vt a he bankers and etchant of Flonencesup- Pete Ely Realance ss and srchiet 0 the ‘Catholic Chueh was the primary patton of ar and Architecture around ome m both the seventeenth and ‘egitenth cents andthe works i commisioned pve new a new sl, the Bogue. ‘By the end ofthe Reaisnce, the Church had great temporal power, but its mora foundations ha deteo ‘ated, The ofc of adil wld open high and lowe ‘hutch officals tainained misweser and sought ‘Sneotes for their son tho were eupheaically eld nephews’ and donations from the plows were spent on projects wholly Tacking in spat pupose"The popes lived gland eating the Chirs treasury a personal funda To ance both sacred and secular project the ‘Church insted questionable andeasingpracties, such these of pardons and indulgences tose the aye of ‘elie fom a stipulated nunber of djs in Parga. THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION [As might be expected, the eruption of the Church ‘rough about ells fo aio reform, sme as eat as ‘he hiteenth cen. The mest dramatic ad influent reaction caine ftom the monk Martin Lather of the ‘monary at Witenberg. Geman In 1517 he led his nneysive theses of preston to the door of All Saint’ Church, In the opening salvo of what would become known athe Potstnt Reformation. Ua ht pate nh CHAPTER 12 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE time the Church had always overcome ellenges fom devant witha is ania sully by dering them heretics and destoying them by force. Tis time Rowerez ‘The Chur'simore reasoned espone was the Catholic Counter Reformation, a progam that involved bah ‘eform within the Church and 2 susalned campaign 12 ‘vin people acto dhe bli Catholic The Coun ‘OF Trent convened in 1545 and decreed that at ann ‘Geeta toa for spreading the preige and teachings of {he Church. All the arts were ployed In this publi ‘elaons efor. and the attic se that developed 10 estate didn Catholic tesehings became lows 3 the Baroque. The tens were openly propagandic ‘over emotional, and long on sensory appeal Based on Sh chorion of latskal forms, sleady made highly Individalsic By ass and stein the eazy ake teenth cent, the Baroque wan didactic thesia, dynam ad dramatie sje Later eis hae ated is exaggerated gestures, excessive omamentation, and {concealed emotionalism In context, however, Baroque ‘wok should be seen a aiming to inwave people dey ‘ith elgious eae: rogue schitewur i characterized by spatal complesy and drama cated by light fom Undlclowed sous, effec were achieved hough the oporioned space (177 by 06 fe) tat ws onee the Sadkum af Damian (Fi 12.19) he medieval peted houses were bul on the ruins ofthe gundsands whe the open center wat ed for informal games anda make Pope Inent X= palace faced he square and on hs eetion in 1644 he tndenook the rerrbishing ofthe pizza and is church ‘Agnes in Agone Fg 1220) the hurt commision was fine hon tn Chen an Corl Raia, bet th design dapat Innocent and in 1633, withthe foun Aavons aay in place Boromiat assumed onal of the bulldng procs, He rane thelr Grekcrose plan but pulled back the Might o” steps protruding in the arow square and provided s new cone fad, above ‘which roe high rim, elengated dome and slender ‘cupola Aer 1657 andthe dexthof Innocent X, Calo LP neste nono ‘ees oop anal rerum to complete the work, adding the win {eet pioned on ether side of the eared fade Ini ‘masing S. Agnes: represents he sthouete that St Peters night Rave had without the nave addin. Bemin, temporal out of aor fo pla esons and cae ofthe false ofthe tower a St. Peer wat rot consiered ata posible acitect for. gps ot is proposal forthe cena fountain in Plaza Navona 50 Pleased Innocem thatthe Hope se aside personal an ‘moses and avatded erin the fountain commistion “he Fountain ofthe four Risers (1645-51) lente i the emer ofthe pizza bat off the main axis ofS. Agnes 50 trot o compete with f has ymbolle gue set aid Splashing water and representing the major es of te fentinent to which Catholic had spread, The Ganges fate hele on tr becoee ofthat ees great mile len the Dan loks toward emblems of Innocent X the Nils fice Is obecured cause It eign as then Unknown and the Rlo della Plata figue Is 2 highly Imaginative fguation ofa native Souls American, bald, eae and mround by coins o eet the wealth of the New World. The figs syppon a cena bel, frowned with a representation of the dove of the M6PIAZZA NAVONA—A SPACE FOR SPECTACLE by ha Mt. Soyh-Pinney I area Nava, nthe hear of ome (ig 128) Alea the aroque gs ending nd the wo (rented or he lation of he amphi family's pope nose X, fe T00 years ld. Yer the set, signed bythe greatest oman arog arhtecs fe Hpt of thee powers reste inthe waters of the ooded square, reese the it of cen’ High Barogee aps. Innocents enovated fay palace Icom the ethan of hepa fom the bao he ad ise could Paria the raat pageantry ‘Among the Popes goes woul have ten vistors om many counties, plate epeseting the abet tons il eompeing fr he {ato Pop's vor despite is elnng pave fein azz Navona thu lered Ise as a permanent heel owe ‘Panag by cessing sane fae of etgute, supported br New ‘word wea an dominated open “njyment of tice and unas lente seular event panned hana 2 iting nay oa seed cow ‘ha Glonamed nape ‘deine toe mona scan sighs and suds, Sins a tases were ofganized Paming captures te ronan eset ofthe parade, and thes Dagestan alates the cares al coninsously moving sninated by the bight sani st ings ad git and sver ame, ight 1 ht fom the intrins fhe palaces and churches, more sl uminstes by bones and colored eet eee ‘he backround for an enormous "sh courte pigs an pauper ‘Shopeepes and sles ent such a these proceeded 160: debrden apa ance, serous amines, plague outhreas, {nd terrible tes, both physica hon-eeers Satu oul ome ne i ap wn ate De Baroque rulers wae Impes hit ‘lead abc, ad he undying lassciom event i the Baroque a2 ‘fan yl classeal "olden Age emt surprising ten that Rares these ofthese natn Setting the outward ama fhe ‘ura publ cents nase, hie for