A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON

OBESITY AMONG WOMEN IN SELECTED VILLAGE AT KANYAKUMARI

DISTRICT.

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNADU DR. M. G. R.

MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF

SCIENCE IN NURSING.

OCTOBER 2019
 A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON

OBESITY AMONG WOMEN IN SELECTED VILLAGE AT KANYAKUMARI

DISTRICT.

Approved By The Dissertation Committee In March 2019

Chairperson

Prof.Mrs. Josphine ginigo M.Sc. (N)

Dissertation committee

Global College of Nursing,

Nattalam.

Professor in Nursing Research

Prof. Mrs. Kavitha S.K MSc. (N)

HOD of Child Health Nursing Department

Global College of Nursing,

Nattalam.

Community speciality guide:

Prof.Mrs. Catherin Jiji

HOD of community health nursing Department

Global College of Nursing,

Nattalam

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNADU DR. M. G. R.MEDICAL

UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING.

OCTOBER 2019
 A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON
OBESITY AMONG WOMEN IN SELECTED VILLAGE AT KANYAKUMARI
DISTRICT.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNADU DR. M. G. R.MEDICAL

UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING.

OCTOBER 2019
 DECLARATION

The investigator, II year M.Sc., Nursing student of Global college of Nursing, Nattalam do
hereby declare that this thesis, “A study to assess the Effectiveness of aerobic exercise on obesity
among women in selected village at kanyakumari district, has not been submitted by me for the
award of any degree, diploma, title or recognition earlier.

Investigator
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that the thesis “A study to assess the Effectiveness of aerobic exercise on
obesity among women in selected village at kanyakumari district” is a bonafide work by
D.Nirmal Shahiltha, II year M.Sc Nursing student of Global college of Nursing, Nattalam in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Science in Nursing to the Tamil
Nadu, Dr. M. G. R. Medical University, Chennai October 2019.

Date : Signature of the Principal:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“I will praise thee, O Lord, with my whole heart; I will show forth all thy marvelous

works”.

My heartfelt gratitude is expressed to the GOD ALMIGHTY for enabling me to

complete this study successfully and for his blessings on me throughout my study.

I am extremely grateful to the Chairman Dr. Sam. G. Jeba Joslin M.D., M.R.S.H

(London) and the secretary Dr. Sakila Santhakumari, MA, M.Phil., of Global College of Nursing

for giving me an opportunity to study in this esteemed institution and supporting me in all the

ways to complete this study.

It is my pleasant duty to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Kala Kisho, M.Sc. (N),

Principal and HOD of OBG department, Global College of Nursing, Nattalam for her

tremendous effort and who has helped me in the midst of her multifarious administrative

responsibilities. Special thanks for her constant help, and valuable suggestions and valuable

suggestions.

This study has been undertaken and completed under the inspiration, motivation and

prompt guidance from Mrs. Catherin Jiji, M.Sc.Nursing, Asst.Professor and HOD in

Community Health Nursing department, Global College of Nursing, Nattalam. I express my

sincere deepest gratitude to her for her excellent guidance, assistance and effort for the

successful completion of my study.

I owe my deepest gratitude Dr. Anish, Block Medical Officer in Cherikadai PHC.

For his valuable guidance and also for assessing the content validity.
 I am extremely thankful to Mrs. Kavita Kisho Msc (N), Global College of Nursing,

Nattalam, for the motivation, support and guidance given during this work.

I thank the librarian Mrs. Sindhu, for the help rendered to collect the literature.

I extent my sincere thanks to all staff of Community Health Nursing who helped me

in preparation of this study.

I owe a debt of gratitude to my parents Mr. David and Mrs. Nirmala and my sister

D.Jeni (Biotechnology) for their love, support, encouragement and sacrifices during this course

and my husband Mr.Alwin and my daughter A. Riya and my son A. Rithan who helped me in

preparation of this study and his love, support during course.

I extend my deepest gratitude to all those obese women who participated in this study.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Contents Page NO

1. INTRODUCTION

Need for the study

Statement of the problem

Objectives of the study

Hypothesis

Operational definitions

Assumptions

Limitations

Conceptual frame work

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Frame Work

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research approach

Research design

Variables

Settings of the study

Population

Sample size

Sampling technique

Sample criteria
 Description of the study

Content validity

Reliability of the tool

Pilot study

Data collection procedure

Plan for analysis

Protection of human rights

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

5 DISCUSSION

6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,, NURSING IMPLICATIONS&

RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

1. Symbols used for pretest and posttest among experimental and control group

2. Level of obesity

3. Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables obese

women with respect to age, education, occupation, dietary pattern,

types of family and family history in experimental and control group

4. Frequency and percentage distribution of pre test level obesity

among in experimental and control group:

5. Frequency and percentage distribution of the post test level

of obesity among experimental group and control group.

