[Applause]

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[Music]

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grouper aquaculture in Taiwan has a

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history of over 30 years and has

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overcome many problems the techniques

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established here are known throughout

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the world especially those related to

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brood stock and larval nurseries about a

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dozen species of grouper are

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commercially farmed and seven of these

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have gone into large-scale production in

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Taiwan

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[Music]

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[Music]

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the grouper is a warm water species

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found mostly in the tropics and
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subtropics it has a big mouth and a

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stocky body and likes to hide in

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subsurface caves in the reefs

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[Music]

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[Applause]

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Chinese people consider the grouper an

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expensive delicacy Hong Kong in

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particular is fond of groupers and it

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has become the main market for fish from

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Taiwan

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[Music]

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however the large number of groupers

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caught has caused wild stocks to decline

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sharply and reduced market availability

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[Music]
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the grouper is gregarious and adaptable

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and fattens up well on moderate amounts

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of feed so it is excellent for

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Aquaculture

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[Music]

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from 1971 onward grouper fry caught on

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tidal flats were cultured in pongo in

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the following five years this practice

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spread to other parts of southern Taiwan

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in 1981 the successful artificial

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propagation of grouper fry had begun to

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make an impact on the grouper industry

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by 1991 artificially propagated grouper

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fry were being mass-produced since then

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groupers have been one of the most

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important fish raised in Taiwan

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[Music]

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there are many different kinds of

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groupers about 400 species worldwide 117

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of which are found in Taiwan

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[Music]

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in 1981 Taiwan successfully bred orange

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spotted groupers and Malabar groupers in

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1991

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the brown marbled grouper was bred in

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1996 the giant grouper largest of the

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species was bred followed in 2001 by

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small numbers of potato grouper a

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protected species in Australia

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in 2004 the colorful leopard coral

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grouper was first bred
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in 2007 the speckled blue grouper

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valuable both in economic and aesthetic

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terms was bred and in 2009 the Longtooth

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grouper which tolerates much lower

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temperatures than the other species

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aquaculture techniques are rapidly

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developing in the grouper industry

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stocking density has gradually been

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increased and different types of

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aquaculture have been developed for

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different geographical conditions

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grouper farming in Taiwan mostly

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involves pond aquaculture since southern

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Taiwan is very warm it provides the best

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environment for groupers the grouper
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industry has thus prospered there with

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gauja and pingdong the main areas

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[Music]

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see cage aquaculture is used mostly in

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pongo because there are suitable Bay

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Area's there this technique uses the sea

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as a fishpond reducing damage to water

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and soil it has become another

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distinctive feature of Taiwan grouper

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Aquaculture

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[Music]

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[Music]

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the grouper is a hermaphrodite with the

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female features maturing earliest after

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a few years the female fish transforms
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into a male

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thus mature male stock is difficult to

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obtain the bottleneck for mass

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production of grouper fry is the supply

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of mature male fish after many years of

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research on increasing the production of

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male groupers the fisheries Research

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Institute began implanting hormones in

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the fish's body to turn female groupers

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into males

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[Music]
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in the wild the sex change takes six to

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eight years but now it can be made to

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occur in less than three months this

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technique has become the foundation of

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quantity production of goobers in Taiwan
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to obtain good fertilized eggs the

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fisheries Research Institute has

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developed techniques to induce maturity

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superior brood stock is selected in the

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spawning season and injected with

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hormones so that they can lay good eggs

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this technique can produce a large

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number of fertilized eggs conveniently

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and quickly

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[Music]

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after hormone injections the broodstock

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is moved into a spawning pod fertilized

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eggs are then collected with a net the

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eggs are very sensitive to the water

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temperature and salinity levels
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therefore it is necessary to keep tight

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control of the water quality changes in

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salt content temperature and acidity can

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all influence hatching after a night in

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aerated water the pearl lake fertilized

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eggs in a hatchery pond float up to the

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surface eggs that remain at the bottom

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are spoiled and are removed within an

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Hour

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cell division begins in ten hours

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the nervous system appears

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[Music]

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at 17:00 hours the eyes and heart

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they finally hatch at around the 23rd

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hour the larvae are tiny and carry the
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remains of the yolk in a yolk sack

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[Music]

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[Music]

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the larvae change shape as they grow

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after 24 hours the pectoral fins appear

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between the fifth and the seventh day

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they begin to grow a long spike on the

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ventral and dorsal fins which stretched

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to beyond their tails

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[Music]

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in 14 days this spike begins to shorten

