Chapter (5)
AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
Walls and Columns: b
 Wall t
b > 3t

 Column
b ≤ 3t h
h > 5t

2 EI
Pcr 
(Kh) 2
My

Mf = Mp + Pf × δ

M P Cm
Mf  Mx 
Pf
(1  )
Pcr
Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 M1 / M2 ≥ 0.4

Single (+ve) Double (‐ve) 
Where, M1 & M2 Lesser and Greater B.M.
Unreinforced Wall

 2 e Em I eff e Em I eff

Pcr  &E I 
( Kh) 2  (1 0.5  d ) 1  0.5  d
Φe = 0.65, Bd = Pf / (Df +Lf)
Ieff = 0.40 I0 & Em = 850 fm'

SLENDERNESS (CSA 11.2.4.3)

Case I →→→ Kh/t = 10 – 3.5 e1/e2
Case II →→→ Kh/t <30 (Normal, Moment Magnified)
Case I →→→ Kh/t > 30 (Special Design
 Case I:
Kh e
10  3.5 1
Simple Wall t e2
 ignore slenderness, Short Column (wall) Design.
e1 smaller eccentricity
e2 longer eccentricity
No Moment Magnification,

 Case II:
Kh
 30 →→→Normal Design (Slender Wall),
t
Case III:
Kh
 30 →→→ Special Design, Very Slender Member (Must
t
be Reinforced), Not allowed Without reinforcement.
 Case I:
Pf Mf
   m  f m' Compression
Ae Sx

Pf Mf
  m  f t Tension
Ae Sx

EXAMPLE Case 1
Free Standing Plan Concrete Wall, Wind Load = 1.0 kN/m2,
h = 1.0 m , Type Mortar S.
Code Table 6
ft = 0.1
Φm ft = 0.55 (0.10) = 0.055 MPa
Sx = Mf / ft = 0.75 (10)6 / 0.055 = 13.6 (10)6 mm3 / m
200 mm wall is not good, use 300 mm block,
Kh / t = 1.0 (1000)/190 = 5.26
 Case II:
Design Method →→→→Examples (3), (4)
 Equation (1)
P δ Method →→→MP + P×δ
Ieff = 0.4 I0 ,
Pf = 1.25 D.L. + 1.5 L.L.
Primary Moment MP = 0.1 t × Pf
M f L2

8E I , Φe = 0.65

 2 e Em I eff
Pcr 
( Kh) 2 (1  0.5  d )

 Equation (2)
Moment Magnification
Mf = Moment Magnifier
MP = Primary Moment
Cm = Coeff. Equivalent
Mf = MP + Pf δ
M P Cm
Mf 
Pf
1
Pcr
EXAMPLE Case 2:
Design a 200 mm wall 4.0 m to carry axial service D.L load of 200 kN/m and L.L
of 50 kN/m. Design using 20 MPa units and mortar type S

Design a Wall, h = 4.0 m, k = 1.0, PD.L. = 200 kN/m, PL.L. = 50 KN/m , Type S,
Kh/t = 1.0 (4000)/190 / 21.1 > 20-3×e1/e2 <30.0
• Magnifier Method
Pf = 1.25 D.L. + 1.50 L.L. = 1.20 (200) + 1.5 (50) = 325 kN/m
Mp = 0.1 ×t ×Pf
Mp = 0.1 × (190) × (325) × (10)3
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M1/M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 × (1.0) = 1.0
 Try 200 Ungrouted & fm' = 13 MPa & Table 4.1
Bd = Pf / (Df +Lf) = 1.25 ×(200) / (325) = 0.764
Ae = 75.4×(10)3 mm2/m
Sx = 4.66×(10)6 mm3/m
Ix = 442×(10)6 mm4/m
Φe = 0.65 & Em = 850×(13) = 11050 MPa
Ieff = 0.4 ×I0 = 0.4 ×442× (10)6 = 176.8×(10)6 mm4/m
Pcr = 565.8 KN/m→→→→N.G
 Try 200 Wall with One Grouted Core
Ae = 98.3×(10)3 mm2/m
Sx = 4.93×(10)6 mm3/m
Ix = 486×(10)6 mm4/m
fm' = 13 – 3(1/5) = 12.4 MPa OK

EXAMPLE Case 2
200 Ungrouted Wall units 20 MPa, Mortar Type S & Height =
4.00 m, Find the Max Factored Load & 50% D.L. & 50% L.L.
Kh/t = 1.0 (4000)/190 = 21.1 > 10 – 3.5 e1/ e2
≤ 30
Method A (P – δ Method)
e = 0.1 t = 0.1 × 190 = 19 mm h = 4.0 m
Primary Moment = MP = 0.1 t Pf
= 0.1×190×Pf
= 19 ×Pf
Ae = 75.4 (10)3 mm2/m & Sx = 4.66 (10)6 mm3/m
Form Table 5, S304.1, fm'= 13 MPa
Φm fm' = 0.55 (13.0) = 7.15 MPa
e Em I eff
EI
1  0.5  d
Φe = 0.65,
Em = 850 fm' = 11.05 (10)3 MPa
Ieff = 0.40 I0 = 0.4 ×442 × 106 = 176.8 × 106 mm4/m
Bd = Pf / (Df +Lf) = 0.5 / (0.5+0.5) = 0.5
EI = 0.65 × (11.05) × (10)3 × (176.8) × (10)6 /[1 + 0.5(0.5)]
= 1.016× 1012 N.mm2/m
Pf Mf Pf 19 Pf
    7.15 MPa
Ae Sx 75.4  (10)3 4.66  (10) 6
 m  f m'

