 1x | x ∈ ( 0,1)  ∩ Q
C = [ − 1,1] ∩ Q is not connected.
(d) D =  x sin 1x | x ∈ ( 0,1) 
f : ( 0 ,1) → R
f ( x ) = x sin
1
is
continuous on (0,1)
x
D=f((0,1))
D is connected as continuous image of
connected set is connected.

7. Which of the following is/are countable?
(a) sin x | x ∈ ( 0 ,1) 
1
(b) { tan − 1 x | x ∈ Z }
(c) { ( x , y ) ∈ R | | x | + | y |= 1, x , y ∈ R }
2
(d) { ( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3 such that x + y ∈ z ; x, y ∈ z }

Solution: Correct answer is (b)
(a) sin 1x | x ∈ (0,1) = [−1,1]
Clearly uncountable
(b) B={tan-1x | xε
ε ℤ}
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
F:ℤ→B
F(x) =tan-1 x is bijection
So B is countable
εℝ2 ||x|+|y| = 1, x,yε
(c) C={(x,y)ε εℝ}
C is uncountable, it is clear from graph
Y
(0,1)
X X
(−1,0) (1,0)
(0,−1)
(d) D={(x,y,z)εεℝ3 | x+yεεℤ; x,y εℤ}

Clearly z can be any real number
So D is uncountable.
POSTED ON 7 th September, 2017
8. The radius of convergence of the power series
∞
en n
∑n =1 n3
x is
1
(a) e (b) e (c) 0 (d) Infinity
Solution:Correct answer is (a)
9
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
1 a
= sup lim n +1
R n→∞ a
n
e n +1
( n + 1) 3
= sup lim
n→∞ en
n3
3
e n +1  n 
= lim n .  =e
n→∞ e
 n +1
1
R=
e
POSTED ON 8 th September, 2017

9. Let < f n ( x ) > = < sin n x > is a sequence of real
valued functions on 0, 32π  Then which of the
following is correct?
(a) < f (x) > convergent uniformly on 0, 2 
3π
n
(b) < f (x) > convergent pointwise on 0, 2  but not
3π
n
uniformly
(c) < f (x) > is not pointwise convergent on 0, 2 
3π
n
(d) < f (x) > is uniformly convergent on 0, 2 

π
n
Solution:
 3π  3π
< f n ( x ) > = < sin n x > on  0, 2  at x = 2
< f n ( x ) > = < ( − 1) n >
10
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
3π
is not pointwise convergent at x =
fn ( x)
2
, so
(a),(b) is incorrect and (c) is correct.
For option (d): < f ( x ) > = < sin x > on 0, π2 
n
n
  π 
0 if x ∈  0, 
  2
lim f n ( x ) = f ( x ) 
n→∞
1 π
 if x=
2
 π
Each fn(x) is continuous on 0, 2  ;
But f(x) is discontinuous therefore < f n ( x) > is not
uniformly convergent on 0, π2 

10. Let d1 and d2 be two metric spaces on ℝ. defined
1 x≠ y
by d1 ( x, y ) = 
0 x= y
d 2 ( x, y ) = x − y
and let f : ( R , d ) → ( R , d ) be
1 2
defined by f(x)=x and g : ( R , d 2 ) → ( R , d 1 ) be

defined as g(x) = x . Then which of the following is
correct?
(a) f and g both are continuous
(b) f is continuous but g is discontinuous
(c) f is discontinuous and g is continuous
(d) f and g both are discontinuous
11
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH

f:(R, d1 )→(R, d2 ) defined by f(x)=x is continuous
because for any open subset X of (R, d2 )
f -1 ( X ) is open in (R, d1 ) Because every subset
of discrete metric space is open. Inverse image of
every open set is open set. f is continuous
g:(R, d2 )→(R, d1 ) defined by g(x)=x is
discontinuous because inverse image of open set is
not open as [0,1) is open in (R, d1 )
But g-1 ([0,1))= [0,1) is not open in (R, d2 ) , so g
is discontinuous.
POSTED ON 11th September

11.Let <an> be a sequence of real numbers and let E
denote the set of limit points of <an>. Then E can
be
(a) (0,1) (b) R (c) [0,1] (d) Q
Solution: If E is set of limit pointsof sequence <an>,
then E is closed.
So (a) & (d) are ruled out.
For option (b);
Clearly rational are countable so we can arrange
them in the form of sequence {q1,q2,q3,NN}
12
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Now make a sequence
<an>=< q1 ,q1 ,q2 , q2, q3 ,.. >
Clearly each rational is limit point of <an> implies
that
⊆E
Q⊆
Q⊆ E=E
R⊆E
R⊆E
So (b) is correct.
For (c)
As rational in [0,1] are countable so we can arrange
them in the form of sequence.
{q1 ,q2 ,q3 ,NN} qi ε [0,1]∩ ∩Q; iε
εℕ
Make new sequence <an>
<an>=< q1 ,q1 ,q2 , q2, q3 ,.. >
Clearly each rational number in [0,1] is limit point
of <an>
That implies
Q ∩ [ 0 ,1] ⊆ E
⇒ Q ∩ [0,1] ⊆ E = E
[ 0 ,1] ⊆ E
Clearly any real number x ε R\[0,1] is not limit

point of <an>
E=[0,1]
13
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
And therefore (c) is correct

12. Let f : X → Y is bijection where X,Y are subsets of
R. Then which of the following is correct?
(a) If f is continuous then f inverse is also
continuous.
(b) If f is continuous then f inverse may not be
continuous.
(c) If f is differentiable then f inverse is also
differentiable.
(d) If f is differentiable then f inverse may not be
differentiable.
Solution:Correct Answer is (b),(d)
if f is continuous then f inverse may not be
continuous
Example; f :[0,1] ∪[1,2] →[0,4] defined by f(x)=x2
clearly f is bijection & continuous as
but f -1 is not continuous as
f -1 : [0,4]→
→(-1,0]∪
∪[1,2]
-1
f ([0,4]) is not connected but [0,4] is connected
image of connected set is not connected so f -1is not
continuous
14
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(d) Clearly in above example f is differentiable but
f -1 is not continuous implies f -1 is not differentiable
So if f : X → Y is bijection & differentiable than f -1
may not be differentiable

13.Let f :[a, b] → R be a function of bounded variation.
Then which of the following is/are necessarily
correct?
(a) f is Riemann Integrable in [a,b]
(b) f is continuous in [a,b]
(c) f has atmost countable many discontinuities in
[a,b]
(d) if f satisfies intermediate value property then f is
continuous on [a,b]
Solution:Correct Answer is (a),(c),(d)
Result: Every function of bounded variation can be
written as difference of two monotonic increasing
function, so f(x) has atmost countable many
discontinuities because monotonic function has
countability many discontinuities
Result: If f(x) has countable many discontinuities

then f(x) is Riemann Integrable on [a,b] .
15
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
For Example: A function of bounded variation may
not be continuous.
2 x ∈[0,2]
f ( x) = 
5 x ∈ (2,3]
Is of bounded variation but not continuous.
Easy to verify

14. Which of the following series is/are convergent?
∞
1
(a) ∑ n (log
n=2 e n) p
, p >1
∞
1
(b) ∑ n log
n=3 e n (log e log e n ) p
, p ≥1
∞
1
(c) ∑
n = 2 [log e (log e n )]
n
∞
1
(d) ∑
n = 3 n log e (log e n )
Solution:Correct Answer (a), (c)

For option (a);
∞
1
∑ n (log
n=2 n) p
p >1
e
use Integral test

∞
1
∫ x (log
2 e x) p
dx
16
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
loge x = t
1
dx = dt
x
∞
1
∫
log e 2 t
p
dx
Convergent by Integral test iff p >1

Clearly p > 1 given
For Option (b)
∞
1
∑ n log p
, p ≥1
n =3 e n (log e log e n )
use Integral test

∞
1
∫ x log
3 e x (log e log e x ) p
dx
Put log e loge x = t
1
dx = dt
x log e x
∞
∫
1
tp
dt , p ≥1
log e log e 3
divergent if p = 1 so ∑ n log ∞
1
(log p
, p ≥1 is divergent
n =3 e n e log e n )
For option (c)

∞
1
∑ (log n
n=2 e (log e n ))
use Root test

1
an =
(log e (log e n )) n
1
1
lim ( a n ) n = n
= 0 <1
(log e (log e n )) n
Convergent by root test. So, option C is correct.