example as lous and moderate nhs personal hal. and Bern ely rac Sates Loyola's pesrbed spitial eres, enh ate py nd pai ‘tna etc. tose and hs ach tected the sting granu oanother piment with a curved top comice and a “opp Tower one. Cortona improved acceso the ‘hutch by demolishing pats of surounding bailing to treat the tiny pizza haemo pico wih paired Tuscan columns pices Into the squat, aad the omic’ eure i anevered by countercuning wing wall The cncave-conves interplay is sub but eee this iminutv Baroque sage etn The net Baroque square to be conse ihe Paz del Popol. Fonaals plement of an abn at dhe poe tie lis duce tail sets converge gave the apace a ‘monimental focus In the mid-seententh ent, oman planne® wanted to regula this lsporant {ate fo Rome by placing dental domed churches on the rapesolal secreted bythe tne sets This pened 2 geomenie dilemma, howeer forthe sites woe of ‘ineqal width Caro Rina aise by Bein saved the problem by giving one church, S. Maia del Ntracol (1675-79) 2 dealt pln, andthe her S. Marian Settee tere Siete eds cash Monten (1652-75) anol plan to accommodate is atower site Viewed fom the abelic the churches lol identical bese oftheir domes and poriced facades and thee profiles enhance the gly ofthe piazza (Fi 12.2}: In 1816-26 theatcitect Gluseppe Vader carved futan oval vue rte piss inition of ern Plan forthe Paz oft Peters and aed tof ewing fermce to the eat lading up fo the Bowghese Gardens (Fig. 12.2). The teraces oer viewers the opportunity fo appreciate the oa la fom above aliway down the Vis del Bano fom the Faz del Topolo is the point where the rovte to 8. Mara ago cnsioned by SV dente to connect wth the Via Sstna at the top ofthe Pico Hil. Topogapbie dete ete eguived the ost to make a steep ace, Which as Inagiaatily serie by the Spanish Steps (1725-26), bait by Frances de Sancti following ‘Setigns mae » decade eer by Alesana Specht (ig 12.24. The projet war undenten by a wealthy Freich nan and onsruced on lad owed by the French huh athe Tint des Monte the steps wee so named beac the Spanish Embassy was nearby. Fm the fountain 28 base gee curves and countercunes orm a amate cs ‘cading sar dhat narrows and then dies before teaching Se intermediate platform, beyond which hei sain tite, only to split once mor nt opposing cars tht ukimatelyasend to the platform in ont ofthe Tih {ei Monta the end ofthe Sad Felice Iisa popular and effective stage seting, inviting promenaden to bemo both actors and audience and the design brings enioy- ment othe mundane a of climbing or descending by ‘couraging the pedesian to hnger and ook THE SPREAD OF BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE TO NORTHERN ITALY GUARINO GUARINI oomin’s work, epeily his design fr S vo della Sapienza, Became the sang point forthe work of ‘Gino Guan! 1624-83) an atchitet whose bulldings in Turin sepeaent the noahem extension of Baroque Rome. Guin was a member ofthe Thatine monasic ‘ofdet and he served an eight year noite in Rome rom 1659-47. Hiseal wrk Modena forte Thetis does ‘ot uve pala cele edt explo oan ‘ec in 1655, and he wasto spend he lowing decade inert places ncleing France andl posi Spin. On seen toTuin in 1666 he worked on two central plan curcen “The Cappella della. Sindone, o Chapel ofthe Holy ‘Shroud (Fig 12252), wa aed othe eat end of he ‘cathedral of Trin to hose the mportant tic of the ly ‘Stood, Guarin!receled the commision In 1667, fer nother archiet ad begun constracion oa a cieuat Plan ich Gis was obliged to retain ying ella ingle in the dele and redesigning the 112 ijn ni pie ‘eceecinae eSee aps ‘ate hen en tt 128 cic ce Se ‘Stem Spesooere. ‘porn ces snr and anding weibules Goarnk brought mystery and dynamism t0 the wnimagnaie oii Scheme. The domed chapel pulsats wih the counter ured by he esl ad an sal sehen three pendesties touch tangentially the cite of the dome above which snot realy a dome a all but a9 'sxcending hexagonal network of ache inhi 039 Ineracat arch eculs topped by aspirating lane Light flere into the upper ne dough sll windows set Within the arch ework and. pours i om ab large Srindows at de base ofthe dome or his own onder Gaarini designed §. Lorenzo (1668-80), based an octagon defined by convex Se Tana sfc bulging int the mn space ll set witha square and completed by an elipical choir (Figs 12.261) The geometric compesiy heres astonishing Squares ocagons a Grek cos. onal and cies ae involve, Again the dome is ota sold vault bu an open swrksructre wih eight interlacing aces, The chur is laminated by oval, pentagonal and cea openings se betwee the ibs and by seatered chambers that eae and modulate te light Over the cotta lowe si poined beds Yul whic, ike dhe mal val Tminicent of lai bed down a the Gret Monge {oF Condaba (se Figs: 79-7 10) possibly the mosque was nore to Cuarat fom his wave, $, Lorenz's dome drum and cupola minor the pla of cance and contex orm seen the interior (Fi 1227). Farther examplesof ibe domes on anbuil projects apes in Guns ‘rctetan ie,pbised postramovaty in 1737 Cutis mow setable mccemar was Hemardo Vitone (1704-70) who edited Gas ets for pubistion. Viton eaty works share Garin’ embers, whe those of ister earsdisplay more connate dase tendences Inthe sanctuary ef Santa Main della Vi tslone at lint (1758-39), soperponed equilateral ‘lags inser ine dome ecl Guarini Sore, the plan hr backtoHortominsS. vo. On bot he interior and exterior te chapel isa fsion ofthe cle and the ulagle, with ov wetted in ax chapels Throughout here i comsitnt oto deny the oi of the wal ‘ear aceon gree Ife fet ese pd to dino the physical boundries ofthe contained Space. Arces sippor feeanding pendenveke ibs ‘hat fnction a seen Behind which light enters fem tuseen windows. On the ein legions of painted angels ice sound the cena anter, where another patng ‘picts the aly Ty. The chapel at Valin may be conta with one of Viuone' Tate works the parish chuech at Grignsco (1750-8), where both interior an exterior ate nganized ‘rng classical element columns