6. Mean standard deviation, mean different and ‘t’ value on BMI in

experimental group and control group

7. Mean, SD and unpaired ‘t’ value on level of obesity among women in

experimental and control group after intervention

8. Association value of pre test level of obesity among women in

experimental group and control group.

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURES NAME PAGE NO

NO

1. The conceptual frame work based on General system theory (Ludwig

Von Bertalanffy)

2. Schematic Representation of research design

3. Percentage Distribution of Samples according to their age

4. Percentage Distribution of Samples according to their educational pattern

5. Percentage Distribution of Samples according to their occupational pattern

6. Percentage Distribution of Samples according to their dietary pattern

7. Percentage Distribution of Samples according to their types of family

8. Percentage Distribution of Samples according to their family history

9. Distribution of sample according to the level of obesity

10. Distribution of sample according to the post test level of obesity after
Intervention.
11. Comparison of Mean and Standard deviation of pre and post test level of obesity

among women in experimental group

12. Comparison of mean and standard deviation of pre test level of obesity in

experimental group and control group.

13. Comparison of mean and standard deviation of post test level of obesity among

women between the experimental and control group.

 APPENDICES

SL. NO TITLE

PAGE NO

A. Letter seeking permission to conduct the study

B. Ethical clearance certificate

C. Letter seeking experts opinion for validity of tool

D. Evaluation criteria check list for tool validation

E. List of experts for tool validation

F. Tools for data collection

• Demographic variables

• BMI calculation

• Questionnaire

G. Photographs
 ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

The constant development of economic level and corresponding changes of life style we

are facing gradually increasing weight. As a common metabolic disease in modern society,

obesity is mostly caused by unreasonable life style and eating habits. Obesity affects people’s

health greatly in figures and images as well as disease includes high blood pressure, diabetes and

various cardiovascular diseases.

STATEMENT

A study to assess the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise on obesity among women in

selected village at kanyakuamri district.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the pre and post test level of obesity among women in experimental and control

group.

To compare the pre and post test level of obesity among women in experimental and

control group.

To find the association between pretest level of obesity and selected demographic

variables (age, education, occupation, dietary pattern, types of family and family history)

Research Methodology

The research design adopted for this study was quasi experimental design. The study is

done at Parakadai. There were approximately 113 obese women were present from them 60

samples were drawn through convenient sampling technique. The feasibility of the study and the
refinement of the tool were assessed through pilot study. 60 samples were divided into two

groups, 30 in each group wise experimental and control group. Pretest level of obesity has been

assessed by BMI for both groups. Aerobic exercise has given to experimental group. Post test

level of obesity among women was assessed by using BMI calculator for both groups.

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The mean score on obesity level in experimental group was 35.4 in pretest and 32.05 in

post test. The paired ‘t’ value was 11.27 which is significant at p<0.05. It shows that aerobic

exercise was effective in reducing obesity among women. Hence the research hypothesis (H1) is

accepted.

In control group the mean score was 34.38 in pretest and 34.32 in posttest. The paired ‘t’

value was 0.73 which is significant at p>0.05. There is no association between pretest level of

obesity among obese women and their selected demographic variables like age, educational

status, occupational status, dietary pattern, types of family and family history.

CONCLUSION

Aerobic exercise programme is effective in reducing body mass index in sedentary obese

individuals. It is concluded that aerobics with appropriate intensity should be recommended to

obese and overweight people to reduce body fat.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

WOMEN ARE THE LARGEST UNTAPPED RESERVOIR OF TALENT IN THE WORLD.

-Eleanor

Roosevelt

Women play a great role in everyone’s life, without women we cannot imagine the

success of life. They are highly responsible for the successful continuation of the life on this

planet. She has to take care of herself and family members as daughter, granddaughter, sister,

daughter-in-law, mother, mother-in-law, grand- parents, etc. Without women the whole human

species would cease to exist. She also teaches a child how to survive in this world. Women play

variety of significant roles in our society from their birth till the end of life. Now a day’s women

are leading a life which is catering to various domains starting from family to profession to social

areas. She performs multiple roles while being in a single body.