17
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
For Option (d);
∞
1
∑ n log
n =3 e (log e n )
Use Integral test

∞
Easy to check ∑ n log

1
is divergent.
n =3 e (log e n )

15.Let S = { f : R → R | f is differentiable and
f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1and | f ′( x) |< 1 for all x∈R}
T ={ f :[0,1] →R| f is differentiable function such that
f (0) =0, f (1) =1 and | f ′( x ) |≤ 1 for all x ∈[0,1]} Then
(a) S is non empty but finite set.
(b) T is non-empty but finite set
(c) S is empty set but T is non Empty set.
(d) S and T both are empty sets.
Solution:Correct Answer (b), (c)
Let f ( x) ∈ S
Then f ( 0 ) = 0, f (1) = 1 and | f ' ( x ) |< 1
Use Mean-Value Theorem on f ( x) in [0, 1]
f ( x ) − f (0)
= f ' ( c ) , c ∈ ( 0,1)
1− 0
1− 0
= f ' (c )
1− 0
f ' (c ) = 1 but f ' (c ) < 1
18
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Contradiction so S is empty set
Clearly f ( x ) = x belongs to T
So T is non-empty set. And by using mean-value
theorem it is easy to check f ( x ) = x only function
belongs to T so T is finite set.
Therefore (b) and (c) is correct.

16.Let < f (x) > is sequence of real-valued functions on
n
[a,b]. If f n (x) → f (x) Uniformly on [a,b].Then

which of the following is/are correct?
(a) if each f n (x) is continuous then f(x) is also
continuous.
(b) if each f n (x) is discontinuous then f(x) is also
discontinuous
(c) if each f n (x) is continuous then f(x) may be
discontinuous
(d) if each f n (x) is discontinuous then f(x) may be
continuous.
Solution:Correct Answer (a), (d)
For Option (a);
19
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Thm. If < f ( x ) >→ f ( x) uniformly and each
n f n ( x) is
continuous then f ( x ) is also continuous
For option (d);
take < f (x ) > = < [nx] > on [0, 2]
n
[ x]
lim = f ( x) = 0
n→∞ n
Clearly f ( x ) are discontinuous at

n
x = 1, 2
But f ( x ) is continuous on [0, 2].

 x2 y
17. Let 
f ( x, y) =  x4 + y 4
0
( x, y) ≠ (0,0)
( x, y) = (0,0)
. Then which of the

following is correct?
(a) f is continuous at (0,0)
(b) f is differentiable at (0,0)
(c) f and f y exist at (0,0)
x
(d) f and f y not exist at (0,0)

x
Solution:
 x2 y
 ( x, y ) ≠ (0,0)
f ( x, y ) =  x 4 + y 4
 0 ( x, y ) = (0,0)

As we approach (0,0) along y=mx2 ; we get
2 m
lim
( x , y ) → (0,0)
x y
4
x +y
= lim
1+ x m
4
= m which depends upon m
x→0 4
20
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
So, not continuous.
f (0 + h,0) − f (0,0) h 2 .0
lim = lim −0 =0
h →0 h h→ 0 h 4 + 0 4
h
So f (0,0) = 0
x
Similarly f y (0,0) = 0
So f x and f y exist at (0,0)
LINEAR ALGEBRA
3 1 0 0
1. The minimal polynomial of 0


0
3
0
0
3
0
0
is
 
0 0 0 5
(a) (x-3) (b) (x-3)(x-5)
(c) ( x − 3) ( x − 5)
2
(d) ( x − 3) ( x − 5)
3

A is in Jordan Canonical form. Size of largest block
corresponding to eigen value 3 is 2 and
corresponding to eigen value 5 is 1. So minimal
polynomial = (x-5) (x-3)2

2. Let A and B are n×n matrices over R with same
minimal and characteristics polynomial. Then
which of the following is/are correct
21
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(a) If n=2; then A is similar to B
(b) If n=3; then A is similar to B
(c) If n=4; then A is similar to B
(d) If n ≥ 5 ; then A is similar to B
Solution:Correct Answer is (a),(b)
Let A and B are n××n matrices such that minimal
polynomial of A and B are same. Also
characteristics polynomial is same
Result: for n=2,3
A and B are similar iff A and B have same minimal
polynomial and same characteristics polynomial
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 
If n=4; take 0 0 0 
A=
0 0 0 0
, B=
0 0 0 1
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ch(A) = x4, Ch(B) = x4

Min(A) = x2, Min(B) = x2
But A ≁ B as rank (A) ≠ rank (B)
≥ 5 we can find example such that A
Similarly for n≥
and B are not similar.
POSTED ON 21st September

3. Let A be an n×n skew-symmetric matrix over R
(where R is the set of real numbers). Then which of
the following is/are correct?
22
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(a) Det(A)=0 ∀ n
≠0 ∀n
(b) Det(A)≠
(c) Det(A)=0 for some n
(d) Det(A)=0 if n is even
Solution:Correct Anser is (c)
If n is odd then determinant of skew symmetric
matrix is zero.
If n is even then determinant of skew symmetric
may not be zero.
0 1 0 0
− 1 0 0 0 
For example 
0 0 0 1
 
0 0 − 1 0
POSTED ON 22nd September

1 1 1
1 1 1
4. Let A be a matrix A=  
1 1 1
Then which of the following is correct?

(a) A is not diagonalizable.
(b) A is idempotent.
(c) A is nilpotent
(d) Minimal polynomial ≠ Characteristics
polynomial
23
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
1 1 1
Solution: A = 1 1 1
1 1 1
For option (a); Since sum of each row is 3

So 3 is an eigen value of A. Also det (A) is zero
because rank is 1
Algebraic multiplicity of an eigen value 0 is 2.
Also geometric multiplicity is 2.
Algebraic multiplicity of an eigen value 3 is 1.
Also geometric multiplicity is 1.
G.M. = A.M. So A is diagonalizable
So, (a) is incorrect.
For option (b); Clearly A is not an idempotent
because idempotent matrix has only 0 and 1 as
eigen values.
So, A is not idempotent.
For option (c); A is not nilpotent because only eigen
value of nilpotent matrix is zero.
So, (b) and (c) are incorrect.
Characteristic polynomial of A = x2 (x-3)
Minimal polynomial of A = x(x-3)
Clearly Minimal polynomial ≠ Characteristics
polynomial
So, (d) is correct.
24
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
POSTED ON 23rd September
1 + x 2 7 11 
5. Consider the matrix 
3x
8x

2x 4  ; x ∈ R.
17 13
Then

(a) det[A(x)]=0 for some x

≠ 0 for all x
(b) det[A(x)]≠
(c) det[A(x)]=0 for all x
(d) det[A(x)]=0 only for finitely many x
Solution: Correct Answer is (a), (d)
det(A(x)) is a polynomial of degree 3
Det(A(x))=0; for atleast 1 real x and atmost 3 real
values of x So, det(A(x)) = 0 for some x but for
finitely many values of x.
So (a) and (d) are correct

6. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be a linear transformation
defined by T ((x, y, z)) = (x + y − z, x + y + z, y − z)
Let M be its matrix w.r.t standard ordered basis.
Then Determinant of M is.
(a)1 (b) -1 (c)2 (d) -2
25
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
T ((x, y, z)) = ( x + y − z, x + y + z, y − z)
Matrix M w.r.t standard ordered basis
T(1,0,0)=(1,1,0)
T(0,1,0)=(1,1,1)
T(0,0,1)=(-1,1,-1)
1 1 −1 
1 1 1
M=  
0 1 −1
Det(M) = 1(-1-1)-1(-1-0)-1(1-0) = -2+1-1= -2

So (d) is correct.

7. Let T : R 2 → R 3 be a linear transformation
defined by T (x, y) = (x, x + y, y) then the Rank of T is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
T : R2 → R3
T ( x, y) = ( x, x + y, y)
Ker T = {(x, y) ∈ R 2 | T ( x, y) = (0,0,0)}
= {( x, y) ∈ R 2 | ( x, x + y, y) = (0,0,0)}
= {( x, y) ∈ R 2 | x = 0, y = 0}
= {(0,0)}
By Rank-Nullity Theorem
26
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Dim ( R 2 ) = Rank (T ) + Nullity T
2=Rank(T)+0
Rank(T)=2
So (b) is correct Answer

a b 
8. Let A= c d  be 2×2 real matrix with det(A)=2.
If A has no real eigen values then
(a) (a + d)2 < 8 (b) (a + d )2 > 8
(c) (a + d )2 = 8 (d) (a + d )2 < 16
Solution: Correct Answer is (a)&(d)
A= ca db
Given A has no real eigen values
Eigen values of A are roots of equation
x2 − (traceA) x + det ( A) = 0
x2 − (a + d ) x + (ad − bc) = 0
It has no real root if D< 0
(−(a + d ))2 − 4(ad − bc) < 0
(a + d )2 − 4(ad − bc) < 0
(a + d )2 < 4(ad − bc)
(a + d )2 < 4(2) {Det ( A) = 2}
(a + d )2 < 8
(a + d )2 < 8 < 16
27
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
So (a) & (d) are correct.