pers enalatures and ‘etiments (Fig. 1228). The plan based on a hexagon ‘Send by means of square apse termlnaing in seh See While the Barve love of cuiinar geomet x ‘ot exingushedcompleey—the exterior walls rate a once planes andthe lerexory windows asm eg Se fan shapes—the more flamboyant cements of the Tate Baroque have been considerably sabe Palaces were aso bal asthe Baroque spend ito noth tam aly and northeast ft cetal ope The indepen lent princes who governed this teetony pred 10 Splendid residences and Baroque architect brought ‘rama and exuberance tothe commiasions In Tin he ‘ecende font aed ove alae Mada in 798-21 by Filippo hear (1678-1756 fo Vitor Amado I of ‘he Howe of Savoy ices 9 mor etre dered rom ‘funcional news, the sain Renaissance pala Suis were generally sandwiched between rooms leing (the central counyardy atthe Talaroo Madam. he fad ata capi the etic with an length fhe fscension It bepins athe cena entrance, leads up 10 halendings athe far exer, fevers to te cee, and mums mney degies ita a bide leet entering, ‘he palace. The exeor composition mec sevntsnth eat Infences from Prance with which the House of Soy had ston connections. ovata ater designed the opal hunting lodge at Supinig (1729-33) oud Ts symmetric plan is ‘onanized around a Tange eagonalenace cour and focuses ona cental domed rounds ff which shot wings Dojedt dlgonaly. Recangule sevice cours ake he france tothe hexagon, and secondary wing exe off Sa yerices and terminate in pavions isan notes scheme, complemented by formal landscaping aloed limo geomet plantings. Imeror echo the daar charset of late Baroque churches, Spaces inepene ‘ete comics omit a though fe from the encosng, ‘ells. and stucco omamentation adorns walls and cel ings Perspective and the anfulapplction of painted shades ad shadows combine to bing drama fo the Res owns all (Fg, 12.29, where a-ring amount of ‘eal ncloding tng om pistes, serls on backs tnd uppesiche statuary created with pln not sure velitD.EU ‘THE BAROQUE IN CENTRAL EUROPE lle Vine and tuna were acive in and sound ‘Turn the atic el of Baro aly were beng pend to the nor and eas though Szcand, Ausra south frm Garmany, and Bohemia, There Talla lnuencs merged wi local tes and uring cil ad tions 10 create a version of fhe Baroque ditinctve ental Burope As in Tay, the diving force was the Catholic Coumer Reformation, yet the style recived ‘apport not oaly from Church offal, but aso fom reflected deeply held religious Bele In many respects Baroque churches in cent Europe ontnued meal themes ‘and architecture, seulpuue, and. painting dren asin We: the evoraton of evenly rea [Number symbolism i prominent tate the images of ‘sins serving a nteresors Between cath and hese Twn towered wes fonts ae commonly fund capped by bulbous dome ther han Cth spt, The npresion ‘of aty volume thats conveyed in the Got by soung emer ple ison which pnt and tec ave bee ‘expeny applied o cent the son ofan open sky iled Wit heavenly hows These Rarogue churches are bight sy the windows ae gle with clear ns ad ay veh gold apt! hoes. The Haroque monuments of (aly were important Iatyifsenial bene desig eo the developement ff the Winder or wal pla that charac mary bartel- vated Tura chapels te separated fom one another hy croatwallt faced the nave wth lle. [Neth ofthe Alps hex ross walls became wall plas Which Baroque architects exploited for both stra MERKEZ KUTUPHANEsbi and the shaping fitemal pace. Although the Churches may rein sie sey some even ih galerie ‘overhead, the wall pias were wae a pace shaping le ment to establish the concep of cenualy within What ‘ere general longa plans Thus the interaction of ‘al and’ cenvalzee plang, aeady seem in the oval Asis of Somomin and Bern ys continued in the Baroque of ental buope The life and werk of fohann Bernard Fischer von iach (1656-1725) exmpiyome of the ey i which allan idee were tnafeed to cent Europes acer ven flac eae ew an Attia family of sso ad he was sent to Rome for raining inthe suo of Catia Fontana. During the siteen ease spent in Rome he became familar wih both sncent apd. contemporary Wows there apd hee nflsenee, combined with know fg om eel aco bop were ater feted in ik fe derign and inthe hnatd En iner hisrichen ‘rc (soc rhage), a precocious hs af Ieee which he published 1721 Facher ton chs arte frtanes were ded to those of the Hapaburg He joined the imperial cour at Vienna at architect ort fost Tn 1689, was Tale othe obi in 1696, and seed a chi ingpecor of court ulin rom 1705 antl his death Ding hi ite, -Avasia eperenced a surge of nationalistic pride afer ‘esse repeing he Tarksh attack on Vienna in 1683 Seeking toate an impressive inerational ty that ‘would wal Rome or Veal, Viennese princes bale Taroue plats and aise ne churches cher om Edac’s major contribution to Vienna was ‘he Kasiehe (1716-25) abildng that ec his ew ‘hat every work should be unique (Pe 1230) By bowow Ing tom 4 wide range of historical sources, be created 3 igh oiinal design that feed to many jr build Inge o the pat The church was dedi to St. Chats oromeo, dhe emperor’ patron saint and was bull in failment of «wow Chats VI made in 1713 dung a ‘ute ofthe plague is bad facade dominated by dome on a drum ssing above 2 peimented portico, Tanke by coluans ina manner reling the fat ofS. ‘Ages in gone. where the cental dome is flanked by ‘win campanies, Elements Tom historical bul, Fate emcee one oe ‘ea tyne og ‘amt tape ‘thn asneome tase peIncomporated here inelade he colamne pon fom Ronan temple sch a the Pantheon Trans Column from lmpatal Rome. repesed on oth sides of the rotunda and adored wih senes fom the life of St {Charles Roromeo her han ref the Dacian Was the drum and dome ftom papal Rome and an eal ‘onmpontion sgeting the come and minaret of Sophia in Constantinople Th neo iimessive forts longated cral ave (Pip 123148) the ein of hich te embsished with isosie faces depicting St Cares foromeo appealing tothe Vin Mary ne: est fr vl fom the plage Fcher von Each bad teen the cing