In ancient time, the women would have done the works like cooking, buying, washing

cloths and caring their children and family etc. But now due to the rapid and continuous

urbanization, lifestyle modifications, adoption of modern technologies like online shopping,

digitalization are increasing the alarming pace of obesity among women. A few cases are caused

primarily by genetic susceptibility, endocrine disorders, some medications and mental disorder.

Obesity refers to a caloric intake in excess of daily requirements resulting storage of

energy in the form of adipose tissue. It occurs when a person carries excess weight or body fat
that might affect their health. As in developed societies, the risk for obesity in developing

countries is also strongly influenced by diet and lifestyle, which are changing dramatically as a

result of the economic and nutrition transition. A measure called the body mass index (BMI) is

used to assess the weight relative to the height. It is defined as weight in kilograms divided by

height in meter square (kg/m2). It can also be calculated for weight in pounds and height in

inches.

A person is said to be obesity when BMI is above 30. It has three level The BMI is from

30-34.9 is level I obesity, 35-39.9 is level II obesity, 40 & above is level III obesity. Being too

fat causes significant health problems not only for individuals but also for families and

communities. It is usually managed through a diet regimen, changing life style, exercise,

medications and surgical treatment. The effective management is exercise. It includes jogging,

cycling, swimming, running, push-ups and aerobic exercises. Aerobic exercise is helps to reduce

obesity and it improves cardiovascular health. It is one of the effective, inexpensive and non

pharmacological measures to reduce obesity.

Aerobic exercise is known as cardio- exercise that requires pumping of oxygenated blood

by the heart to deliver oxygen to working muscles. It is considered one of the best exercises to

reduce obesity. Any physical activity which requires increased oxygen intake is an aerobic

exercise. Some examples of aerobic exercises include half squat, side lunges, arm rotation scissor

cut and side twist. It stimulates the heart rate and breathing to increase in a way that can be

sustained for the exercise session. It is not only improves fitness; it also has known benefits for

both physical and emotional health.

 Aerobic exercise helps to reduce blood pressure, regulate blood sugar, regulates weight,

strengthens immune system and maintaining the cardiovascular functions. It will assist in weight

loss due to the amount of calories that are burned, potentially burn more calories through intense

aerobic exercise.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Obesity is a biggest problem in India. The dietary changes like consumption of junk food,

occupational factors like less physical activity and educational factors like lack of awareness and

life style modifications are the main causes of obesity.

As of 2010, the WHO estimated that at about 300-400 million adults were obese, while 1

billion were overweight, with higher rates for both conditions among women than men. The rate

of obesity also increases with age up to 50-60 years. Global estimates, about 13% of the world’s

adult population (11% of men and 15% of women) were obese in 2014. Prevalence of obesity

varies according to age, gender, geographical environment, socio economic status etc. In 2016,

more than 1.9 billion adult women were obese. In 2018, over 650 million were obese. 59% of

adult women aged above 35yrs and over were obese and 23% below 35 yrs.

The prevalence of obesity was reported in women aged above 35 years. In USA 24%

obese women were there. Mexico has highest rates of obesity among all countries, approximately

61% due to consumption of energy dense food (ie unhealthy food habits) sedentary life style,

lack of health care service.

In India more than 135 million individuals were affected by obesity. The prevalence of

obesity is varies due to age, gender, geographical environment, socio economic status etc.
according to the cross sectional study, prevalence rate of obesity is varies from 21.8% to 47%

respectively in 2015 due to life style, food style and endocrine changes.

In tamilnadu, Cross sectional study done in three villages near Madurai city, to determine

obesity level on women aged above 35 yrs. Due to high consumption of carbohydrate food and

urbanization of the area, the results shows 79.8% obese women have obesity problem. Based on

the internationally recommended BMI cut off points, 24.9% respondents were found to be pre-

obese and 49% were obese. This indicates a need for developing action programme to reduce

obesity and awareness leading to enhancing consumption of green leafy vegetables and special

exercises.

Ms. Shradha conducted an experimental study on aerobic exercise reduce obesity among

women. 150 women participated in this study. The main causes are sedentary work, the obesity

prevalence rate was about 65% and pre obese were 35%. Among the 65%, due to genetic

susceptibility 17.9% women, due to lack of awareness 4%, rest women were obese due to food

styles and lack of exercise.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study to assess the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on obesity among women in

selected village at kanyakmari district.