9. Let A be an n×n real non-zero matrix of rank less
than n. Then
(a) There exist an n×n real non-zero matrix B
such that BA=0
(b) There may not always exist n×n real non-zero
matrix B such that BA=0
(c) There exist an n×n real non-zero matrix B
such that BA=0
(d) If B is such that BA=0 then AB=0
Solution: Correct Answer is (a) & (c)
For(a),(b),(c)
Let A be n×n non-zero matrix of rank less than n
As 0 is eigen value of A so
Characterstics Polynomial of A is of the form
An + αn−1 An−1 + .....+ α1 A = 0
( An−1 + αn−1 An−2 + .....+ α1I ) A = 0
Take B= An−1 + αn−1An−2 + .....+ α1I
⇒BA=0
For option (d)
28
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
0 0
Take A= 1 0 
1 0 
B= 0 0
1 0  0 0 0 0
BA= 0 0 1 0  = 0 0
0 0 1 0  0 0
AB= 1 0  0 0 = 1 0 
Clearly BA=0 ⇏AB=0

10. Let A be a 10×10 matrix with complex entries
such that all its eigenvalues are non-negative real
numbers, and at least one eigenvalue is
positive.Which of the following statements is always
false?
(a) There exists a matrix B such that AB-BA=B
(b) There exists a matrix B such that AB-BA=A
(c) There exists a matrix B such that AB+BA=A
(d) There exists a matrix B such that AB+BA=B
29
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
A is 10×10 matrix and all eigenvalues are non-
negative real numbers, and at least one eigenvalue
is positive.
∴Trace (A)>0 -----(*)
For option (b);
Taking trace both sides of AB-BA=A
Trace(AB-BA)=Trace(A)
Trace(AB)-Trace(BA)=Trace(A)
Trace(AB)-Trace(AB)=Trace(A)
⇒Trace(A)=0
Which contradict (*) so (b) is False.
For option (a); Take B=0 (zero matrix)
Then A.0-0.A=0=B
1
For Option (c) ; Take B= 2 I
1 1 1 1
A I + I .A = A + A = A
2 2 2 2
For option (d): Take B=0(zero matrix)
To show AB+BA=B
A.0+0.A=0+0=B
Clearly (b) is correct Answer.
30
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
11. Let and let A be an n×n matrix with real
n ≥1
entries such that A = 0, for some k ≥ 1 . Let I be the

k
identity n×n matrix. Then

(a) I+A need not be invertible
(b) Det (I+A) can be any non-zero real number
(c) Det (I+A)=1
(d) A is a non-zero matrix
n

Given A = 0, for some k ≥ 1
k
A is nilpotent matrix therefore Eigen values of A

are all zero
For (a),(b),(c)
Eigen values of I+A (IA=AI)
Are 1+0,1+0,1+0,N.1+0
1,1,1N.1
All eigen value are non-zero
So Det(I+A)=1 ≠ 0
For option (d)
As A = 0, for some k ≥ 1
k
k
Therefore m A ( x ) | x
31
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
⇒ m A ( x) = x m 1≤ m ≤ n
⇒ A n = A m . A n−m = 0. A n−m = 0
So An is zero matrix
POSTED ON 2nd October

12. Let S be set of all 3×3 matrices A with integer
entries such that the product AAt is the identity
matrix. Here At denotes the transpose of A.
Then|S|=
(a) 12 (b) 24
(c) 48 (d) 60
A is 3×3 matrix with integer entries
AAt=I
A-1=At
A is orthogonal matrix;
First column has 6 choices
(1,0,0);(0,1,0);(0,0,1)
(-1,0,0);(0,-1,0);(0,0,-1)
Second column has 6 choices
(1,0,0);(0,1,0);(0,0,1)
32
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(-1,0,0);(0,-1,0);(0,0,-1)
But we canVt select column dependent on first
column so (2) choices will be ruled out
Third column has 6 choices
(1,0,0);(0,1,0);(0,0,1)
(-1,0,0);(0,-1,0);(0,0,-1)
But we cant select column dependent of first &
second column so (4)choices will be ruled out so
Total choices 6×4×2=48
POSTED ON 3rd October

13. Let A be a 3×3 matrix with integer entries such
that det(A)=1.What is the maximum possible
number of entries of A that are even?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 8
Solution: Correct answer is (c)
1 0 0
Take A=  0 1 0

0 0 0 

Here, 6 entries are even.

Suppose if possible maximum possible number of
33
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
entries of A that are even are more than 6.
As A is 3×3 matrix; then situation occur of the form
* * 
 
 * *
* * * 

* Represent even entries

If even entries are more than 6 then there is column
or row such that all whose entries are even then
|A| will be even.
So this case is not possible
So maximum number of entries are 6.
POSTED ON 4th October

 π 4π 
14. Let A be the 2×2 matrix  sin


18
4π
− sin 
9 
π 
.
 sin sin 
 9 18 
Then the smallest number n ε ℕ such that An= I is

(a) 3 (b) 9
(c) 18 (d) 27
 π 4π 
 sin − sin 
18 9 
A=
 4π π 
 sin sin 
 9 18 
34
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
  π 4π  4π 
 sin  −  − sin 
 2 9  9 
A=
 sin
4π  π 4π  
cos  − 
 9 2 9  
 4π 4π 
 cos − sin 
9 9
A= 
 4π 4π 
 sin cos 
 9 9 
 cos θ − sin θ 
Result if A =  
 sin θ cos θ 
 cos nθ − sin n θ 
A n =  
 sin nθ cos nθ 
1 0
So A n = 
0

1
4π
iff n. = 2π , 4π
9
4π
iff n. = 2π
9
9
then = not natural
2
4π
⇒ n. = 4π
9
n=9

15. Let A = a

π

π 
1 


Where a is real number. Then, A is
 49 
35
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
invertible
≠222
(a) for all a≠
≠ 1802×49
(b) for all a≠
≠22 or a≠
(c) for all a≠ ≠ 1802×49
(d) for all rational a.
≠0
A is invertible iff Det (A)≠
Suppose Det (A) ≠ 0
Det π
a π 
1 
 ≠0
 
 49 
a
⇒ 49
2
− π ≠0
π2
≠49π
⇒a≠
π2
≠49π
So A is invertible for a≠
⇒ (a),(b),(c) are incorrect
⇒(d) is correct Answer

36
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
16. Let P be a 3×2 matrix, Q be a 2×2 matrix and R be

a 2×3 matrix such that PQR is equal to identity
matrix. Then,
(a) rank of P=2
(b) Q is nonsingular
(c) Both (A) and (B) are true
(d) There are no such matrices P, Q and R
Given PQR is identity matrix
PQR is 3×3 matrix
Rank(PQR)=3
3=Rank(PQR)≤ min{Rank(P);Rank(QR)}≤2
⇒3≤2
Which is contradiction so (d) is correct
POSTED ON 7 th October
17. Let A be n×n non singular matrix such that the
elements of A & A-1 are all integers. Then,
(a) det A must be a positive integer
(b) det A must be a negative integer
37
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(c) det A can be +1 or -1
(d) det A must be +1
Given A is n×n non-singular
A & A-1 has integer entries
⇒Det(A)=Integer
⇒Det(A-1)=Integer
Also Det(AA-1)=1
Det(A) . Det(A-1)=1
It is possible only if Det(A)=1 or -1
18. Let A, B be n×n Symmetric real matrices. Which
of the following statements is/are true?
(a) AB=0 and B invertible implies A=0
(b) A2=0 implies A=0
(c) AB=0 implies BA=0
(d) AC=0 for all singular n×n matrices C implies
A=0
Solution :(a),(b),(c) if n ≥1; (a),(b),(c),(d) if n>1
A,B are n×n symmetric real matrices
38
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(a) AB=0 and B invertible
Post multiply AB=0 by B-1
⇒AB.B-1=0.B-1⇒A=0
(a) is correct
(b) A2=0 ;A is symmetric & Nilpotent every
symmetric matrix is diagonalizable also nilpotent
matrix is diagonalizable if A=0
⇒A=0; (b)is correct
(c) AB=0 ⇒(AB)T=0T
⇒BT AT=0⇒ ⇒BA=0 (BT =B, AT=A)
(c) is correct
(d) AC=0 for all singular n×n matrices if n=1 then
only singular matrix
C is C=0 ; In this Case if we take A=[1], then A may
not be zero always.
If n≥2
1 0 0 ... ..... 0  0 0 ... ..... 0 
   
0 1 0 ...... 0  0 0 ...... 0 
0 0 1 ........ 0  0 0 ........ 0 
C = ; D= 
 .......... .......... ..   .......... .......... .. 
0 0 0 .......... .. 1 0  0 0 0 
   
0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 1
 
AC=0; AD=0
39
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
⇒A(C+D)=AC+AD=0+0=0
⇒AI=0
⇒A=0
19. Let A=(aij) be a 10×10 matrix such that aij=1 for
≠j and aii= α+1, where α>0. Let λ and µ be the
i≠
largest and the smallest eigenvalues of A,
respectively. If λ+µ
µ=24, then α equals?
(a) 7
(b) 10
(c) 24
(d) Given information is not sufficient to find α
Solution :
a +1 1 1 ... ..... 1 
 
1 α +1 1 ...... 1 
1 1 α + 1 ........ 1 
A= 
 ...................... 
 ..................... 
 
1 α + 1
 1 1
40
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
a 0 0 ... ..... 0  1 1 1 ... ..... 1 
   
0 α 0 ...... 0  1 1 1 ...... 1 
0 0 α ........ 0   1 1 1 ........ 1 
A= + 
 .......... .......... ..   .......... .......... .. 
 .......... .......... .   .......... .......... . 
   