faces being stale at he Gs ding his esidence im Rome, soe wed pining ater than {offering ie a emi or omomin would have done ‘o comple the dome’. "The rather severe ad laicalappoach of Fches von Lalach contests with the weak ffs contenporay, the ‘yrolese architect Iacob Pandiauer (2660-1726), who ar tained in Munch asa maton and practiced a a rele i hie eng, but he wos also influenced by Fhcher von Each Armember of eligi eerhood, Prandtaer war closely involed ih hi designs wile they wee under constuction and he s known primaiy for monte projec inclding rebulding the great abbey of Mel (1702-14, 2 deamatically atop a oy Fie sing 200 fet above tne Danube. The monastery hse ett pst ses Cr 1230 unter te ‘etna mamdgtn a e pparentearneceo uldigs ae aranged nan elongate U shape, withthe ‘uch placed inside the Us cormpeeed oie ne rupting one long range of roms From the rier below Sn the mall couryard that peed the wet rot the twin towers ofthe mln facade dominate whe the drum Sant dome oe the eons are best een fom the mor “oranda thee cof he cre. Th wal pit ‘hutch with galleries above the oval chapels ined of ls Tonga! emphasis was unaotble because fit reietong and Prandauer emphasized vera Through Med pilaster ad a dome om pendetive hat Soars above the cous andthe swing drapery of the Futs rhe cel esos (Fg 12.32) The wndlaing omic of the nate suppers reese arches around "lees windows casing the whole cen to appear as | lating world. The inte ison of heen gues pling ut rm the vaults above provides domain betwen early mates and he spi! word. Tn Siterlnd, Bava, and Babe, Raroue design wa ene the province aries facet, slp ton and paintem in which fther. son wl, and nephews labored on building projets For example fire Dientzenhofer brathen-—Ceorg Christoph, Leon hard fohann and Wolfga—were civ in hela and southern Germany jst Before snd afer 700, where they “combined the fee-rwinging crs fond in the woes of Fewominh and Cuaria with Savie ad Gothic mati Chistopistn, Klan Hg also beeame an sash Aesiger Toefl of master bulders should not be hou of ar msi 3 umber of them were aed thajor center sich a Turn, Viena, apd Prague, and thy ew bo te bu and de unbule dsgne ofkeading "lian aeitecs even though they practiced architec ‘il member Christoph Dientnhote (1655-1722) wsdksigned the church of St. Nicolas on the Lene Sie in Prague (1703-11) (Fg 123) 6 have longi plan ‘sith dep wal pil st beeen chapel bow and al Tes above Te wal ils tea the nave are splayed 16 Support doubly carving aches This configuration crete ‘hatha be allel sycepation a double reading of he Spat nite ctherataditonal bay tem or aes oF reaping als An akeratve sey of spatial demateralization was «ployed by Dominus Zimmerman (1685 ‘huch of le Wes The Fede (1 located in a endow beneath the Ravan Alpe. Fusing hal church and oval schemes and creing an outer bering all liye nan nner abet ye of coupled ‘columns, Zimmerman support nearly at woodand plaster vault on which he brother, Tohann Rape Zim trerman (1680-1756), could create an expansive 30, incon feco of Chi ae ae hag. pled tov background of white plaster dense by bri Mant ligt from lage, surounding windows, pining yea of pastel and gold colors oman eo oma, ‘a touts in the vul ups pace an apparently ‘Scehless ital unity fom this abundance of ements and eflec. he collaboration of no cather brothers can be sen in the aby church of Hiweden (1719-35), where theImonasey for which the Cacingian Pan ofS. Gall (ee Fig, 88) was dean, Although there is edence tht a chrh following the Carona scheme wa ule, te reildings inthe Gothic sy obured header ound tion. The present Karaque cue, Rowen, tans the oubieended ape of the sgn basin. Is dein i ‘ete to Petr Thumb (1681-1760), wth the tered ‘nt facade being the work of Joann Michael Bee (Fg 12.35) Sk Gallen is 3 walla church with 9 cet rounda expressed onthe exo as aor between flank Ing towers There ate bo tanseps and the west Font remuingunftinbe. Sve for feat fade te cnesio of 5 Gallen rather pain, with al windows evenly paced fen the inferior feco and stieco work by Chistian \Weiziger sess dynamic an exuberant than the wotkat sede St Gallen the lat rea Baroque church ball im central butope and one of he lt nal of Europe. The ‘way in an ee that wa econ noe itrested in churches Asin Hay and Pace the nobility wanted to ‘epi the portance by balding peat place and the Uheateaity of the Baroque as wel suited to providing tt approprinte sting, OF thee princely abode, the 1236 en nme ie, Sn crarriepireninm moey ete randest wa the Wishung Resides (Hig. 1256), begun [in1720 forthe prince bishops ofthe Schoobom fy "ty architect” was Johann Balthasar”Neumann (1557-1755), gavel teaded asthe grees matt of the German Baroque, Neumann was tained in mute Imatieg engineering, and arthitecre, He served the ‘Schonbors aan airman, cil engine. and miliary engine before Ding encouraged o deste is designing {alent and enginceting denen othe ceton of arch tect paces Te enormous Resides wan ymmeticaly ‘pone sound x deep entrance cout with fur inrioe outs providing Hight andar to the side wing. ‘Neumann’ plans for the place were scrutinized by gam and ay the work proceeded sch evesight and ‘hangs Inthe pine bishops sled in a tweny-he ear constuction period, wih an additonal ve yeas ‘equled ocomplte the inrior decorations. Neuman’ Imasterpece within thi compler was the sequence of aor erption rooms, beaming wh the ow vestibule made lange enough fr a coach to urn around ihein 145 had an apparion of he Foureen Not (a sort ff heaenly nes o guaran angel Tor eho the Shards was named. A prec chapel a the ste had become inadequne, 2 jadictonal conics betwen the princebishop of Bamberg and the Cisterdan abbot ‘whose monastery was financing the work edo confusion tre Neuana’sappoinimen a are Constucion ‘eo ally begun in 1744 et dhe Foundations were lk too far othe east by the spersing architec who also ‘made desig changes of whic: Neumann dd not approve [Neumann edged the chu, producing ascheme