OBJECRIVES

• To assess the pre and post test level of obesity among women in both experimental and

control group.
 • To compare the pre and post test level of obesity among women in experimental and

control group.

• To find the association between pre test level of obesity with demographic variables

like age, educational status, occupational status, dietary patterns and types of family and

family history.

HYPOTHESIS;

H1 There will be a significant difference between pre and post test level of obesity in

control and experimental group among women.

H2 There will be a significant association between pretest levels of obesity among women

with selected demographic variables (age, educational pattern, occupational pattern, dietary

pattern, types of family and family history.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

ASSESS

Assess is defined as to evaluate or estimate the nature, ability or quality

In this study it refers to the obesity among women assessed by using BMI calculator.

EFFECTIVENESS

Effectiveness is defined as the ability to be successful and produce the intended results.
 In this study it refers to the extent to which the aerobic exercise among obese women has

achieved the desired results.

AEROBIC EXERCISE

Aerobic exercise is also known as cardio- exercise that requires pumping of oxygenated

blood by the heart to deliver oxygen to working muscles.

In this study, it refers to the act of reducing the body weight by half squat, side lunges, arm

rotation, scissor cut and side twist.

OBESITY

Obesity is a medical condition that occurs when a person carries excess weight or body fat

that might affect their health.

The level II obesity has taken for this study.

ASUMPTIONS

• obesity is a common problem among women

• obesity leads to a life threatening problem.

• aerobic exercises reduce obesity

LIMITATIONS

The study is limited to women

• who can understand Tamil

• who are having BMI from 35-39.9(level II obesity)

 • data collection period is limited for 4 weeks.

CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK;

The conceptual frame work is a group of concepts and a set of pre-position that spells

out the relationship between them. The overall purpose is to make scientific findings more

meaning and generalizable. (Polit & Hungler 1995)

It is the process of forming ideas. The major goal of conceptual frame work are to

clarity that concept used in the study to find the purpose & relationship between the concepts.

The present study was aim to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on obesity

among women in selected village at kanyakumari district. The frame work of the study is based

on the general system theory.

The number of parts of the system is totally dependent on what is needed to accomplish

for any system to function. The Ludwig Von Bertalanffy explained that the system has four

major aspects

• Input

• Through put

• Out put

• Feed back

INPUT

It is the type of information that enters into the system from the environment through its

boundaries.
 In the study input refers to the demographic variables such as age, educational status,

occupational status, dietary pattern and type of family and family history.

THROUGH PUT

Through put makes use of person’s process and effectors processes refers to the

control mechanism that a person uses as adaptive system. Effectors refer to the physiological

function self concept and role confusion involves the adaptation. In this study through put refers

to aerobic exercise.

OUTPUT

Output is any information that leaves the system and enters the environment through

system boundaries. In this study output refers to the reduction of obesity.

FEED BACK

Feedback refers to the output what is returned to the system and it all to monitor it. In this

study the feedback is the reduction of obesity.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature is defined as an organized written presentation of what has

been published on a topic by scholars.

The literature related to the study has been grouped under the following categories.

1. Incidence and prevalence of obesity.

2. Effects of an aerobic exercise.

3. Effects of an aerobic exercise on obesity.

INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF OBESITY

Stalo karageorgi (2013) conducted a study on prevalence, trends, risk factors, and

epidemiologic methods in Kuwait. Kuwait is among the countries with the highest obesity rates

worldwide; however, little is known about the state of obesity epidemiology research in Kuwait.

The sample size ranged from 177 to 38,611 individuals. Only 30% of studies used random

sampling. The prevalence (BMI> 30) in studies with a nationally representative sample ranged

from 24% to 48% overall and in adults> 50 yrs was greater than 52%. Rates were significantly

higher in women than those in men.

Ajfand (2013) said that the assessment is usually done by weighing the patient and

related weight to height. The measure of BMI is used to differentiate classes of obesity patients.

Class I, II and III obesity are identified with BMI of >30 but <35, >35 but <40 and >40,
respectively. A person with a BMI <25 is not obese. In a sample of 7786 women aged 19-95 yrs

old in South Africa black women had the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity and

obesity (58.5%) followed by women of mixed ancestry (52%), white women (49.2%) and

Indian women (42.8%). Urban women had higher BMI than their rural counterparts and in both

groups.