Pf ≤ 412.3 KN/m' →→→→o.k

M f L2
 15.4 mm
8E I

Mf = MP + Pf δ
Pf Mf
  m  f m'
Ae Sx
δ→Mf → Pf → Mf
Mf = Pf δ + MP

δ = 15.4 mm &Pf (19+15.4)=34.4 Pf &Pf = 346 KN& Mf = 346(34.4)

δ = 23.55 mm &Pf (19+23.5)=42.5 Pf &Pf = 319.4 KN & Mf = 319.4(42.5)
δ = 26.7 mm &Pf (19+26.7)=45.7 Pf &Pf = 309.9 KN &Mf = 309.9(45.7)
δ = 27.9 mm &Pf (19+27.9)=46.9 Pf &Pf = 306.5 KN &Mf = 306.5(46.9)
δ = 28.3 mm &Pf (19+28.3)=47.3 Pf &Pf = 305.4 KN
Pf ≈ 305

δ = 28.4 mm & Converged (Safe Load)

METHOD B

M P Cm
Mf 
Pf
1
Pcr
Assume e = 0.1 t Pf = 0.1 (190) Pf
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M1/M2 = 1.0
  2 E I  2 (1.016)  (10)12
Pcr  2
 2
 626.7  (10)3 N / m
( Kh) (4000)
M P Cm 412.3 (10) 3 (19)(1.0)
Mf    22.9 (10) 6
N .mm / m
Pf 1  [ 412.3(10) 3 / 626.7 (10) 3 ]
1
Pcr
Pf Mf
  m  f m'
Ae Sx

Pf 22.9 (10) 6
  7.15 MPa
75.4 (10)3 466(10) 6

Try Pf = 290 KN/m → Mf = 10.26 (10)6 , Pf = 373KN/m

Try Pf = 330 KN/m → Mf = 13.26 (10)6 , Pf = 325KN/m
Pf ≤ 325 KN.m
 Columns
Case I →→→ Kh/t = 10 – 3.5 e1/e2
Case II →→→ Kh/t <30 (Normal, Moment Magnified)
Case I →→→ Kh/t > 30 (Special Design)
0.5 %
ρ (Columns)
4.0 %
CSA 5.2.5.1
0.005 Ag ≤ As≤ 0.04 Ag
Lateral Ties →→→ CSA 5.2.5.3.1
a) 16- Bar DIA.
SPACING b) 48 – TIE DIA.
c) Least Dimension of Column
Whichever is the Smallest,
Joint Reinforcement < 5 mm Φ
Ties in Joints < 6 mm Φ
Ties MIN Diam. ≥ 3.8 mm (No. Asw6)
CASE (I) →→→ Columns
emin

(1) (4)
P0 

Axial Load   KN 
eb 

(2) 

(3) 
M0 Moment kN.m
 Point (1) P0
Pure Compression
Pr = 0.8×[ 0.85×Φm×fm'×(Ae - As) + Φs×As×fy)
 Point (3) M0
Pure Bending
The Same as Doubly reinforced Section Chapter
 Point (2) (e = eb)
εm = 0.003 & εs = εy
0.003 600
C d  d
 y  0.003 f y  600

a = β1C
 ∞ 

b 

d' 

d 

εs 

0.003 

Tr 
Cs'  Cm 

C d'
  0.003
'
s
C
Cm = Φm×X×(0.85 fm' )b a →→ X = 1.0
Cs = Φs×As1×[fs' - Φm×(0.85 fm' )]≈ Φs× As1×fs'
Tr = Φs× As2×fy
Cr = Cm + Cs & Pr = Cr – Tr
Point 4
e = emin
emin = 0.1 t
Assume Compression failure
εs = 0.003
Taking Moment at Load Pf

Tr Pf 
'
Cs   Cm 

Tr  Cm  Cs 

e = ∞   (3) 

e = eb   (2) 

emin      (4) 

0.003 

e = 0.0  (1) 
 Pf  C m  C s'  Tr
Axial Load and Biaxial Bending Moment:
Y 

X
ey  Pf 

ex 

M fx M fy
 1.0
M rx M ry
 Example will be given
Short Column
Reinforced Walls
CSA 5.2.1.2
5.2.3
(1) CSA 5.2.2.2
Av = 0.002 Ag × α
Av = 0.002 Ag × (1 – α)
α = Distribution Factor (From 0.33 →→ 0.67)
(2) CSA 5.2.1.2
Avmin = 0.0013 Ag & 1.33% out of 2%
Total Reinforcement = VL +HZ
(3) CSA 5.2.3
# 15, 20 and 25 are Normal used VL. Bar Spacing ≤ 2400 mm
 Case (1) Kh/t < 10 – 3.5 e1/e2 (Ignore Slenderness)
 Case (1) Kh/t < 30 (Normal Design Procedure , Cm moment
magnifier)
 Case (1) Kh/t > 30 (Special Design)

   
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