0 α  1 1
 0 0 1 1
A=B+C
Eigen Values of A are sum of eigen values of B & C
because BC=CB
Eigen Values of A are α+10,α
α,α α,N..α
α
α+10
Largest eigen value of A=α
α
Smallest eigen Value of A=α
But λ+µµ=24
⇒α+10+α
α=24
α+10=24
⇒2α
α=14
⇒2α
⇒α=7
MODERN ALGEBRA
POSTED ON 11th OCTOBER
41
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
1. Let G be a finite group. Which of the following

statement(s) is/are true?
(a) If Z(G)={e} then G has normal subgroup of
order 2
(b) Any normal subgroup of G of order 2 is
contained in Z(G)
(c) If G is a group of order p3, p-prime then
G/Z(G) is always Abelian.
(d) If G is a group of order pq where p & q are
district primes then either Z(G)={e} or
Z(G)=G
Solution: Correct Answer (b),(c)& (d)
For option (a): Take G=S3
⇒Z(G)={e}
But S3 has no normal subgroup of order 2
For option (b): Let H={e,a} be normal subgroup of G of
order-2
⇒ghg-1ε H ∀ h ε H, g ε G
⇒geg-1 = e ε H & gag-1 ε H ∀g εG
⇒ gag-1 = e or gag-1 = a
42
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
If gag-1 = e⇒
⇒a=e which is not true.
So, gag-1 = a ∀g εG
⇒ga=ag∀g εG
⇒aε
εZ(G)
⇒H={e,a}⊆ ⊆Z(G)
For option (c);
G- group of order p3, p-prime.
If G-Abelian group then Z(G)=G
⇒0(Z(G))=0(G)= p3
 G  0 (G ) p3
⇒ 0  = = 3 =1
 Z (G )  0( Z (G )) p
G
⇒ is abelian group
Z (G )
If G is non-abelian group of order- p3,p-prime

then 0(Z(G))=p
⇒ Z G(G) is group of order p2
⇒ Z G(G) is abelian group (∵
∵ Every group of order
p2,p-prime is abelian)
43
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
For option (d);
G- group of order pq where p & q are distinct
primes
⇒O(Z(G))=1,p,q,pq
If O(Z(G))=p,q
Then O(G/Z(G))=q,p(respectively)
⇒G/Z(G) is cyclic group in each case as p & q
are prime number.
⇒G is abelian group (∵
∵ if G/Z(G) is cyclic⇒
⇒G
is abelian)
⇒G=Z(G)
So, O(Z(G)) cannot be p & q both either
O(Z(G))=1 or pq
⇒Z(G)={e} or Z(G)=G
So options (b),(c)& (d) are correct.

2. Let Sn be Symmetric group, Which of the following
is/are true?
44
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(a) There exist a subgroup H of S5 such that
[S5 : H]=8
(b) There exist a subgroup H of A8 such that
[A8 : H]=2
(c) There exist a subgroup H of A4 such that
[A4 : H]=2
(d) None of these
Solution : Correct Answer is (d)
For option (a);
If there exist a subgroup H of S5 such that
[S5 : H]=8
Then 0(H)=15
Every Group of order 15 is cyclic
⇒H must have an element of order 15
⇒H⊆ ⊆S5 must have an element of order 15 which
is wrong as highest order of an element in S5 is 6.
So option (a) is not true.
For option (b);
If ∃ a subgroup H of A8 such that
[A8 : H]=2
45
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
⇒H is normal subgroup of A8 (Subgroup of

index-2 is normal subgroup)
⇒which is not true as A8 is simple group
So, option (b) is not true
For option(c);
If ∃ a subgroup H of A4 such that
[A4 : H]=2
⇒H is subgroup of A4 of order 6
Which is wrong as we have A4 has no subgroup
of order 6
⇒So, option (c) is not true
So none of these options are not true.

3. Let G=G1×G2×G3 is external direct product of
groups G1,G2,G3 such that G1has an element of
order 6, G2 has an element of order 5, G3 is a group
of order 4.Then which of the following is/are true?
46
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(a) G has a subgroup of order 8 which is
isomorphic to Z8
(b) G has a subgroup of order-10 which is
isomorphic to Z10
(c) G has a subgroup of order-12 which is
isomorphic to Z12
(d) G has a subgroup of order-12 which can
never isomorphic to Z12
Solution :
For option (a); Take G1= Z6 , G2= Z5 , G3= Z2×Z2
⇒ G= Z6 × Z5 × Z2×Z2
If G has a subgroup of order-8 which is isomorphic
to Z8 then G must have an element of order-8 which
is absurd. So option (a) is not correct.
For option (b); Since G3 is group of order-4
By CauchyVs theorem, G3 has an element of order-2
Also Given that G2 has an element of order-5.
⇒( e1 , g2 , g3)εε G1×G2×G3 where
e1 is identity element of G1
g2 is element of G2 of order-5
g3 is element of G3 of order-2
47
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
⇒O( e1 , g2 , g3)=lcm( O(e1) , O(g2), O(g3))

=lcm(1,5,2)=10
⇒G has an element of order-10
⇒H=<( e1 , g2 , g3)> is subgroup of G generated by
element ( e1 , g2 , g3) of order-10
⇒O(H)=10 & H≅ ≅Z10
So option (b) is true.
For option (c) ;
Take G1= Z6 , G2= Z5 , G3= Z2×Z2
⇒ G= Z6 × Z5 × Z2×Z2
If G has a subgroup of order-12 which is
isomorphic to Take Z12 . then G must have an
element of order-12 which is absurd which is not
true.
For option (d);
Take G1= Z6 , G2= Z5 , G3= Z4
⇒ G= Z6 × Z5 × Z4
≅ Z12
G has a subgroup H= Z12 ×{e}×{e}≅
So option (d) is not true.
48
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH

4. Which of the following cannot be class equation of
group?
1 + 1 + 1... + 1 k1 + k 2 + ... + k n
O (G ) = +
(a) = O ( Z (G )) = O (G ) / 2
where k i | O (G ) & k i > 1 for each i
1 + 1 + 1... + 1
(b) O (G ) = 125 = + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25
25 times
1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 8 + 8 + 8 + ... + 8
(c) O (G ) = 120 = +
8 times 14 times
1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 k1 + k 2 + ... + k n
(d) O (G ) = +
k times = O (G ) − k
Such that ki > 1 for each i ; O(kG) is a prime number.
Solution :
For option (a)
1 + 1 + 1 ..... + 1 k 1 + k 2 + .... + k n
O (G ) = + where k i | O (G ) & k i > 1 for each i
If = O ( Z (G )) = O (G ) / 2
⇒O(Z(G))=O(G)/2
⇒O(G/Z(G))=2
⇒O(G/Z(G)) cyclic ⇒ G Abelian
49
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Then the above class equation is not possible
∵ We know G is finite abelian group)
(∵
1 + 1 + 1..... + 1
⇒
O (G ) =
= O ( Z (G ))
For option (b);

1 + 1 + 1..... + 1
if O(G ) = 125 = 25 times + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25
Then O(G/Z(G))=5
G/Z(G) cyclic ⇒ G Abelian
Above class equation cannot possible
For Option (c);
1 + 1 + 1..... + 1 8 + 8 + 8 + 8
O (G ) = 120 = +
8 times 14 times
∵ Every group of order-15 is

O(G/Z(G))=15 (∵
cyclic)
For option (d);
1 + 1 + 1..... + 1 k1 + k 2 + .... + k n
O (G ) = +
k times = O (G ) − k
50
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
⇒O(G/Z(G))= O (G )
k
= Prime No
So all options are correct.
th
POSTED ON 16 OCTOBER
5. Which of the following is/are true?
(a) There exist a one-one homomorphism from
Z4×Z4 to Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2
(b) There exist a onto homomorphism from Z8× Z8
to Z16
(c) If there is non-trivial homomorphism from A4 to
Zm then XmV must be multiple of X3V
(d) There is only trivial homomorphism φ from
Zp(p-prime) to Group G of finite order such that φ
is not 1-1.
Solution: For option (a);
If there exist one-one homorphism from f: Z4×Z4 to
Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2
51
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Using fundamental Theorem on group
homorphism, we get
Z4×Z4 / ker f ≅ subgroup of Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2
Since f is one-one
⇒ ker f ={e}
⇒Z4×Z4 ≅subgroup of Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2------(*)
As Z4×Z4 is abelian group of order-16 which
contains an element of order-4
But Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2 is abelian group of order-32
which does not contain any element of order-4
So its any subgroup of Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2× Z2 doesnot
contain any element of order-4
So equation (*) can not be true
For option (b);
If there exist an onto group homorphism f: Z8× Z8
→ Z16
We know, if f:G→ →GV be group homorphism then
∀a ε G
O(f(a))|O(a)
52
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
So if f: Z8× Z8 → Z16 is onto group homorphism ∀a
ε Z8× Z8 ⇒O(f(a))|O(a)
As Z16 has an element of order-16
(let say)b,
⇒O(b)|O(a) for a ε Z8× Z8
⇒16|O(a) for a ε Z8× Z8
⇒O(a)≥ ≥16
Which is not true as Z8× Z8 does not contain any
element whose order is greater than 16
So, option (b) is not true.
For Option (c);