Michel Lokuruka (2013) study states that the sample of 7786 women aged 19-95 years

old in south Africa, black women had the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity

(58.5%), followed by women of mixed ancestry (52%), white women (49.2%) and Indian

women (42.8%). Urban women had higher BMI than their rural counterparts and in both

groups. Central obesity was higher among urban African women (42%) and was most prevalent

in African women and among women of mixed race. The overall prevalence of obesity in south

Africa in high with 29% of men and 56% of women being classified as overweight or obese.

Antwi F, et al. JBI Libr Syst Rev (2012) conducted a prospective, randomized

controlled pivotal trial of a dual intragastric balloon for the treatment of obesity. Participants

(n=326) with body mass index (BMI) 30-40 kg/m(2) were randomized to endoscopic DBS

treatment plus diet and exercise (DUO, n=187) or sham endoscopy plus diet and exercise alone

(DIET, n= 139). Therefore DUO patients had the DBS retrieved followed by 24 additional

weeks of counseling; DIET patients were offered DBS treatment. Mean BMI was 35.4. Both

primary endpoints were met. DUO weight loss was over twice that of DIET. DUO patients had

significantly greater %EWL at 24 wks (25.1% ITT), 27.9 % completed case (n=167. DUO

patients significantly exceeded a 35% response rate (49.1%ITT, P<0.001, 54.5% cc) for weight

loss dichotomized at 25% EWL.

 Ello-Martin JA (2007) conducted a study on Dietary energy density in the treatment of

Obesity: a year- long trial comparing 2 weight loss diets. Consuming foods low in energy intake

over several days, but the effectiveness of this strategy for weight loss has not been tested.

Obese women (n=97) were randomly assigned to group counseled either to reduce their fat

intake or to reduce their fat intake and increase their intake of water rich food, particularly fruit

and vegetables. After 1 year, study completers (n=71) in both groups had significant decreases

in body weight (P<0.0001). Subjects in the RF+FV group, however, had a significantly different

pattern of weight loss (P=0.002) than did subjects in the RF group. After 1 year the RF+FV

group lost 7.9+/- 0.9 kg and the RF group lost 6.4 +/- 0.9 kg. The RF+FV group, however, had a

lower dietary energy density than did the RF group (P=0.019) as the result of consuming a

greater weight of food (P=0.025), especially fruit and vegetables (P=0.037). The RF+FV group

also reported less hunger.

EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISES

Conklin HM, et al. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. (2019) conducted a study that cognitive

performance and aerobic exercise among children newly diagnosed with Craniopharyngioma.

Patients demonstrated impaired aerobic fitness (peak oxygen uptake PKVO2=23.9+-7.1, 41%

impaired 1.5 SD& it; normative mean), motor proficiency =38.6+-9.0, 28% impaired) and

executive functions (eg) working memory index= 96.0+-15.3, 11% impaired) correlated with

better executive functions r=27, p=.02 and executive functions r=32, p=.01

Seo YJ, et al.Asian Pac Isl Nurs J. (2019). stated that Gender differences in predictors

of aerobic exercise among Korean women based on the health promotion model. A

convenience sample of 264 Korean students was recruited from three colleges. Participants
completed measures of physical activity, a multiple regression analysis indicated that the factors

affecting PA in male college students were PA self efficacy and subjective economic status,

while the factors affecting PA in female students were PA self-efficacy, subjective health status,

activity related affect and peer support.

Aerobic exercises reduces the risk of many conditions, including obesity, heart disease,

high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, stroke and certain type of cancer.

Weight bearing aerobic exercises, such as walking; help decrease the risk of osteoporosis.

Brawner CA, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2016) conducted a study on prevalence of

aerobic exercise is lower among individuals with chronic disease, among all adults; the

prevalence of sufficient volume of aerobic LPTA was 50.1% (mean &standard error). This

prevalence was inversely related to age and was lower in women (47.1%+-0.6%) compared

with men (53.4%+-0.6 %; P<0.001). prevalence of sufficient volume of aerobic LTPA was

lower for each chronic disease (prevalence range=26.1%-48.6%) compared with apparently

healthy adults (53.6%+-0.7%). Relative to no chronic disease, each additional chronic disease

was associated with an odds ratio of 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.85; P<0.001) for

sufficient volume of aerobic LTPA.

