Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Index
1. Introductory brief (Ex1-3, Ex5)
2. Principles of flight (Ex4)
3. Straight & Level (Ex6)
4. Climbing (Ex7)
5. Descending (Ex8)
6. Turning (Ex9)
7. Stalling (Ex 10a/b)
8. Spin (Ex11)
9. Circuits (Ex12/13)
10. Steep Turns (Ex15) & GF recap
11. Forced Landing (Ex16)
12. Precautionary (Ex17)
13. Navigation (Ex18a/b)
14. Basic IF (Ex19)
1. Introductory brief (Ex1-3, Ex5) (Duration 1Hr)
Law requirements: Medical + licence on every flight, Rules of the air, exams, exercises, logbook
Who has control of the aircraft: “you have control/I have control”, “Follow through with me”
What we will cover today: Pre-flight, use of checklist (mnemonics), Signing a/c out/in, flight
folio, A/c docs, weight & balance (by instructor)
Note: Many hours of study by the student, A lot of work, read & take notes, Expensive course,
I’ll try be the best instructor
2. Principles of flight (Ex4) (Duration 1.5Hr)
Def: Why the aircraft flies, how its control surfaces operate and effect a/c flight, interrelation
between each of the controls.
What I will teach: 1) how an aircraft flies, 2) control surfaces and relationship to the aircraft.
Principles:
Newton forces
Angle of attack
Back to hand diagram: Increase speed=increase lift and drag (vice versa), bring in Lift=AoA ×
Spd
Control surfaces (Control, how, primary effect, axis, secondary effect), purpose of CoG
Air exercise:
Principles
Drag: resistance to motion, Profile (Skin, Interference, form), incr with speed,
Induced (lift dependant drag), Spill over, span wise flow, affects RAF and lift, decr with spd
Drag Curve, Thrust drag relationship, 1 power setting for 2 different speeds.
Effects of:
Other:
Engine management
Forces (W,L,D,T)
Effect of:
Weight (inc=Dinc=Tinc=ETdec)
UC/flaps (Dinc=Tinc=ETdec)
A/c balance
Airmanship (lookout)
LPAST
Lookout
Attitude=Speed
Power
Speed Low=Lower nose
Attitude
Trim
Forces (W,L,D,T)
Effect of:
A/c balance
Airmanship (lookout)
Lookout
Attitude=Speed
Power
Speed Low=Lower nose
Attitude
Speed high=Raise Nose
Speed
Trim
3000’
Weight
S+L 15˚ 30˚
Centripetal
Centrifugal
Other Factors:
LH
Inner wing has
larger AoA
7. Stalling (Ex 10a/b) (Duration 1.0Hr)
Def: When RAF & chord = AoA critical angle (@any spd, config, weight, pwr)
Turbulent flow Why: Limitations of flying ability
4˚ 8˚ 14˚
Recap After stall:
Drag Incr
Def: Condition where only one wing is stalled creating a spiral path towards the ground, that is
rolling, yawing and pitching
Incipient spin: Early stages of full, that the aircraft can recover by itself due to its own stability
Full Spin: Aircrafts inbuilt stability won’t recover by itself the pilot must input actions to
recover the aircraft.
