INTRODUCTION,

APPROACHES AND
METHODOLOGY
TIM PENYUSUN
Direktorat Pengelolaan Kekayaan Intelektual
Kemenristek Dikti

Penyaji:
Prof. Dr. Ir. DIAN FIANTIS, M.Sc
Jurusan Tanah Faperta Unand
dianfiantis@yahoo.com

Materi Klinik Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah Internasional Tahun 2018

The Introduction
 presents the background knowledge that readers need and appreciate,
 what is already known about this subject
 identify the areas where there is still some uncertainty
 citing, where appropriate, any previous (and possibly conflicting) data
 how the findings of the paper are an advance on current knowledge in the
field.
WHAT did you/others do ? WHY did you do it ?
 1,5 to 2 pages, double spaced
Write a compelling Introduction !

 This is our opportunity to convince readers that

we clearly know why our work is useful.

 Our opportunity to state the added value of our

study, or the new information that our study will
yield.
 Write a compelling Introductions
A good INTRODUCTION should answer the following questions:

1. What is the problem to be solved?

2. Are there any existing solutions, (i.e. in the literature) ?
3. Which is the best?
4. What is the main limitation?
5. What do you hope to achieve ?

A good INTRODUCTION must be organized from the

global to particular point of view, guiding your readers to
your objectives. How to prepare a manuscript for international journal
Elsevier Publishing Campus
How can I assess the quality of my Introduction?
To make a self-assessment of your Introduction, you can ask yourself the
following questions.
 Is my research question clear?
 Does my Introduction act as a clear road map for understanding my paper?
 Is it sufficiently different from the Abstract, without any cut and pastes?
(some overlap is fine)
 Have I mentioned only what my readers specifically need to know and what
I will subsequently refer to in the Discussion?
 Have I been as concise as possible?
 Have I used tenses correctly? present simple (general background context,
description of what will be done in the paper), present perfect (past to
present solutions), past simple (my contribution, though this may also be
expressed using the present simple or future simple)
Wallwork. 2011. English for Writing Research Papers
How to write research objectives

Wallwork. 2011. English for Writing Research Papers

The importance of the
topics and the
problems to be solved

The state of the art of

the previous studies
The gap or
inconsistencies
exist with
current study
try to address
The
importance
of the topic

Aims and
Hypothesis
RESEARCH APPROACH
 Quantitative methods
 Qualitative methods
 Mixed methods
What is qualitative research?

Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In

general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation
that:
 seeks answers to a question
 systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer
the question
 collects evidence
 produces findings that were not determined in advance
 produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate
boundaries of the study
What are some qualitative research methods?
The three most common qualitative methods,
 Participant observation is appropriate for collecting data on naturally
occurring behaviors in their usual contexts.
 In-depth interviews are optimal for collecting data on individuals’ personal
histories, perspectives, and experiences, particularly when sensitive topics
are being explored.
 Focus groups are effective in eliciting data on the cultural norms of a group
and in generating broad overviews of issues of concern to the cultural
groups or subgroups represented.

Each method is particularly suited for obtaining a specific

type of data.
Comparison of quantitative and qualitative research approaches
Characteristics of quantitative and qualitative
research

Source: Quoted from : Maginn, P.J. (2006) Urban Policy Analysis Through a Qualitative Lens: Overview to Special Issue, Urban Policy and Research, Vol 24(1) pp. 1-15.
Franklin, A. (1986) Ethnography and housing studies, Housing Studies, 5(2), pp. 92–111.
Punch, K. (1998) Introduction to Social Research (London: Sage).
Spencer, L., Ritchie, J., Lewis, J.& Dillon, L. (2003) Quality in Qualitative Evaluation: A Framework for Assessing Research Evidence,
Occasional Papers Series No. 2 (London: Government Chief Social Researcher’s Office).
Winchester, H. P. M. (2000) Qualitative research and its place in human geography, in: I. Hay (Ed.) Qualitative Research Methods
in Human Geography, pp. 1–22 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Measurement
Measurement in quantitative research should fulfill
• Validity - Are you measuring what you think you are measuring?
• Objectivity - researchers stand outside the phenomena they study.
Data collected are free from bias.
• Reliability - if something was measured again using the same
instrument, would it produce the same or nearly the same results?
• Accuracy – Are the methods adequate to answer your questions?;
reveal credible information?; convey important information?
• Precision – How much trustable, how confident is the result.
 How to write the METHODS?
 Responds to the question of how the problem was
studied

 Very important section, if incomplete or incorrect methods

description ==== REJECTION

 Critical in the process of reproducing your investigation

 List the methods in the same order they will appear in the
Results section
 Contents of Methods?

 Description of the site

 Description of the surveys or experiments done

 Description of the laboratory methods, start from the simplest

to the more complex ones

 Description of the statistical methods used

 How should I structure the Methods?
The Methods section should answer most of the following questions, obviously
depending on your discipline:
• What / Who did I study? What hypotheses was I testing?
• Where did I carry out this study and what characteristics did this location have?
• How did I design my experiment / sampling and what assumptions did I make?
• What variable was I measuring and why?
• How did I handle / house / treat my materials / subjects? What kind of care / precautions were
taken?
• What equipment did I use (plus modifications) and where did this equipment come from
(vendor source)?
• What protocol did I use for collecting my data?
• How did I analyze the data? Statistical procedures? Mathematical equations? Software?
• What probability did I use to decide significance?
• What references to the literature could I give to save me having to describe something in detail?

Wallwork. 2011. English for Writing Research Papers

These are questions that editors and reviewers have in
their mind before proceed to read our article
 Why should this article be published?
 What new knowledge does it bring to the academic
community?
 Is the methodology solid?
 Are the results reliable?
 Are the conclusions justified?
https://www.elsevier.com/authors-update/story/publishing-tips/10-tips-for-writing-a-truly-terrible-journal-article
Steps to organizing your manuscript
1.Prepare the figures and tables.
2.Write the Methods.
3.Write up the Results.
4.Write the Discussion. Finalize the Results and Discussion before writing the
introduction. This is because, if the discussion is insufficient, how can you objectively
demonstrate the scientific significance of your work in the introduction?
5.Write a clear Conclusion.
6.Write a compelling Introduction.
7.Write the Abstract.
8.Compose a concise and descriptive Title.
9.Select Keywords for indexing.
10.Write the Acknowledgements.
11.Write up the References.
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/11-steps-to-structuring-a-science-paper-editors-will-take-seriously
What should you do:
• Summary the state of the art
• Identification of knowledge gap
• Specification of novelty/objectives/scope of the
present research work
• Applied research methodology
• Obtained results
• Conclusions
https://www.elsevier.com/authors-update/story/publishing-tips/10-tips-for-writing-a-truly-terrible-journal-article
Wajib punya