Nisha Shinde (2013) conducted a study on a comparative study of Yoga and aerobic

exercise in obesity and its effect on pulmonary function. The study was conducted in College of

Physiotherapy. The data was collected during the period of 1 month. 60 adults including males

and females in the age group of 30- 50 years were selected randomly by block method for the

study, and divided into two group. Group I, Group II. Group I was given aerobic exercise

(walking) 45 min to one hour daily. Including warm up and cool down for five days in a week.
Group II subjects were taught pranayama, sun salutations and Yoga postures which helps to

reduce weight in standing, sitting, lying 45 min to one hour daily for five days in a week. And

the results are no baseline differences between the groups and thus both groups that is group I

and II were comparable. BMI in Group II observed was 27.36 kg/m2 as compared to group I

30.54 kg/m2 (p<0.01) showing high significance.

EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE TO REDUCE OBESITY

Suman C (2018) conducted a study on aerobic exercise programme on reduction of

obesity. Aim of present study was to investigate effect of four weeks aerobic exercise training

programme to obesity. 60 women were conveniently recruited in two groups- experimental

group and control group with 30 participants in each group. Four weeks aerobic exercise training

was administered to participants of experimental group while control group refrained from

aerobic exercise programme. BMI was significantly reduced (p=0.00) in experimental group at

the end of 4 wks. In control group there was no statistically significant change (p>0.05) was

observed in BMI.

Mrs.Sinduja (2017) states that a study to assess the effectiveness of aerobic exercise to

reduce obesity among women at selected rural area Vedapatti. The sample size was 60 women in

Vedapatti. Purposive sampling technique was used in this study. Pretest data were collected by

BMI. Aerobic exercise was administered 40 min/day for 25 days. Posttest data was collected.

High statistical significant improvements were noted in the pre and post intervention on

reduction of obesity among women. The difference of experimental group were statistically

significant with p<0.05.

 Shenbagavalli A and Mary R.D (2018) conducted a study on effect of aerobic on

obesity on sedentary obese women. Thirty obese women were selected randomly and equally

divided into two group- Experimental group and control group. The experimental group was

administered aerobic training program, five days in a week for a period of 4 wks. The control

group did not involve in any fitness program or training program. The body mass index (BMI)

was selected as variable. The collected data were analyzed by using ‘t’ ratio. The calculated ‘t’

value for experimental group in the case of obesity was 9.654 which was significant in statistical

terms. But in the case of control group the calculated ‘t’ ratio was 1.703 which was lower than

the required table value. This shows that the training program resulting in a significant reduction

in obesity of experimental group. The calculated value for experimental group in obesity was

6.826 which was higher than the required table value at 0.01 levels. But in the case of control

group the calculated ‘t’ ratio was 1.696 which was lower than the required table value. This

shows that the training program caused a significant reduction in the obesity in the experimental

group.

Guo Siqiang (2018) conducted Experimental study of aerobic exercise on the reduction

of obesity among women. 100 cases of women with BMI above 30 were selected and evenly

divided into two groups. The experimental group took aerobic exercise while the control group

was given oral calcium pyruvate to lose weight. After the experiment, the weight, body fat

content, WHR, BMI and blood lipid level of both groups reduce significantly. The differences

were statistically significant with p<0.05. The effect of the experimental group was significantly

better than the control group. The weight loss and physical and mental health condition of the

experimental group were better than the control group. The difference was significant, with

p<0.05.
 Amer AI Saif (2016) conducted a study on aerobic exercise reduce obesity in women.

According to that 40 obese subjects, whose ages ranged from 30-50 years, were selected for the

study, there are 2 groups. Group A received aerobic exercise treadmill walking exercise training

in addition to delivery measures, and group B received anaerobic exercise training for 1 months

in addition to dietary measures. As the result is Aerobic exercise reduces wobesity and improves

cardiopulmonary fitness in obese subjects better than anaerobic exercise. The mean BMI, SBP,

DBP and HR values were significantly decreased, whereas the mean MVV and VO2 max values

were significant change, and the mean MVV values were significantly increased in group B after

treatment.