that Ss remartable for the way Baily basin ground pln is rasformed ine a composition of Baroque dies {nd ovals (Fg 1237). The festanding aa of the four ‘een suns cerupies ental positon inthe mae, wile ‘he eamsept become ces and the apne dened 9 ‘oral. Neumann manipulated he interspace by aang Ing the ase pes fe bot to support the oval vaults reheed aed to Fore sce choosing die Pion of says nthe Sik well hestemceeg te dae of Tight from unseen sures with siting curving forms (ig 1238) He used elite pastel clots acented wth sold on male per and cling fescot to emphaae fhe aity rolumes of he neice The om sandsone exe For is gad but restained, and the tin towers ofthe france font respond the axis esablished by the Mog abbey o anon ail aos the valley “This dicuton of major Baroque monuments should ot obscure the fact hat the Baroque Beare ah almost ‘erscila ye fr cures nthe county of south fm Germany Swiverland, Asta, Czachostovakia, and Poland much ar media ses crater the Trench and English landscape. Esti churches wee remodeled Sind new ones were built nthe Bare se ther di Tine reverse cue domed awe sl do the rua i tl The Rogue even had 3 ipact in Rs, whete St Petersburg was fi ont ear the eighteenth cena by Hench and alan architec ‘THE BAROQUE IN FRANCE The eas ofthe Halla Baroque wee transfered although ot without moifeation ta France. By the mid-even- tee century Lie XIV nas coming into is major, Renainance pied lsc wa licen well ea Tishedin France o mite the most caborst exten ofthe Roman Baroque rec ofl patronage ofthe prod Propagand ofthe Cahalie Counter Reformation was not ‘importante The ofa court spe lofi the ‘monarch, andthe primary fain of the sateun at tic esablishment Was to provide splendid segs, Tu things and obj fr the pay of coal pow Punt ofthis objective Freoch arth ult impres: Sey elaborate wor on a sae seldom seen, and the U.EU, MERKEZ KUTUPHANE ‘manners costumes and style ofthe Rech cout became the model for oer European capital THE LOUVRE, PARIS Several building projects exmpliy this proces tn Pain the reuiing f the Laue begun oer enter ith the interior court wing by Lcou a still ot com Diet Fist Uemerer and then Loui Le Nu (1612-70) trod on the intrioreevatone of the eque cou During the 166083 numer af ache, Snlcing our Atlan were ined to mbit designs for he est facade erin, the leading Faropean architec. sent 9 design proposing central ol pion exminated by end past ong the whole composed of gant engaged columas and ‘olonnades beter suited othe right un of Hatha © ‘he overeat shies of northern Europe. fer hearing rench ‘objection tothe scheme erin! sent a sscond propa, {his time wih concave plan, bu Louis IV andi in ter were sl not sated. dhe niece ofthe King emi came co Tai for six months in 1665 t consult ily onthe Louvte design in pte of opposition fom Tene arcltes who hoped to receive the commision ‘herseves While in Prin, Bemis prepared 3 tid pro ‘oral, not jus forthe ean wing ut forthe entre palace. In this plan, dhe original square cour was completely shielded by open logge with Bock aires protuding tthe comer The exterioe fides were 90 lenge cred ‘ut arte by giant engage clu onthe cea pain and plaster on the end pavilions the pound Moor wa tented a9 rst base for he gant oes ate Peps bea rnin ile orc French atin hie designs Louie decided not to adopt any of thee schemes Instead he gave te commission tate consis Ing af the ache Le Vau the paar Chases eran (1619.00), and + docor of medicine, Claude Perit (1613-8), Wile the exc contrbtions of ech remain Uncen these hee men wee responsible forthe present dy cast agade (1667-70, compose ofa clonnade af que Colt eolrona wit cena teen pel fom al set atop a esteted round story (Fg, 1233) This use of paired columns inks the work 10 Baroque precedent although the desig far more estan than fontemoparty architec in Uy. fn coast eet French Renae work, the oof of the et facade is hidden by a Balustrade parapet reinforcing he horizon talemphasie of the whole eatin, "The aur of the st fade, with cata pd ‘ment end pavilions. and ped columns any acon Ninsous atresia with Pera ideas bout aritertre He edited a welseceied French ‘sion of Vivi in 1673, i which e Mata the tyave monumently ofthe tbeated Roman work ofthe ‘public In 168, he prodaced 4 conoveialwease 00 the ode in which he argued hat thet propotons weem not bolt but were best eterined by a dlscering 9 This atiude frat had profound impiaions for the development of subsequent architectural theory, Incuang were cestury Modemisn, Fans Mantis or vell lon fis ii pas tin a for his design gens. Trained by his master Peer father, Manim as “arrogant, touchy, and Uinpopulae” and peas coup Hs aclination to work telework poet alin endl cme hist le ‘onto ver many of thes before completion. While tring much othe continuing imporatin of both High enalsnce and Manne fms rm aly he produced sro that wat chain ni emphasis on opera Scr aeonination of Fcnch Goth eitons ad fom stereotomy the ar of presse stone maton. Rega Ing the late his buliings exhib a precision of detail and conviction of compention that ges them 4 "severe ehnes” athe by Fe oer, ‘Mansarts St Mate dela Vitaton in Pai (162), bt for a group of mens who served the sick and needy ‘ute hr convent, demons hi interpretation of the enralchurl ache «eal ination in Pence atthe time He took his plan (Fg, 1240) through a ‘numbcr of ertons fore setting on rotund ringed bycohmn sees andapsial and bide shaped capes ino the thick suToundng wall wih one chapel Tending 2m ho in sion sues eve 3 ft ration wih telescoping vert) apaces peered Dy 2 series of tueated Towstung domes which were 10 ‘become his trademark The entance faa (Fg. 12.), vith ts huge Serllana capped by a conmex palin ook reals the woak of Salcanon de Bese ‘ans en the Prachi of Ve Grce in 14; twas complety Lemerier afer 1646 Bul wih Funds granted by Anne of Aisa afer she conceied Los Xie Mana a appr oer the og Terie ite Rome. Seve projects precaed the design as but. One ay scheme Ilda eat