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reaching a minimum length between the

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24th and the thirtieth day when the

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larvae begin to display spots and a

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pattern they have entered the Fry's
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Sturridge

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[Music]

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taijuan grouper aquaculture can be

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subdivided into broodstock cultivation

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the fryer Suri

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[Music]

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intermediate development and farmed

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development this specification improves

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aquaculture techniques as well as

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minimizing risks at each stage

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[Music]

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to keep the fry healthy their food must

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be tended carefully since it is best to

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feed them live aquatic organisms the

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work done by the fisheries Research
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Institute on aquatic food organisms has

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been vital to the quantity production of

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Fried

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[Applause]

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[Music]

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the first food for grouper 5 is

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fertilized oyster eggs after a few days

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the fish progressed to eating live

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rotifer and small copa pota

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[Music]

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those rotifer and Cova pota are

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supplemented with tiny algae and

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probiotics to assist the health and

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development of the fry

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[Music]
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[Applause]

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[Music]

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the grouper have entered the fingerling

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stage when they reach an inch long they

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are already being weaned from live food

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they are put in clean sea water and

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sterilized pods and observed for a few

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days to check that they are normal

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[Music]

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they are fed minced fresh fish and the

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water quality is monitored

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grouper fry may become cannibalistic the

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larger fry will attack the smaller this

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means that the food supply has to be

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kept high enough to discourage the fish
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from eating each other

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in addition different groups of fry must

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be separated from each other with mesh

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screens this is done twice a week and

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has proven effective in reducing

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Cannibalism

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[Music]

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the rapid increase in aquaculture areas

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and stocking density of Gruber's has

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encouraged viral infections in the 1990s

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there were heavy losses from this cause

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subsequently researchers have addressed

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the problem and devised many strategies

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to prevent disease and keep the stock

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Healthy
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[Applause]

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[Music]

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to obtain uncontaminated broodstock

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two processes are employed artificial

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sex change to shorten reading times and

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polymerase chain reaction PCR techniques

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to screen for viruses

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viruses spread easily through pond water

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and aquatic organisms and so

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environmental control is very important

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in general disinfection of pond water

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facilities and controlled aquatic

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organisms is used to block pathogens the

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fisheries Research Institute has also

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built up specific pathogen free SPF
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broodstock breeding and model spawning

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farms the purpose is to isolate the

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cause of grouper illnesses and carry out

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comprehensive epidemic prevention many

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academic organizations are trying to

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develop vaccines for grouper viruses

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they hope through these studies

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coordinated with the fisheries Research

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Institute to reduce the spread of

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viruses and reinforce the groupers

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immune system as a disease control

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Strategy

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[Music]

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to ensure food safety the grouper has

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been brought into the production and
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marketing traceability system this is

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aimed at monitoring traces of drugs

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inhabited levels of heavy metals and

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bacteria with these checks consumers are

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guaranteed that the groupers they eat

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will be safe and healthy

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[Music]

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to increase the variety of cultured fish

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the fisheries Research Institute has

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made major advances in grouper

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aquaculture one concerns plectrum

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immensely apart us especially favored by

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the Hong Kong market

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[Music]

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there is also a peninsula smyrnaeans
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which can adapt to relatively low

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temperatures from five to thirty three

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degrees Celsius this species removes the

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temperature limitations at a restricted

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group reproduction to southern Taiwan

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currently research is focused on mass

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Production

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[Music]

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according to statistics the market value

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of Taiwan groupers is second only to

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that of eel the total output value is

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about 4 billion NT dollars including not

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only domestic consumption but also

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export which was worth one point four

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billion NT dollars in 2009 Hong Kong is
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the largest market live fish boats have

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been specially built to improve the

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shipping of groupers which are loaded on

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board from live fish transport vehicles

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the fish are transported at relatively

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low temperatures to slow their

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metabolisms using live fish boats has

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increased the survival rate for shift

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groupers and has also reduced the

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overall cost of shipping

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[Applause]

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[Music]

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because of the enterprising and creative

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spirit of taiwanese grouper breeders

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taiwan has a leading place in world
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grouper production to guarantee

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continued development of the grouper

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industry the fisheries Research

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Institute will concentrate on brood

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stock selection find new techniques of

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producing SPF brood stock establish a

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model farm for mass seed production and

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advise grouper farmers how to produce

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good quality seeds these measures will

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make the industry steadily more

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competitive so that Taiwan becomes the

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groupers seed research and supply center

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for the asia-pacific area
Inggris (dibuat secara otomatis)