Mabire L, et al.(2017) conducted a study on effect of aerobics for obesity management

in obese women. A search of 9 databases was conducted for randomized controlled trials

(RCTs). Two investigators selected RCTs reporting on change in body weight, BMI, waist

circumference, fat mass, fat free mass, and body fat percentage following aerobic intervention in

obese adults. Of the 5072 studies screened, 22 met the eligibility criteria. The pooled mean

different were: weight loss, -2.13 kg; BMI, -0.96 kg/m2; waist circumference, -2.83 cm; fat

mass, -2.59 kg; fat-free mass, 0.29 kg; and body fat percentage, -1.38%. Meta-regression of

baseline BMI showed no effect on changes. The result is Brisk walking can create a clinically

significant reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass for obese men and

women aged under 50 years.

Ganeswara Rao (2016) conducted a study on Impact of brisk walking and aerobics in

obese. Lack of physical activity and an uncontrolled diet cause excessive weight gain, which

leads to obesity and other metabolic disorders. Studies have indicated that brisk walking and

aerobics are the best methods for controlling and reducing weight mass composition. In this
study, 45 obese women were enrolled and divided into 3 groups. Women not involved in brisk

walking or aerobics were included in group A (n=15) as control subjects: women involved in

brisk walking were in group B (n=15): and those involved in aerobics were in group C (n=15):

this program was carried out 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Pre and post measurements of body mass

index, waist and hip circumference, and skin fold thickness of the abdomen, biceps, and triceps

were recorded for the women in all 3 groups. All values decreased in women who participated in

brisk walking and aerobics for 10 weeks. These results indicate that aerobics with diet therapy is

a more effective intervention program for controlling and reducing body mass index.

Shin DW, et al. Contemp Clin Trials. (2016) conducted a study on Aerobic exercise

reducing obesity through smart care and financial incentives. This study employs a three-arm,

open-label randomized controlled trial design: control, smart care, and smart care plus financial

incentives. Male university students with body mass index >27 are enrolled. Our primary and

secondary endpoints are the amount of weight loss and the level of physical activity

respectively. Obesity reduction goal is 3 % of baseline at week 4, 5% at week 8, and 7% at

week 12. The daily physical activity goal was individualized according to participant’s BMI.

Joseph E (2013) conducted a study on Aerobic exercise results in clinically significant

weight loss for women. In here 141 obese individuals, age 35-60 years, with a BMI between 30-

40 kg/m2 were randomized to an exercise intervention or non –exercise control condition.

Exercise sessions were completed 5 days/week for 1 month, were supervised, and were assessed

weekly by directly. All participants were instructed to maintain their baseline diet and physical

activity patterns over the 1 month study. As their results weight loss from baseline to 1 month for

the 100 and 150 kcal/ session groups was 1.9 + 2.9kg (2.3%) and 3.2 + 4.6 kg (3.7%),

respectively compared to weight gain for controls of 0.5+ 3.5 kg (0.5%) (p<0.05).
 Leslie H. Willis (2012) stated that the effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on

obesity in women. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review boards

at Duke University Medical Center and East Carolina University. Subjects recruited for the

study were selected from those (n=3145) that responded to newspaper, magazine, internet, and

word of mouth advertisements and were screened by phone. Of these, 2661 did not meet

entrance criteria or elected not to participate, leaving 484 eligible subjects, of which 250 were

excluded after consent due to secondary inclusion or exclusion criteria. Therefore 234 subjects

were recruited into the overall study. Inclusion criteria were age 38-70 years, sedentary

moderately obese (BMI=25-35 kg/m2). The exercise groups were as follows: 1.resistance

training (3 days/ wk, 3 set/day, 8-12 repetition/set): 2. Aerobic exercise like running , as the

results 234 subjects who entered the running in phase of the study, 196 (83.7%) returned and

were randomized to one of three exercise groups. There was a 26.6% dropout rate from the

exercise intervention across all groups, leaving 155 to complete the study intervention and

testing.

Miller WC. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (1999) conducted a study on how effective are

traditional diet and aerobic exercise interventions for weight loss. Health care professionals

have used restrictive dieting and exercise intervention strategies in an effort to combat the rising

prevalence of obesity in affluent countries. This apparent ineffectiveness of diet and exercise

programming to reduce obesity has caused many health care providers, obesity researchers, and

lay persons to challenge the further use of diet and exercise for the sole purpose of reducing

body weight in the obese. Data from the scientific community indicate that a 4 wk diet plus

exercise program produces a weight loss of about 5 kg with 60-80% maintenance after 1 month.
Although long-term follow up data are meager, the data that do exist suggest almost complete

relapse has been inadequate or inconclusive.