baldachis ike that a St Paces truncated Joubledomest he cos nd adi tint combinadon of itersetng barrel vl, Semi ‘domes and domes inthe shor nave (Pig 1242} bl (Fig 1243), the sucure Bectne mach simple with eight dome atthe cosing capped bya second, lenge oe: are tb exs abe tetrad onl belated nave. IAC MalsonesurSeine near Pais, Mansaet built a hates (1602-51) tha has fw ex ie coin Composition nd scce masonry extent His rand te Dla some of which hs been los iced a elaborate nt sequence wth monumental gateways and weeined Soules leading wo a forecourt defined by sable and intended orangery Net comes a moat, tent out, ‘hen the body of the house he compe loge soured byaen pateres Mansa aang the aiding have 2 U shaped plan (Fg. 123) wih end pains capped by 1240 rae i “ te ~Pe bal lagdetaled Nhe1245 fang aa eee ‘Sonia eee arene ica truncated pyramidal roof and a ler cena pasion wi adhe tory cereplce of aad columns and a Dediment. The masonry fagades (ig 1243), acalted ing crip pilasters. have the appearance of 2 kin Sched gly oer a structural skeleton beneath The fe ober astured assem canbe seen on the ntioe, Vehere the main veitbule appeae as 4 thickwaled ‘masonry bos inside which Manan ised eto eight Columns, producing an apparently rabest building Inside an eeuted ove Space Inthe adjacent sai owes ‘etendsupwatd though low wuncated domes ke tose Se Mare de la Vston and his addigons tothe hie a Blois (begs 1635) The designers of othe French county estates also enti sia adopted aspects ofthe Baroque sje Scent ear chen hae seta andaed of elborate design that continaed iota the nent century, with increasingly ‘splendid fens cminating inthe lavish place and finden designe of NaeleVicomte and Verailles. On Angus 17, 161, Nicolas Fougut the Atomey General oe and Supesincendent of Finances or Louls Xvid the ingand Queen and 6000 other guest eve at recently completed estate VaurleViomte (1657-61) (Pg. 1246). The ete, designed by Le Va ood 5a 170 aces of land and had 2 majestic view over the sounds, landscaped by Ande Le Nove (1613-1700) 0 nce formal gardens funtion and scutes extend ingto the background forest The cites ina een ‘ck with pavilions at each comer containing appar ments for Fouguet on one end and the king onthe othe The axial entrance approach leads across most 10 4 ped trae ad through teplesched entrance door Ino the vestibule In the enters projecting orl son, ‘entered os short ass through ple arches comespond ing to the wiplearched openings on the oppose val, through which the gardens Beyond can be ace. The Panter Charles Lebrun organized the stucco, work ‘ding painting. and peste ofthe inter wo provide { mapient sein for living Within thee weeks of the opening of his cite, Fouquet war charged with mismanagement of ropa funds and embezlement, hs propery was conta, and he was down ito psn, where he died In 1680. ui bought all uf Foe’ inteior farnishigs for 3 {hen sum avd inane the off to his wn cite a eres, He als commande the designers of Vale Viorme—e atcitet Le Yau, the decorator eb, and the landscape chic le Néte~to bein wo for i In 1624 Louix XI fad bul hunting lage on swampy Ind tVeriles, ome twenty ies owe of Pari When the face Lou XIV was 2 hl, he spentevant the doen eon ea me i relay happy mes in the wen room chit there ft on becoming monach be decided o make modi tone In 16 Le Va add sere wing andi 1669 round the orginal cies, ping the entrance core tbutaing new work on then facade Lous XV was Senimentl abou the orginal lodge and allowed none of ito be remowed during the enlargement ofthe palace ulldingy so Le Vas nea ad wings and pally ‘cored he cent block ina syne deig, rom theft Laie intended Veale tobe te pe manent residence ofthe royal our. damning medieval Para an unt sting forthe Sa King Ase le able for major consnacion than Verles would ive bon difclto ind. ‘The may ground ws fine for He andthe wan no tdequne weer upp ely al. blo run fountain, Under te dection of Le Note the sry drained 37,000 acres ofland and dered an entire re thiry mils to supply war Tor the fount which ‘setully numbered 1400, Wat garden were lid out ‘rth axial stan teracey scape formal owed fountain, water asian, and pth nea its and lan that focused on the Kings bedroom in the center of the palace (Hgs. 1247-1248), In 1678, when the entre court took up residence at ‘esas: he palace was again elaiged hs ume under the dliection of Hangois Mansur's nephew, Tales Hardouin Mansa (1646-1708), ho connie to work there unl his dexth thing gente ater. At one poi In 165,36" men and 0 hones were Inve i con struction of the bulldings and grounds A town of shout 21,000 people rep accent tothe palace a hoe he aristocracy, ther soldiers and sera, and oer minoe ‘ours. Uke the gardens the town was onganied ‘ound radiating boulevard extending from te center of The place—a device fist seen in Rome with the thre ttrece extending south from the Pazar del. Popo. ane etende the place gmmetally on both the north and south ends continuing the elevations ext Tse by Le Yau But destoying in the proves the sub cles of advancing and cedingpanes that character Le Vass wore Mansons wings have lines aad that ‘continue veihout Inept. Mansa also ade the Gale der Claes, ot Hall of Mir, and wo accent of he Ambassadors (Den 1671) vided to ead Both salon, 30 that any ambastador would know of Louesintenvons before tse were actualy announced 0 ‘im inde appropsate sexing A age cular panel a he ‘nem, Te Kings own site of roms incdd sloneauributes of the gods representing the seen plans: ‘hrone room was the Salon of Apolo. The ony weal feature at Vesales Is the chapel added by Mansa 1695-1710, a bulding of Gothic proportions and spat pally was linked to the Kings aparmenty wile the four as elegated to dhe lover ee 'Al othe terior decraton at Veale was cad cut unde the dein of abr, and the fume of LeNotre Ue Vu, and Lebron which had wo sucess Coordinated the seic badirop for fetes at Vaue Vicor, achieved aa mote gandose effet at Veale. lebs