CD
Yaw
Yaw
AoA
Drag is the larger force on aircraft creating the yaw force, recovery would naturally want to
decrease yaw component by applying opposite rudder
Yaw
Roll
Lift
Drag
Recovery procedure: Refer to POH
Why: 1) Avoid collisions, 2) Standard around the world, 3) Avoid bottle neck, 4) standard
reporting points
45˚ C- cold
P-as required
Base
U-fixed
12 13) RT 14) Turn
F-30˚
Landings, Circuit delay tactics, Emergencies
Speed=Attitude
After the Base
actions you need to
maintain the picture
RoD (rwy)=Power
below
26
down=reduce power
1 inch
Student Errors:
Circuit ATC tactics: Orbit (note wind correction), Different areas in the circuit, Wide circuit,
extending downwind/upwind, early turn outs, and tight circuits
Engine failure Flapless landing EFATO (rwy avail) Glide approach
GF Recap
Routing
FREDA
Why important: Mind set preparation, Muscle memory, Improve survival odds
When: Engine stops (why has the engine failed): Fuel starvation (poor fuel management) (most
frequent), Ignition failure, Mechanical failure, Carb Icing, Engine fire (engine shut down)
Principles:
Airmanship: Always know where the wind is coming from, Always have a field you can land on,
ANC (aviate, navigate, and communicate)
1) Fly – 65Kts + TRIM 3) Fault find 5) Final
4000’ 1) Fly
2) Field planning L – R restart Don’t extend the DW
2) Field
WOSSSSE R – L Shut down 6) Flaps
High Key 2500 AGL 4) Freak-out Only if you can make the field
3) Fault Find
(Threshold)
MAYDAY SIPTAN 7700
4) Freak-out WOSSSE
Low key 1500 AGL (Mid
downwind) PAX brief
Wind direction
Aim 1/3 into field, LH
Obstacles
pattern
Size: Soccer field
1) Simulated: Engine warm up every 1000’ 3) Choose a field and stick to it/must be a 5) DO NOT T/O
field you can actually land on (preferably
2/3 throttle for 5 seconds 6) Student errors: Warm-ups, Go-
not a road)
around alt, poor glide trimming,
Go-around @ a suitable Alt 500’ AGL 4) Height loss on final: full flap early, S- forgetting to navigate, changing the field,
height loss on final
2) Practice makes perfect turn and side slipping (emergency only)
12. Precautionary (Ex17) (Duration 1Hr)
Reasons: Fuel Low, Daylight Low, Cloud Low, Poor and reducing VIS, You are getting sick, Engine
sick (Poor planning or Time limitation so don’t waste it)
(To do the precautionary is the hardest decision you have to make (ADM), Decided in the air,
you might be sick.
Must question: Can the flight continue, Can I turn back, Can I reach the alternate? Decide to
do the precautionary “when there’s doubt there’s no doubt”, Immediate PAN. If short on fuel
land ASAP, don’t waste time.
Field 1
Overshoot
Undershoot
1st Circuit 2nd Circuit SSC Slow Safe Cruise @ Landing: When ready to descent
ref point CPUF, Final actions, Short field
High lvl Inspection Portion is low lvl landing technique
500’AGL 200’AGL @ SSC 2150RPM
Demo on field and runway
Can I Go Lower: Undershoot, timing, Optimum flap
Approach/land/go- Overshoot
75Kts TRIM
around
WOSSSSSE
Student errors: Choose fields, Not ready @
SSC in trim for Low level inspection,
incorrect procedure, Altitude control, on
DW PAN/PAX brief, losing the field on DW,
flying to close too field
13. Navigation (Ex18a/b) (Duration 2.5Hr)
Navigation Log
Law requirement of fuel, 5C’s, NOTAMS/File2Fly, FREDA, Unmanned airfield departure, Fly to
Reference points, Altimetry setting, Diversion, Lost Procedures, Situational awareness, Map
awareness, Engine management (mixture), Regaining track, SIPTAN,
Student Errors
Why: Weather, special considerations (terrain, obstacles, Law, Height Judgement), Airmanship,
Engine considerations,
Weather: Low cloud, rain (poor visibility), Drift correction more pronounced,
Special consideration: Never want to be low, Ground elev, No Lapse in concentration, Terrain
down drafts (Meteorology), Power cables, turn radius, look for a second horizon
LAW: Following a line feature, Special VFR, flight over civilisation, speed restrictions
Why: Accidental/inadvertent flight into IMC. 80% crash with flight into cloud no IR
Layout
AI Detail
TC or TI indicator
Power + Attitude=Performance
C.C.H.A.T.
Failures introduction
VOR aircraft:
VOR Ground station:
Picture
Ref signal
TIT
Directional signal
FROM Top
Phase difference
TO Bottom
Radial (magnetic)
Flying the radial
Intercepting radials:
1) Wind
2) Distance
Outbound (30-45)
Inbound (45-60)
TIT
TIT
FROM Flag
TO flag
Intercept heading
Intercept heading
Anticipate desired radial
Anticipate desired radial