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Tensile Modulus - or Young's Modulus alt.

Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic


material. It is used to describe the elastic properties of objects like wires, rods or columns when they are
stretched or compressed.

Tensile Modulus is defined as the

"ratio of stress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that
axis"

It can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield
1 Pa (N/m2) = 1x10-6 N/mm2 = 1.4504x10-4 psi

 1 MPa = 106 N/m2 = 0.145x103 psi (lbf/in2) = 0.145 ksi


 1 GPa = 109 N/m2 = 106 N/cm2 = 103 N/mm2 = 0.145x106 psi (lbf/in2)
 1 psi (lb/in2) = 0.001 ksi = 144 psf (lbf/ft2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2
Note! - this online pressure converter can be used to convert between units of Tensile modulus.

Strain - ε
Strain is the "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in dimension divided by the original value of the
dimension - and can be expressed as

ε = dL / L (1)

where

ε = strain (m/m, in/in)

dL = elongation or compression (offset) of object (m, in)

L = length of object (m, in)

Stress - σ
Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as

σ=F/A (2)

where

σ = stress (N/m2, lb/in2, psi)

F = applied force (N, lb)

A = stress area of object (m2, in2)

 tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts normal to the stressed area
 compressible stress - stress that tends to compress or shorten the material - acts normal to the
stressed area
 shearing stress - stress that tends to shear the material - acts in plane to the stressed area at right-
angles to compressible or tensile stress
Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity - E
Young's modulus can be expressed as

E = stress / strain

= σ/ε

= (F / A) / (dL / L) (3)

where

E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity (N/m2, lb/in2, psi)

 named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young
Elasticity
Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after
distortion.

A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it
back to its original length. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's
Law.

Hooke's Law
It takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement
upon the stretching force is called Hooke's law and can be expressed as

Fs = -k dL (4)

where

Fs = force in the spring (N)

k = spring constant (N/m)

dL = elongation of the spring (m)

Note that Hooke's Law can also be applied to materials undergoing three dimensional stress (triaxial loading).

Yield strength - σy
Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo
before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.

 Yielding - a material deforms permanently


The Yield Point is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the stress at which a marked increase in deformation
occurs without increase in load. In other steels and in nonferrous metals this phenomenon is not observed.

Ultimate Tensile Strength - σu


The Ultimate Tensile Strength - UTS - of a material is the limit stress at which the material actually breaks, with
a sudden release of the stored elastic energy.

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