f: A4 → Zm is non-trival homorphism
⇒Ker f ≠ A4
Using Fundamental Theorem on group
homorphism,
A4 / Ker f ≅subgroup of Zm
Only possibility of kerf are {e} & V4
53
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Case ? I If ker f ={e}
⇒A4/{e}≅
≅ subgroup of Zm
⇒A4 ≅subgroup of Zm which is not possible as A4
is non abelian group and subgroup of Zm is abelian
So ker f can not be {e}
Case II if ker f = V4= klein-4-group
⇒A4/V4 ≅subgroup of Zm
O(A4/V4 )=3, which is cyclic group
⇒ A4/V4 ≅ Z3
It is possible only when Zm has subgroup of order-3
⇒m must be multiple of X3V
So option(c) is true
For option (d) ;
φ: Zp→G(finite order) be group homorphism such
that φ is not 1-1
⇒Ker φ≠ {e}
Using fundamental theorem on group homorphism,
⇒ Zp / Ker φ≅ subgroup of G
54
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Ker φ is normal subgroup of Zp
⇒Ker φ ={e} or Zp
Since φ is not 1-1
Ker φ≠ {e}
Only possible choice for ker φ= Zp
⇒φ is trivial map
So option (d) is true.

6. Which of the following is/are incorrect?
(a) Sylow-2 subgroup of group S3× Z10 is normal.
(b) Sylow-3 subgroup of group S4× Z5 is normal.
(c) Sylow-p subgroup of group G1× G2 is is normal
where G1 , G2 are finite abelian group.
(d) Sylow-3 subgroup of group S4× S3 is normal.
Solution: For option (a);
G= S3× Z10
H1=<(12)>×(5) &
H2=<(13)>×<5>
55
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Both are sylow-2 subgroup of G which is not
unique
⇒Sylow-2-subgroup of G is not normal
(We know Sylow-p-subgroup of G is unique. Iff
sylow-p-subgroup is normal subgroup of G)
For option (b);
G= S4× Z5
H1=<(123)>×(e) &
H2=<(134)>×<e>
unique
⇒Sylow-3-subgroup of G is not normal
So option (b) is not true.
For option (c);
G= G1× G2
Since G1 & G2 both are abelian group
⇒ G= G1× G2 is abelian group
Every subgroup of G is normal subgroup
⇒Sylow-p-subgroup of G is normal subgroup
56
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
So, option (c) is true
For Option (d);
G= S4× S3
H1=H×<(12)> &
H2=H×<(23)>
Where H is subgroup of order-8 in S4
[for e.g H=<(12),(1234)>]
unique
⇒Sylow -3-subgroup of G is not normal subgroup
of G
So option (d) is not true

7. Let G be a finite group such that number of inner
automorphism of G is one then G can never be
(a) Non- Abelian
(b) of prime order
(c) Abelian
(d) None of these
Solution :
57
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
G-finite group such that No. of inner
automorphism=1
⇒O(Inn(G)=1)
We know, G/Z(G)≅ ≅Inn(G)
⇒ O(G/Z(G))=1
⇒O(G)=O(Z(G))
G=Z(G)
⇒ G is Abelian group
⇒ G can never be non-abelian group
So option(a) is correct.

8. Let Sn be symmetric group on n symbols, ( n ≥ 3) &
H={σσ ε Sn : O(σσ)=odd number} be a subset of Sn
then incorrect statement is/are?
(a) H is subgroup of An
(b) H is subgroup of Sn but not a subgroup of An
(c) H ∩ (Sn \ An) is non-empty
(d) H ∩ (Sn \ An) is empty.
58
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Solution: For option(a) & (b)

Take: n=4;
σ ε S4 | O(σ
H={σ σ)=odd number}
σ=(134) εH&τ
τ=(124) εH
σ)=3=O(ττ)
As O(σ
But στ=(134)(124)=(12)(34)
⇒ O(σστ)=2=even numbers
⇒στ∉H
H is not subgroup of S4, Also it is not subgroup of
A4
So, option (a) & (B) are incorrect
For option (c)&(d);
σ ε S4 | O(σ
H={σ σ)=odd number}
If σ ε H then σ is either odd length cycle or
product of disjoint odd length cycle
⇒ σ is even permutation
⇒ H ⊆ An ∀ ( n ≥ 3)
⇒ H ∩ (Sn \ An)=empty set
59
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Where Sn \ An ={σ σ ε Sn but σ∉An}

So, option (c) is incorrect & (d) is correct.

9. Let G1=ℤℤ2×D8 , G2=ℤ ℤ2×Q8 , G3=D16 ,Where D8
=Dihedral group of order 8, Q8 =Quaternion group
of order 8,
D16 = Dihedral group of order 16. Then correct
statement is/are?
(a) G1 is isomorphic to G2 but G1 is not isomorphic
to G3
(b) G2 is isomorphic to G3 but G2 is not
isomorphic to G1
(c) G2 is isomorphic to G1 but G3 is not isomorphic
to G2
(d) G1 ,G2 , G3 all are non-isomorphic non abelian
group of order-16
ℤ2×D8
Given G1=ℤ
ℤ2×Q8
G2=ℤ
60
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
G3=D16
No of elements of order-2 in D16 = 8+1=9
No of elements of order-2 in ℤ2×Q8 =3
No of elements of order-2 in ℤ2×D8 =11
So G1 ≇G2 ≇ G3
∴ for isomorphism, every properties between two
(∴
groups must be same)
So, option (d) is true

10. Let G=ℤℤ×ℤℤ× ℤ and H={(x,y,z)εε G | x,y,z are even
integers} .Then which of the following is/are true?
(a) H is subgroup of G but not normal subgroup of G
≅ ℤ8
(b) H is Normal subgroup of G and G/H≅
≅ ℤ4× ℤ2
(c) H is Normal subgroup of G and G/H≅
≅ ℤ2× ℤ2×
(d) H is Normal subgroup of G and G/H≅
ℤ2
61
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Solution:
G=ℤℤ×ℤℤ× ℤ & H={(x,y,z)ε
ε G | x,y,z are even
integers}
ℤ×2ℤ
You can write H as 2ℤ ℤ× 2ℤ
ℤ
⇒H is subgroup of G as 2 ℤ is normal subgroup of
Z
Since G is abelian ⇒H is subgroup of G
Define f: ℤ×ℤ ℤ× ℤ→ ℤ2× ℤ2× ℤ2
f(a,b,c)=(a(mod2), b(mod2), c(mod2))
Clearly 1. f is group homorphism
1. f is onto map
2. kernal f ={(a,b,c) ε ℤ×ℤ
ℤ× ℤ |
f(a,b,c)=(O(mod2),O(mod2), O(mod2))}
={(a,b,c) ε ℤ×ℤ
ℤ× ℤ | (a(mod2), b(mod2),
c(mod2))=(O(mod2), O(mod2), O(mod2)) }
={(a,b,c) ε ℤ×ℤ
ℤ× ℤ | a=2m,b=2n,c=2k}
Ker f={(a,b,c) ε ℤ×ℤ
ℤ× ℤ |a,b,c are even integers}
62
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
ℤ×2ℤ
Ker f =2ℤ ℤ× 2ℤℤ
By fundamental theorem on group homorphisms.
ℤ×ℤ ℤ2× ℤ2
ℤ× ℤ / ker f ≅ ℤ2×ℤ
ℤ×ℤℤ× ℤ/2ℤ ℤ×2ℤ ℤ× 2ℤℤ =ℤℤ2×ℤ
ℤ2× ℤ2
So option (d) is correct.