decorstion, furtee, apestien, reli and ings were an eaborte ss anything to be found in Maroque plas ofthe eto. However. hie Vesailes ‘ns much ofthe grande it Tas ite ofthe dyna of seventee-centy sci ty Jules Hadouin Mansa ls designed rte in Pare Headed the church of S-lauis-der invader (Cg 12.49) w the hospi for disabled solders. Although the Interior of es Invalides a kw wa tl ncn Pett Mans death in 708, twas een ished by 103, te pan i bated on framantes exgn for St Peers andthe drum and dome are deed from Michelangelo's design forthe same chueh though ans pve his intepreaton 4 stong vera scent. The dome of Les lvls buts by pat of Tonic Columns priming fom the fenestrated aura ofthe ‘ram. Te dignity ofthe enero i achewed by & system of tnee dome shells (Fig, 1250). The innermost tu pace the inermeite masonry dome caps the texted 124 sere at nna 250 abn nt Meer epee hati a ona ‘ome and supponsthe external umber framed dome, which ‘covered with lead see aed i aed othe ding’ CHRISTOPHER WREN AND THE BAROQUE IN ENGLAND Impact onthe most ostandng chitet of the Egan atoque Christopher en (1612-1728). Wren came to rational prominence ox 4 rel ofthe Gost Ft ich tam on September 2, 16s and dextoyed 373 ofthe 448 acres comprising the valle area of the Ciy of Lendon, Including’ 13.200 hase, forfour cy companies tighorseven churches the Royal Exchange the Cao Howe, and St Puls Cathedral. Numerous prominent ‘men made plan for ebuiing the bu ne. Wien po ect a plan dated September 11: the dias St Jom Bel, september 13; and Rober Hooke, Carter of Experiment tthe Ryal Society September 1, Wren p> pone a gid superimposed with ail routes connecting, Commercial rigious and govemmental cess within shel, Pet rts pln ozo canbe the plans sabe for the seul of London an ted in the acl wore Merchants wanted 1 esas thee homes and businesses asap s possible, in the sain locaton within the cy eihout ang to vale for radial planning changes to be approved and implemented i 1S ene einsuo well connected inthe church is father having Ben Det of Windsor In 1661 Wen became Profesor of ‘Astronomy at Onfnd Universi, While thee he deg the Sheldonian Tester (1662-63) fran alms, Arc bishop Sheldon, basing onthe semiccalr plan ofthe Theate of Marcellus in owe (se Fg. 5260). Huge wonder rof asus above he theater space suppod 2 ‘open sky, complete ith simulated ropes to old the ‘ading device aut The entance front i a pedimented ‘vin witha aking come cad down othe peive fer walls (Fig 1251), Arcade, alecolumns, per, ‘ral dormers and a cupola complete the Sxgn twat Tse om pte in Ser ae Bal of rchec, wat the plated and pediment deg of the see lage (1663-65), cated for his uncle Matthew Wen, Bishop ‘Of. The capes cen is elaborate and its woodwork fas cly cared by the maser woodener Cealing Wen ised Paris from ful 1665 through: Mah 1655, probably wo escape the plage that was sweeping Baia ‘atthe te There he met Berio and wrote, “1 ‘wold have en my skin fo. aw inate ew” of Bemin's design forthe Lous ‘rth ie of 1666 Wien became one of the sx co Imissones who prepared the At for Rebiling the City ‘af London (1667) spec¥ving among othe things the wse ‘ot brick walls ad alte oof vec he spend of ay fare fies, ifyone tener ball ofthe burt pai ‘hres ofthe ey wee rb odes done by Wren {Kom 16700 1686 although nich of he Seti wa po able tothe maser eatpenter ot mason in charge of ‘ach individ chrch since Wen ax pecceupled with his major ifewor he rebiling of St Pals Cade The tower and apres of is chutes perhap inane ty what he had sen In Gothic rane, crest a dsinive slhuete nthe sine, tng above the lower ick ‘designe vary considerably av he had to accommodate many diferent te conditions he somtimes rowed 4 ‘intpeetation of the ear church dearoyed In the spire of St. Maye ow rit on a cela plan above 2 Square pan tones, while Se Bide’, Ft Set ha our Shing on faded pers Previous church, The church of 8. Stsphen Walbrok (1672-87) sere ss an experimental model for hi dome dsign for Pauls Catedral cep forts dome andthe meds tore capped by a Renaines crn, the exon ofS fetocdinary cenelly plied space developed on 3 modulated ged, witha stubby nave and 9 cffeed Pa theonlte dome (Fig 1252-1253). The dome ras on nd fie for hie reason i not present any ofthe ‘tna robes hve nthe upeseled masonry dome of S Paul weWrens design for St Pau Cathedral went through a number of changes. The socalled “Great Model” (Fi 1255), dating fom 1673, consisted of a major dome on pit pers ringed wit secondary dome forting 4 com ‘ode ambaltory snl o Braman’ 106 design for SU Peers; but this dsign vas too stony linked with Roman Catolicim to be acceptable by the cahedals RM cer eens a dean and chaper A Laincrss plan. similar o the dkesuoyed Gothic bling was requested, and that wes what Wien provided in the “Waran Desgn” of 1675 ‘minascue drum and dome capped bya sce cpa Cnstrcion began on the bas of thi dg, which wen moxie slowly over the thiy-year bang peso, rectre completed i 1709 wat refined and cade 236), plan the cathedral basic. 2 fon that Wen add in the basic at Fan se pud- lished by Viuuvis. Most of Wiens ave and aisle churches were aed the Raman bac, Pal theasiican rut is comprise of cer dome in the rave and ales with burrs aoe the ale oo (Fg 12.57). To bide thee bunrestes and impart «stil ‘Horace tothe ee, Wen ated the aise walls fo ‘rete see arcana manner similar o thos in RSS cro a an Seon geen geef (yy 4 pet tet tbeesy u Besta 1gInigo ones Banqueting Hout (se Fig 1.80) wile the oth and south tasept poco were 3 netement of Conon’ fade ofS Mati ela Pace (ee Fig 122) In Rome The wet fronts sed on Peau fade forthe loue (ee Pig 129). wih toes like 5. Agnes fn ‘Ane in Plaza Navona in Rome (oe Fig, 1220) Ween sey changed the dome. not begun until 1697, from {hat propose in the Warrant Design” of 1675, yes ome with Bramantes nga design forthe dam. Sch ‘lane doe equine subtanial supporting pers nee lang the fil ofthis ofthe fur dagonal arches of ‘he eal costing cete segmental he tha het pec arches