Fluid Dynamics

ESci 146 | AY 2018 – 2019

 1. Flow in Orifices,
Real Fluid Tubes & Weirs
Flow 2. Pipe Flow
3. Open Channel Flow
Flow in Orifices
Fluid Dynamics
Orifice
 It is an opening with a closed perimeter through
which a fluid flows.
 The upstream edge of an orifice may be
rounded or sharp
 It is usually circular, square, or rectangular
in cross section
 It can be oriented horizontal or vertical.
 It is used for the measurement or control of flow.
 Orifice Discharge
Equation

𝑸 = 𝑪𝑨 𝟐𝒈𝑯
IMPORTANT:
This equation is for orifices in reservoirs.
Flow through orifices in pipes is described by
different equation.
 Orifice 𝑸 = 𝑪𝑨 𝟐𝒈𝑯
Discharge 𝑄 - discharge
𝐶 - coefficient of discharge
Equation 𝐴 - cross sectional area
𝐻 - total head

IMPORTANT:
This equation is for orifices in reservoirs.
Flow through orifices in pipes is described by different
equation.
 Orifice in the end of pipe:

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝒂 𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑨 𝟐𝒈 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈

Orifice inside the pipe:

𝟒
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝑫
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑨 𝟐𝒈 𝟏+ 𝑪
𝜸 𝟐 𝑫𝒂
 Example
Orifice Flow

The figure on the board represents two large tanks with an

orifice in the dividing partition. The orifice has a diameter of 2
in. and is rounded so that 𝐶𝑐 = 1.00 and 𝐶𝑣 = 0.97.
Pressures 𝑝𝐴 and 𝑝𝐵 are atmospheric. The liquid is oil with
ℎ = 16 ft. Determine the theoretical velocity in the jet, the
actual velocity, and the discharge.
Flow in Tubes
Fluid Dynamics
Tubes
 An orifice with prolonged sides, such as piece of
pipe two or three diameters in length.
 Tubes commonly used include:
 Standard short tubes
 Converging tubes
 Nozzles
 Diverging tubes
 Re-entrant tubes
 Submerged tubes
Tubes
1. Standard Short Tubes
 Have square cornered entrance and a length
about 2 1/2 times its diameter.
 𝑪𝒄 = 1.00 and 𝑪𝒗 = 0.82 when tube is
flowing full
Tubes
2. Converging Tubes
 Are frustums of cones with larger end adjacent
to the reservoir
 The 𝑪𝒄, based on the area of the tip decreases as
the angle of convergence decreases, becoming
0.62 for 𝜽 =180°.
the 𝑪𝒗 decreases as 𝜃 decreases.
Nozzles
Tubes
3. Diverging Tubes
 Are frustums of cones with the smaller end
adjacent to the reservoir.
4. Re-entrant Tubes
 Inward-projecting tubes having their ends
projecting into a reservoir
 Borda’s mouthpiece is a special case of the re-
entrant tube, consisting of a thin tube projecting
into a reservoir about on diameter (𝑪𝒄 = 0.5 and
𝑪𝒗 = 1.00)
Tubes
5. Submerged Tubes
 Culverts to pass natural drainage water through
embankments are example of tubes which may
flow submerged under conditions of flood flow.
Tubes
In summary,
1. Standard Short Tubes 𝐶𝑐 = 1.00, 𝐶𝑣 = 0.82
2. Converging Tubes (refer to table of values)
3. Nozzles (refer to table of values)
4. Diverging Tubes
5. Re-entrant Tubes 𝐶𝑐 = 0.50, 𝐶𝑣 = 1.00
(Bourda’s mouthpiece)
6. Submerged Tubes (refer to table of values)
 Example
Flow in Tubes

A Borda’s mouthpiece 6 in. in diameter discharges

water under ahead of 10 ft. Determine the discharge.
What is the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta.
Flow in Pipes
Fluid Dynamics
Pipes

 Closed conduits through which liquids or

gases flow.
 In hydraulics, commonly understood to be
conduits of circular cross-section which flow
full.
 Examples are city/municipal water and gas
mains in which flow occur under pressure.
Head Losses in Pipes

1. Major Loss
– Loss due to pipe friction (hf)

2. Minor Losses
– Loss due to contraction of cross section (hc)
– Loss due to enlargement of cross section (he)
– Loss caused by obstructions such as gates or valves (hg)
– Loss caused by bends or curves (hb)
 Head Loss in Pipes

𝑯𝑳 = 𝒉 𝒇 + 𝒉 𝒄 + 𝒉 𝒆 + 𝒉 𝒈 + 𝒉 𝒃
 Darcy – Weisbach
Formula

𝟐
𝑳𝑽
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
NOTE: This formula is for head loss
due to friction in turbulent pipe flow.
 General Laws on Frictional Loss
*Based upon observation and experiment

1. Frictional loss in turbulent flow generally increases with

the roughness of pipe.
2. Frictional loss is directly proportional to the area of the
wetted surface, or to 𝝅𝑫𝑳.
3. Frictional loss varies inversely as some power of the pipe
diameter, or as 𝟏/𝑫𝒙 .
4. Frictional loss as some power of velocity, or as 𝑽𝒏 .
5. Frictional loss varies as some power of the ratio of
viscosity to density of the fluid, or as 𝝁 𝝆 𝒓 .
 𝒓
𝟏 𝒏
𝝁
(1) 𝒉𝒇 = 𝑲′ 𝝅𝑫𝑳 𝑽
𝑫𝒙 𝝆
𝒓
𝝁 𝑳
(2) 𝒉𝒇 = 𝑲′𝝅 𝑽𝒏
𝝆 𝑫𝒎
𝑳
(3) 𝒉𝒇 = 𝑲′′ 𝑽𝟐
𝑫

′′
𝑳 𝑽𝟐
(4) 𝒉𝒇 = (𝑲 × 𝟐𝒈)
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
 Darcy-Weisbach
Formula

𝟐 𝒉𝒇 = head loss due to friction

𝑳𝑽 𝒇 = friction factor
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇 𝑳 = length of pipe
𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝑫 = diameter of pipe
𝑽 = velocity of flow

NOTE: This formula is for head loss

due to friction in turbulent pipe flow.
 Hagen – Poisouille
Formula

𝟑𝟐𝑳𝒗𝑽
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐
𝒈𝑫
NOTE: This formula is for head loss
due to friction in laminar pipe flow.
 Example No. 1
Laboratory Flow in Pipes

Determine the loss of head in 200 ft.

and 6-in. new cast-iron pipe carrying
250 gpm of water.
 Example No. 2
Laboratory Flow in Pipes

Determine the capacity of a 30-in.

wood-stave pipe carrying water with a
loss head of 10 ft. per mile.
 Defects of
Darcy – Weisbach Formula

1. Velocity (𝑽) should be as some power of 1.7 to

2 or more.
2. Diamter (𝑫) should be in neighborhood of 1.25.
3. Friction factor 𝒇 must therefore be a function
of velocity & diameter as well as of the pipe
roughness and of the viscosity and density of
fluid.
 Final Exam
Esci 146

Coverage Date & Time

Hydrostatic Force on Plane May 20 (Mon) | 3:00 – 5:00 PM
Surface
Flow Concepts Venue
Continuity Equation DME – 01 (tentative)
Bernoulli’s Equation
Flow in Orifices & Tubes Reminders
Flow in Pipes Bring black pen, bond papers,
calculator, and table of values