11. Which of the following rings is an integral domain?
(a) ℝ[x]/(x2 + x + 1)
(b) ℝ[x]/(x2 + 5x + 6)
(c) ℝ[x]/(x3 - 2)
(d) ℝ[x]/(x7 + 1).
Solution: Correct Option is (a)
In option (a), ℝ[x]/(x2 + x + 1)
R/I is integral domain ⇔ I is prime ideal and every
maximal ideal is prime ideal.
x2 + x + 1 is irreducible over ℝ.
63
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
∴ <x2 + x + 1> is maximal ideal of ℝ[x] and hence

∵ As, ℝ is P.i.d. So, ideal generated
prime ideal. [∵
by irreducible element is maximal]
⇒ ∴ ℝ[x]/(x2 + x + 1) is an integral domain.
⇒ Option (a) is incorrect
12. For n ≥ 1, let Sn denote the group of all
Permutations on n symbols. Which of the following
statements is true?
(a) S 3 has an element of order 4
(b) S 4 has an element of order 6
(c) S 4 has an element of order 5
(d) S 5 has an element of order 6
In option (a),
In S3, maximum order of any element is 3. So,
option (a) is incorrect.
In option (b),
Maximum order of any element in S4 is 4. So,
option (b) and (c) are incorrect.
In option (d),
64
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
In S5 elements of order 6 are (123) (45), (234)
(15), (345) (12) etc.
⇒ Hence, option (d) is correct.
POSTED ON 31st October

13. For a group G, let Aut(G) denote the group
of automorphisms of G. Which of the following
statements is true?
(a) Aut(ℤℤ) is isomorphic to ℤ2
(b) If G is cyclic, then Aut(G) is cyclic
(c) If Aut(G) is trivial, then G is trivial
ℤ) is isomorphic to ℤ.
(d) Aut(ℤ
Solution:
ℤ) is isomorphic to ℤ2. There are two
(a) Aut (ℤ
automorphisms of ℤ
1. the identity map
2. the map f : ℤ → ℤ given by f(x) = -x
As, ℤ is cyclic, and an isomorphism ℤ → ℤ must
carry a generator to a generator.
Since, the only generators of ℤ are 1 and -1, the
only automorphisms are the maps sending
65
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
1 → 1 and 1 → -1.
So, option (a) is correct.
POSTED ON 1st November

14. Let Sn be the symmetric group of n letters.
There exists an onto group homomorphism
(a) from S5 to S4
(b) from S4 to S2
(c) from S5 to ℤ/5
(d) from S4 to ℤ/4
Solution: Correct Option is (b)
In option (b), we know that
,
Let φ: , defined by
, "
φ
, !!
Now, we will prove φ is group homomarphism
Case ? 1 # and are even permutations ⇒ # is
even
φ # 1
φ . φ # =1.1=1
Case ? II Both # and are odd permutations
66
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
⇒ # is even.
⇒φ # =1
⇒φ φ #
Case ? III take is even and # is odd permutation
⇒φ # =-1
⇒φ φ # %
Case ? IV take is odd and # is even permutation
⇒ # is odd.
⇒ φ # =-1 and φ φ #
%
In every case, we get φ( # φ φ #
Thus, φ is group homomorphism.
Clearly, φ is onto.
⇒ φ is onto group homomorphism.
So, option (b) is correct
POSTED ON 2nd November

15. Let H1, H2 be two distinct subgroups of a finite group
G, each of order 2. Let H be the smallest subgroup
containing H1 and H2 . Then the order of H is
(a) always 2
(b) always 4
67
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(c) always 8
(d) none of the above
Let G=S3 and H1 {e, (12)}, H2 = {e, (23)}
As given H is smallest group containing H1 and H2
Then, (12) (23) ∈H. [By closure property]
= (123) ∈ H
⇒ <(123)> ⊆ H. [∵
∵ H is a group]
(123), (132) ∈ H and (123) (12) = (13) ∈H [By
closure property]
Similarly, H = S3
O(H) = 6
⇒ Option (a), (b) and (c) are incorrect.
⇒ Option (d) is correct.
POSTED ON 3rd November

16. There is a non trivial group homomorphism from
ℂ to ℝ.
Solution: (True)
There exist a non trivial homomorphism
68
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
φ : ℂ → ℝ defined by φ (x + iy) = x
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 ∈ ℂ
φ(z1 + z2) = φ (x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2) = φ ((x2 + x2) + i
(y1 + y2)) = x1 + x2
⇒ φ (x1 + iy1) + φ (x2 + iy2) = φ (z1) + φ (z2)
⇒ Given statement is true.
POSTED ON 4th November

17.There is an element of order 51 in the multiplicative
ℤ/103ℤ
group (ℤ ℤ)*.
Solution: (True)
103 is prime number
G = (ℤℤ/103 ℤ)* has order 102 = 2.3.17
Clearly, G is abelian.
By CauchyVs theorem,G contains an element x of
order 3 and an element y of order 17
Let z = xy . We will find the order of z
z51 = x51y51 = (x3)17 (y17)3 = 1
z has order dividing 51 = 3.17
Since z ≠ 1, the order of z is either 3, 17 or 51
Observe, z3 = x3y3 = y3 ≠ 1
69
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
z17 = x17y17 = x17 ≠ 1
[x17 = x2 x15 = x2. (x3)5 = x2 ≠ 1]
Hence, the order of z must be 51.
ℤ/103ℤ
So, there is an element of order 51 in (ℤ ℤ)*
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
POSTED ON 8th NOVEMBER
1. Let f(z) be an entire function such that |f(z)| ≤ 10 for
all z such that |z| ≤ 20. If f(0)=6+8i then f(20) is
equal to
(a) 6-8i (b) 0
(b) 6+8i (d) 10
Solution : Correct Answer is (c)
By applying by Maximum Modulus Principle, f(z) is
constant.
(Note that LiouvilleVs Theorem and PicardVs
Theorem are not applicable here).

2. Let f(z) be an entire function such that
70
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Re[f(z)] ≤ Im[f(z)]. If f(0)=0, then(f(i))2 is
(a) -1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) ?i
Let f(z)=u+iv
Given that f(z) is an entire function such that
≤Im[f(z)], i.e., u≤
Re[f(z)]≤ ≤v
⇒f(z) omits all those values for which u > v
Thus, by Picards Theorem, f(z) is constant

3. For which of the following curve(s) XcV the integral
z4
∫
c
2
z −1
dz = 0
(a) |z|=1/2 (b) |z-i|=1

(c) |z+i|=1 (d) |z|=2
Solution: Correct Answer is (a,b,c,d)
Apply Cauchy Residue Theorem.

71
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
4. The function
2
f ( z ) = a 0 + a1 z + a 2 z : a 0 , a 1 , a 2 ∈ C
(C is the field of complex numbers) a1 , a 2 ≠ 0 is

(a) Differentiable for all z ∈ C
(b) Continuous for all z ∈ C
(c) Analytic for all z ∈ C
(d) Not analytic for all z ∈ C
Solution: Correct Answer is (b,d)
2
f ( z ) = a 0 + a1 z + a 2 z : a 0 , a1 , a 2 ∈ C ;
a1 , a 2 ≠ 0
∂f
=0
Apply Cauchy Riemann Equations, ∂z

2 2
5. ∫
2
z+z +z+z dz =
| z|= 2
(a) 0 πi
(b) 8π
πi
(c) 16π (d) none of these
Solution: Correct Answer is 64π πi ,
i.e., option (d) (none of these)
72
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
2 2
∫
2
z+z +z+z dz
Consider |z|= 2
= ∫ (z + z
| z |= 2
2
+z+z
2
) (z + z 2
+z+z
2
) dz
= ∫ (z + z
| z |= 2
2
+z+z
2
)( z + z 2
+ z + z 2 ) dz
4
Now |z|=2 ⇒|z| =4 ⇒ 2 zz = 4 ⇒ z =
z
[ Now Apply CauchyVs Integral Formulae,
n! f (z)
f n (a ) =
2π i ∫
c ( z − a ) n +1
dz ; n = 0 ,1, 2 ,3 ....,
Where f(z) is analytic inside and on C and a is

inside C ]

6. Let f(z) be an analytic function on the unit disc
73
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
1 1
D={z ε ℂ / |z|<1}. If f = ∀n ∈ Z * (the set
 n  2n − 1
of non-zero integers) then which of the following is
not correct?
(a) f(0)=0
(b) f(z) has no singularity
(c) f(z) has simple pole at z=2
(d) f(z) is constant function
Solution: Correct Answer is (a,c)
Given : f(z) is analytic on the unit disc and
1 1
f =
 n  2n − 1
By Identity Theorem
z
f (z) =
2−z
Clearly f(0)=0 and f(z) has simple pole at z=2
Thus, options (a) and (c) are correct.

2z + i
7. The Bilinear Transformation w( z ) =maps
iz − 2
(a) Upper half plane to upper half plane
(b) Upper half plane to lower half plane
74
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(c) Unit disc to unit disc
(d) Unit disc to upper half plane
Solution: We know that a bilinear transformation
 z −α 
of the form w = e iλ   , |α
α|<1 maps |z|=1 onto
αz −1
|w|=1, i.e., unit circle onto unit circle
  i 
 z −  −  
2z + i  2 
Here, w( z) = = 
iz − 2 i 
 z − 1
2 
Which is of the above form with λ=0 , α= -i/2

∴ The bilinear transformation
2z + i
w( z ) = maps
iz − 2
unit circle onto unit circle

8. The sum of radius of convergence and centre of
convergence of the power series
∞
∑ {3 + ( − 1)
n=0
n
}( z − 2 ) n , is
(a) 3/2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 3
75
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
n 
4 , n is even
Solution : Here, an=3+(-1) =  2 , n is odd
∴ when n is even, lim | a n |1 / n = 1
n→ ∞
∴ when n is odd, lim | a n |1 / n = 1

n→ ∞
1
Then, = lim | a n |1 / n = 1
R n→∞
∴ Radius of convergence =1
Further, Centre of convergence=2
Thus, sum of radius and centre of convergence =
1+2=3