The eel massing of the dome had to betall and dignified e dominate the London sie but this would me cata an ecetvly set intra ace This Wren tered tothe tiple domed sty ‘ployed by IH. Mansa at his cute of S-touise Imaldes (See ig. 1250). The innermost dome i of ‘masonry. Above thi brick cone supports both the ‘upon the wooden sapetrctre ofthe lend cored ‘tron dome. Desie Wrens background at 4 mathe ‘atin thee i no evidence that he use hi cade Knowledge 1o take calculations pediing suctral eave “The rchnes of St. Pals eles equally on the thie tare andthe nea coat, wich inl ork by Gilg Gibbons (1618-1721) and mane ronmonger Jean Thou, Gibbons was bor i Roerdam and ic tre shereby I Even, He cae numerous Wren it ‘ors. incading Teint College Library in Cambridge nd Samer’ Pca in London but he excel bins in ‘hecho sallsand oman ease oft Pau’ Toa a Pench Huguenot was paonized by the monares Wiliam and May He worked mala at Hampton Court and St Ps ‘where rosettes and embossed leaves ditingish his ‘abort crestons in wrought on. design private howtes Oe presented tien building in he manne of Wien Coles elie. 1450) by Roper Prat (1620-83) (Fg, 1238). The ter roomdeep oF dovblepile plan included a. vansvese Servic coor. uch a hous can clam ances to may [Georgian mansone that would appear in eee cer Americ, allhough he later ung wo have Tonga central all Uppark, Sune (1695) (ig 1259) by Willam Taman (1630-1719) has a agade anicipang many Tater American woos. This house ks abe with a cena, projecting pediment bay and Sh elaborate frontispiece bat no ue ofthe onder. Similar hous an be sen in sch place athe ada ose Salisbury the weit American example ae fen more 58 et cat a8159 wie tn, pe perparerityetireelad Tay) refined and poses of fier proportions because they were drawn fom publaias in which English expe (her had been ced. NICHOLAS HAWKSMOOR, SIR JOHN VANBRUGH, AND JAMES GIBBS “ite working on St. Pas Wen employed a domestic ek who eventually became his assistant This man was t Nicholas Hawkamoor (1661-1736) who ade to St aut the west font ter tht emphisie massing In contast to the linear byades and acute dealing of Wrens desig. Haamooe ako collaborated with an ‘equally frnous contemporary, Sit Toh Vanbrugh (166421726) a enleman-solder and clo character ho atone tine was impasoned Wythe French on si ‘din of spying, On hs teturn to England he became 2 ‘cel comic playwright In 1699 the Fa of Carine ‘hose him over Wiliam Taman design alee in Yor shi called Cale Howat (fig. 12.60) Workon hs ab ‘rate and extensive complex began in 170, ih the Ssstance of Halancor who contibued where ow how to Vibro theatrical daring, The design is ‘symmestical,ceneed sound 4 domed ret hall fom Which the pinpal apartments exend lateral. Hanking negra — Lbet, ae2 shang nts Tepetursie ey ‘teeta carved colonnades mania seal while connect Sng the main block eh subsidiary coun fr then and ables The most celebratsd house of the vanbrugh- Havsmooe partetsipBleein Pace (i126) bull by a teal Eagand forthe Duke and Duches of Narlborough in commemoration ofthe Duk secs st the bate of Blenheim In 1704. large and pompous Dullding following the themes esablshed 4 Castle Hoar, Blenheim i representative of thi pesiod of sandiose design andi one ofthe most monsmntl Pikes of domestic arctecare of any period in Bran Mhe exterior i dominsed by gant Cornhan columns and tase comer paions Enuance i made tough ‘he nom portico wich leads om as rom the pret cout int the hall and slo Symmetcaly dispose on citer side ofthis eental goup ate smaller Yooms aranged Mound (wo intemal curt on the west font 2 Hong falls. Colonnade lk the main block othe Kichen hd stable cour, whic ance each the on ther sie OF the grat cour. Sarah, Duchess of Matfborough ‘objected ots impacts a a homme, ecause Kichen and dining room wee 2 guarermile apa. The poet ‘Aleander Pope obened “Tver fine, But where dye Seep or where dye dnt” "While Vanbrugh dsigoed some ten gand counsy houses, Hawanoo’ major tetera works wee the sic churches be bil i Landon wo were poi for uoder ‘he ct for Bling Fy New Churches of 171 for shich he was appointed commissioner Most of his baslcan Planning dived fem Wen, bu the exuberance all amon’: AL Chist Church, Spitleldy, London (1733-25), Hawdameor® tere inthe Ite Roman UA weenie it aoa, ‘ht triton128 en cen cm eto tt Seaton arin temples at Babek is refleged in his overcaled.and tinusully detailed scheme. The nave ie minated by fleestories above elipical bre vaults running parle posed of otiniil column with compete entabltures mounting each one. The nave Ix not ssited ut ie covered seh Nt cffeed ealing and the whole ofthe interior ibe On the entering the poh composed of {Tage Sian, sbore which he ower buted at front and back by screen walls containing indo ranged In another Seana compotion (Fg, 12.82). ‘he apes of Vinbrgh and Hovsanoot ate very personal individual forming eh extension af the mote Scademic work of Wren ad this preening» dinincve partof te Engishvadtion. The church ofS. SatninsheFlelé London (072126) by lames Gibbs (1682-1754) isan eon the Covinhian one, employing giant corms and pistes both inside and out (gy 12.63). Wren deed ower and sep ie onthe man axis he entrance othe ce ie through thei base and i proce by 3 dominating {arian portico This church seta precedent for count le eign buildings most notably in the American felonies both before and alc the Reolton, ally a tel of Gibbs A Bal oA, pied in 1729, thick irates hie numerous designs. For insance, Joseph Brown's Rapist church at Providence. Rhode and (1774.75) based om SU Marta are St. Michaels In Charleston, South Carona (began 1752, posaibly by Pecer Han). ad churches in Vermont and Connect ty tas limone ‘Gite isan archect whote works estblh abridge between the mont clborate examples f the Engl Horo ad more retained design se on he sere iso Andrea Palladin, The designs bis pblson hs texte bot inspaions. By the middle ofthe elghteenh ‘etary, the retum to purer inepretatons of cassia