9. Let f(z) be an analytic function in the domain D,
where D={z∈ ∈ ℂ: |z|<1}. If f(0)=1/2, then which of
the following is correct?
3 1 4
(a) f ′(0 ) ≤ (b) f  ≤
4 2 5
1
(c) f ′(0 ) ≤
4 (d) None of these
Solution : Correct Answer is (a,b)
By Schwarz-pick Theorem,
76
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
| f (0) | + | z | 1− | f ( z ) | 2
(i) | f ( z ) |≤
1+ | f ( 0 ) | . | z |
(ii) | f ' ( z ) |≤
1− | z | 2
1 1
+
1 2 2 =4
By part (i), f  ≤
 2  1+ 1 .1 5
2 2
1
1−
By part (ii), f ' (0 ) ≤ 4 =3
1− 0 4

1
10. The value of the integral ∫
| z| =1
−
1
dz
is
z
sin( e )
(a) 2πi cos 1 (b) -2πi cos 1

(c) 2πi sin 1 (d) None of these
Solution : Correct Answer is (a)
1 1
f ( z) = −1
= −3 −5
z −1 z z
sin( e ) e e
e z
− + − ...
3! 5!
1
=
 1 1  1 3 1  1 5 1 1 
1 − + 2
− ...  − 1 − + 2
− ...  + 1 − + 2
− ... 
 z 2! z  3!  z 2!(3 z )  5!  z 2! (5 z ) 
1
=
1 1 1  1 1  1 1 
1 − 1 − + − ...  + 2 
1− 2 + 2
− ... 
z 2! 4!  2! z  3!3 5!5 
77
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
−1
 1 1 1  
= 1 − 1 − + − ...  + ...
 z 2! 4!  
1 1 1 
1 + 1 − + − ...  − ...
z 2! 4! 
1
Residue of f(z) at z = 0 = coefficient of z
= cos 1
1
∴ ∫ | z| =1
−1
2
dz = 2 π i cos 1
sin( e )

11. For an entire function f(z), which of the following
conditions imply that f(z) is necessarily constant?
(a) if f(z)=u+iv and u2 ≤ v2+2004
∀zε
(b) if f(z)=f(2z)∀ εC
∀z εC
(c) |f(z)| ≤ 2|logz|+3∀
∀z ε {z ε C: Re z >0}
(d) |f(z)| ≤ 10∀
Solution : Correct Answer is (a,b)
For option (a): f(z) = u+iv and u2 ≤ v2 + 2004, i.e.,
u2 ? v2 ≤ 2004
⇒ f(z) omits all those values for which u2 ? v2 >
2004
78
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
∴ By PicardVs Theorem
f(z) is necessarily constant
For option (b): f(z) = f(2z)
As f(z) is entire ∴ f(z) have Taylor series
expansion
∞ ∞
f(z) = ∑ a z n
n
f (2 z ) = ∑ an (2 z ) n
n =0 , n =0
So in this case f(z) is constant
POSTED ON 21st NOVEMBER

12. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) If u and v are harmonic functions, then u+iv is
analytic.
(b) If f(z)=u+iv is analytic, than u and v are
harmonic
(c) If v is harmonic conjugate of u, than f(z)=u+iv
is analytic
(d) If f(z) is entire,then f( z ) is nowhere analytic
(Hint: Harmonic Function: A real valued function
f=f(x,y) of real variables x and y is said to be
harmonic in an open subset U of C(Field of
complex numbers) if it has continuous partial
79
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
derivatives of second order and it satisfy the laplace
∂2 f ∂2 f
equation i.e., + = 0)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Solution : Correct Answer is (b,c)

Clear from definition
POSTED ON 22nd NOVEMBER

13. Let f(z) is analytic in the disk |z+i|<5 such that
f ′′(−i ) = i and max | f ( z ) |= 5 . Then
| z + i |≤ 5
(a) f(1)=5
(b) f ′′(1) = 0
(c) f(z) is a necessarily constant
(d) such f(z) doesnVt exist.
Given f(z) is analytic in the disk |z+i| < 5 such that
f ′′( − i ) = i and max | f ( z ) |= 5. Then by CauchyVs
| z + i| ≤ 5
5.2! 2
Inequality | f ′′( −i ) |≤ 52
=
5
2 2
i.e., | i |≤ 5 , i.e., 1 ≤ 5 , which is not true.
⇒ Such f(z) doesnVt exist
80
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
[CauchyVs Inequality: If f is analytic in the open
disk D(a;r) and | f ( z ) |≤ M ∀ z ∈ ∂D ( a : R ),0 < R < r. Then
| f n ( a ) |≤
M .n!
Rn
∀ n∈ ℕ]
POSTED ON 23rd NOVEMBER

14. Let f(z) is an entire function such that f(0)=1,
f′′(0)=0 and fʺ 1 + 1n  = 7 − 3n . Then which of the
following statements is/are correct ?
11
(a) f (1)=1 (b) f (1) = 2
(c) f ′ ( 2) = 14 (d) None of these
Solution : Correct Answer is (b,c)
Given f(z) is an entire function such that
 1 3
f ′′1 +  = 7 −
 n n
∴ By Identity Theorm
f ′′(1 + z ) = 7 − 3 z i.e., f ′′( z ) = 10 − 3 z
3 2
⇒ f ' ( z ) = 10 z −
z +a
2
z3
⇒ f ( z) = 5z −
2
+ az + b
2
81
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
f ′( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ a = 0 , f ( 0 ) = 1 ⇒ b = 1
z3 2 11
∴ f ( z) = 5z − + 1 ∴ f (1) = , f ' ( 2) = 14
2 2

15. The radius of convergent R of the Taylor series
about z=1 of the function
1
f ( z) = , is
1 + z 3 + z 6 + z 9 + z 12
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) Infinite (d) None of these
We know that radius of convergence R of the
Taylor series of f(z) about Xz=1V = distance from X1V
to the nearest singularity of f(z)
1
f (z) =
Now, 1 + z + z + z 9 + z 12
3 6
1− z3
=
1 − ( z 3 )5
, with z3 ≠ 1
1 − z3  2 πi 4π i

i.e., f ( z) = , with  z ≠ 1, e 3 , e 3 
1 − ( z 3 )5  
 
82
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Clearly XfV has simple poles at
2 kπ i
zk = e 15
, k ∈ {1, 2,3,...,14} \ {0,5,10}
Thus, R = distance from 1 to the nearest

2π i 2 πi
singularity i.e., e 15
= 1− e 15

16. Which of the following(s) is/are correct for the
2
ez
function ?
f ( z) = 2
z sin z
(a) f(z) has infinitely many poles
(b) z=0 is pole of order 2
5
(c) Residue of f(z) at z=0 is 6
(d) f(z) is meromorphic
Solution : Correct Answer is (a,d)
2
ez
Here, f ( z) = 2
z sin z
2 2
ez ez
= =
2 z3 z5  3 z2 z4 
z z − + − ... z 1 − + − ...
 3! 5!   3! 5! 
Clearly, z=0 is pole of order 3.
Thus option (b) is incorrect
83
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Also, another poles of f(z) are given by sinz=0
⇒ z=nπ π, n∈∈ℤ, n≠ ≠0 are simple poles of f(z)
Thus, f(z) has infinitely many poles
Limit point of poles is z = ∞ which is outside
ℂ.
Thus f(z) is meromorphic in ℂ
−1
  z 
2
1 1 4 z4
Further, f ( z) = 3
z 1 + z 2
+
2!
z + ... 

1 − +
3! 5!
− ...

1  2 z4  z2 z4 
= 3 1 + z + 2! + ... 1 + 3! − 5! + ...
z   
1 1 7
z =0
coefficient of
Re s f ( z ) = = +1 =
z 3! 6
Thus, option (c) is incorrect.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
∞
1. If y = m∑= 0 c m x
r+m
is assumed to be a solution of the
differential equation x2 y′′ − xy′ − 3(1 + x2 ) y = 0, then the
values of r are
84
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(a) 1 and 3 (b) -1 and 3
(c) 1 and -3 (d) -1 and -3
∞
y = ∑cm xr +m
m=0
∞
y′ = ∑ cm (r + m) xr +m−1
m=0
∞
y ′′ = ∑ cm (r + m) (r + m − 1) x r +m−2
m =0
Substituting the values in the differential equations

x 2 y′′ − xy′ − 3 (1 + x 2 ) y = 0
∞ ∞ ∞
⇒ x 2 ∑cm (r + m) (r + m −1) x r +m−2 − x∑cm (r + m)x r +m−1 − 3 (1+ x 2 )∑cm x r +m = 0
m=0 m=0 m=0
∞ ∞
⇒ ∑ cm [(r + m) (r + m − 1) − (r + m) − 3] x r +m + ∑ − 3 cm .x r +m+2 = 0
m=0 m=0
⇒ (r + m) (r + m ? 1) ? (r + m) ? 3 = 0
Take m = 0 ⇒ r (r ? 1) ? r ? 3 = 0
⇒ r2 ? r ? r ? 3 = 0 ⇒ r2 ? 2r ? 3 = 0
⇒ r = -1, 3
85
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
2. In the region x > 0, y > 0 , the partial differential

∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u
2
2 ∂ u
equation ( 2
x −y )
2
∂x 2
2
(
+2 x + y
∂x∂y
) 2
+ x −y (
∂y 2
=0 ) , is
not
(a) changes type (b) elliptic
(c) parabolic (d) hyperbolic
Solution: Correct Answer is (a,b,c)
Comparing given P.D.E with Rr + Ss
+Tt+f(x,y,z,p,q)=0,
We get, R=(x2-y2), S=2(x2+y2), T=x2-y2
∴ S2-4RT=4(x2+y2)2-4(x2-y2) (x2-y2)
=4[x4+y4+2x2y2-x4-y4+2x2y2]
=16x2y2
Clearly S2-4RT >0 in the region x>0, y>0
⇒Given p.d.e is hyperbolic in the region x>0, y>0
POSTED ON 1st December

∂2u ∂2u
3. Consider the wave equation = 4 , 0 < x < π ,t > 0,
∂ t 2 ∂x2 with
∂u
u (0, t ) = u (π , t ) = 0, u ( x,0) = sin x and = 0 at
∂t
π π 
t=0. Then u ,  is
2 2
86
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(a) 2 (b)1 (c) 0 (d) -1
u tt = 4u xx , 0 < x < π , t > 0, u ( x ,0 ) = sin x ,
u ( 0, t ) = u (π , t ) = 0
π π 
u t ( x,0) = 0, then u  , 
2 2
1
 2 [u ( x − ct ) + u ( x + ct )], x ≥ ct
u ( x, t ) = 
1
 [u ( x + ct ) − u (ct − x)], x ≤ ct
2
1
 2 [sin( x − 2t ) + sin( x + 2t )], x ≥ 2t
=
1
 [sin( x + 2t ) − sin( 2t − x)], x ≤ 2t
2
1
 2 [ 2 sin x cos 2t ], x ≥ 2t
=
1
 [ 2 sin x cos 2t ], x ≤ 2t
2
= sin x cos 2t
π π 
u  ,  = 1 ⋅ (−1) = −1
2 2
POSTED ON 2nd December

4. The initial value problem x dx + dx +xy = 0;
d2 y
2
dy
 dy 
y(0)=1,  
= 0 has
 dx  x = 0
(a) a unique solution
87
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
(b) no solution
(c) infinitely many solutions
(d) two linearly independent solutions
Consider xy "+ y '+ xy = 0 y(0) = 1, y ' (0) = 0
The above equation is BesselVs equation of order
zero
Hence y = C J (x ) + C Y (x ) , where J 0 (x ) is BesselVs
1 0 2 0
equation of first kind and Y (x) is the BesselVs 0
equation of second kind of order zero

1 2 3 4
Y0 ( x ) = J 0 ( x ) ln x + x − x + .....
2 128
Y (0) = C1 J 0 (0 ) + C2Y0 (0 )
From above relation Y (0) = ln (0) which is − ∞ .
Therefore the answer is (b) i.e., no solution.
POSTED ON 5th December

Fill in the Blank
5. If the orthogonal trajectories of the family of
ellipses x + 2 y = c , c > 0 are given by y = c x , c ∈ R ,
2 2
1 1 2
α
2
Then α=____
Solution: (Ans. 2)
Given family of ellipses is x2 + 2y2 = c1 , c1>0 which
is orthogonal to y = c2xα.
88
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
∴ Product of slopes of both the families is equal to
-1.
 − 2x   −1 
⇒  ( )
 C2 α x α −1 = −1 ⇒  .C 2 α xα  = − 1
 4y   2y 
 −1 y 
⇒  α
α xα  = −1 using xα =
y
c2
 2y x 
⇒ −1
2
= −1 ⇒α = 2

6. The general solution of the differential equation with
d2y dy
constant coefficients dx 2
+ b + cy = 0
dx
approaches zero as x → ∞, if
(a) b is negative and c is positive
(b) b is positive and c is negative
(c) both b and c are positive
(d) both b and c are negative

2
The given D.E is: ddx y + b dydx + cy = 0
2
...(1)
⇒(D2 + bD + c)y = 0
Auxiliary equation : λ2+bλ+c=0 N(2)
Let λ = m1, m2 be the roots of equation (2) ⇒ the
complete solution is y ( x) = c e + c e 1
m1 x
2
m2 x
89
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
Also, as y(x) → 0 as x → ∞ ⇒ m1 < 0 and m2 < 0
Also, as m1 + m2 = -b and m1m2 = c ∴ m1 + m2 < 0
⇒ -b < 0 ⇒ b > 0
Also, as m1 < 0, m2 < 0 ⇒ m1m2 > 0 ⇒ c > 0
Option (c) is correct answer.

7. The largest value of c such that there exists a
function h(x) for ?c < x < c that is solution of
dy
= 1 + y2 with h(0)=0, is given by
dx
π π
(a) 3 (b) 2
π
(c) 4
(d) π
dy
Given D.E is = 1 + y2
dx
dy
⇒ = dx
1 + y2
⇒ tan −1 y = x + c1
⇒ y = tan( x + c1 )
∴ h( x) = tan( x + c1 )
90
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
⇒c1=0
h(0)=0⇒
∴ h(x)= tan x
Clearly,  − π2 , π2  is the largest interval in which the
solution exists.
∴ , c= π2 is the largest value for which solution
exists.

8.If y1 ( x ) = x and y 2 ( x ) = xe x are two linearly
d2y dy
independent solutions of x2
dx 2
− x ( x + 2)
dx
+ ( x + 2) y = 0,
then the interval on which they form a fundamental

set of solutions is
(a) x > 0 or x < 0 (b) -1 < x < ∞
(c) -1 < x < 2 (d) - ∞ < x < ∞
Solution:
Let W(y1,y2) denotes Wronskian of y1 and y2
x xe x
1 ( x + 1) e x
∴W(y1,y2)=
=[x(x+1)-x]ex=x2.ex
Now , y1 and y2 will form fundamental set of
solution iff
91
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH
≠0
W(y1,y2)≠
⇒In the interval (-∞ ∞,0)∪ ∞), y1 and y2 form
∪(0,∞
fundamental set of solutions.

9. Let f: (0, ∞ ) → R be a differentiable function such
that f ′( x 2 ) = 1 − x 3 for all x > 0 and f (1) = 0.
Then, f(4) equals
− 47
(a) 5 (b) −1047
− 16 −8
(c) 5
(d) 5
Solution: Correct Answer is (a)
f ′(x2) = 1 ? x3 for all x > 0
Let x2 = y ⇒ f ′( y) = 1 − y 3/ 2
On integrating both sides, we get f ( y) = y −

2 5/ 2
5
y +c
As f (1) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 − 52 + c
−3 2 3
⇒ c= ⇒ f ( y) = y − y5 / 2 −
5 5 5
Hence, f (4) = 4 − 25 (4) − 53 = 4 − 52 (32) − 35 = − 547
5/ 2
⇒ Option (a) is correct.
92
By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

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FACEBOOK GROUP-HIGHER MATHS DISCUSSION

BY Dr. A.P. SINGH

(d) sin(x sin x) on ℝ

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

(d) sin(x sin x) on ℝ is not uniformly continuous

POSTED on 31st August, 2017

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

Solution: Correct Answer is (b)

∫ f ( x).g ( x)dx = f (c)∫ g ( x)dx

Take f(x)=f(x); g(x)=x2

POSTED on 1st September, 2017

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

1 is the limit of [0,1)

At c=1; 0=1. This is not possible

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

→∞; Mn→0 Not uniformlyconvergent.

POSTED on 2nd September, 2017

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

Take f(x)=|x|, clearly ||x|-|y||≤|x-y| for x,y ε ℝ

POSTED ON 4th September,2017

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

X4 is finite subset of ℝ2 implies X4 is compact.

POSTED ON 5th September,2017

Solution:Correct answer (a),(b),(d)

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

POSTED ON 6th September,2017

(d) { ( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3 such that x + y ∈ z ; x, y ∈ z }

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

(d) D={(x,y,z)εεℝ3 | x+yεεℤ; x,y εℤ}

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

POSTED ON 8 th September, 2017

(d) < f (x) > is uniformly convergent on 0, 2 

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

POSTED ON 9th September,2017

defined by f(x)=x and g : ( R , d 2 ) → ( R , d 1 ) be

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

Solution: Correct Answer is (b)

POSTED ON 11th September

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

Clearly any real number x ε R\[0,1] is not limit

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

POSTED ON 12th September

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

POSTED ON 13th September

Result: If f(x) has countable many discontinuities

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

POSTED ON 14th September

Solution:Correct Answer (a), (c)

use Integral test

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

Convergent by Integral test iff p >1

use Integral test

Put log e loge x = t

For option (c)

use Root test

Convergent by root test. So, option C is correct.

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

Use Integral test

Easy to check ∑ n log

POSTED ON 15th September

By Dr. A.P. SINGH (9876788051)

POSTED ON 16th September

[a,b]. If f n (x) → f (x) Uniformly on [a,b].Then