 CHAPTER- 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology refers to the techniques used to structure a study and to gather and

analyze information in a systemic fashion (Polit & Hungler, 2008)

Methodology includes the steps, procedures and strategies for gathering and analyzing

the data in the research investigation.

This chapter deals with the research approach, research design, variables, settings,

population, criteria for sample selection, sample size, sampling technique, development of tools,

content validity, reliability, pilot study, data collection procedure and planned for data analysis

and protection of human rights.

Research Approach

Research approach is the most significant part of any research. The appropriate choice of

the research depends upon the purpose of the research study, which has been undertaken in order

to accomplish the main objectives of the study.

An experimental research approach a sub type of quantitative approach is used to evaluate

the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on obesity among women in selected village at kanyakumari

village.
Research Design

Research design refers to the researches overall plan for obtaining answers to the research

questions and it spells out the strategies that the researcher adopts to develop information that is

adequate, accurate, and objective and interpretable.

In this study Quasi experimental pretest post test design is adopted for conducting the

study.

GROUPS PRE TEST INTERVENTION POST TEST

EXPERIMENTAL E1 X E2

GROUP

CONTROL GROUP C1 - C2

Table 1

The Symbols Used:

Experimental group: Group I is the experimental group. This group of obese women will be

receiving aerobic exercise as intervention.

Control group: Group II is the control group. This group of obese women will not receive

aerobic exercise.

E1: pre test level of obesity among experimental group

E2: post test level of obesity among experimental group

X : demonstration of aerobic exercise.

C2: pre test level of obesity among control group

C2: Post test level of obesity among control group.

Variables

Variables are concepts at different level of attributes that a concisely defined to promote

their measurement or manipulation within study. (Derise F Polit, 2011)

Variables are classified as dependent and independent variables.

Dependent Variable:

Variable causing change is referred to the dependent variables. It is intervention or

treatment that the investigator performs to see the resulting change in the dependent variable

(Polit and Hungler, 2004)

In this study the dependent variable is obese women.

Independent Variables:

It is focus of the study and reflects as the empirical aspects of the concept being studied

(Polit and Hungler 2004)

In this study independent variable is aerobic exercise

Demographic Variables

A variable that confounds the relationship between the independent and dependent

variable and that needs to be controlled either in the research design on through statistical

procedures (Polit and Hungler 2004)

The present study demographic variables were age, educational status, and occupational

status, dietary pattern, types of family and family history.

Settings:

Setting is the more specific places where data collection occurs. The selection of setting

was done on the basis of feasibility of conducting the study, availability of samples and co-

operation of authorities (Polit and Hungler 2004)

This study was conducted in Parakadai village. The area is situated under Cherikadai PHC

in 4 km away from our college.

Population:

A population is defined as the entire set of individuals or objects having some common

characteristics. (Derise F Polit, 2011)

The study population comprised of obese women who residing at Parakadai village.

Sample:

A sample consists of the sub set of the population selected to participate in research study.

(Polit and Beck, 2012)

 This study samples were obese women who fulfill the inclusion criteria residing in

cherikadai village.

Sample Size:

Sample size is the total number of study participating in a study. (Polit, 2008)

The sample size of the study was 60, among them 30 samples were experimental group

and remaining 30 samples were control group.

Sampling Technique:

It is the process of selecting the subject from a population in order to obtain information

regarding a phenomenon in a way that represents the entire population (Polit, 2010)

In this study, for the selection of samples was convenient sampling technique. The first 30

samples were selected for experimental group and the next 30 samples for control group.

Criteria for Sample Selection:

The sample was collected based on the following criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

Women

• with level II BMI (35-39.9)

• who residing in cherikadai village

• willing to participate

• with aged 35-55 yrs.

Exclusion Criteria

Women who have

• medical condition like arthritis, knee pain and hypertension.

• below 35 yrs.

• not willing to participate

Description Of The Tool

The tool is the written device that a researcher uses to collect the data. The tool consists of

two sections.

Section A: Demographic Variables

It consists of age, educational status, and occupational status, dietary pattern, types of

family and family history.

Section B: BMI calculator

Assessing the physical parameters such as Weight and Height of the women

BMI = Weight in Kg / (Height in meter)2

Level of Obesity:

Levels of obesity BMI

 Obese level I 30-34.9

Obese level II 35-39.9

Obese level III 40 & above

Table 2: level of obesity.

TESTING OF THE TOOL

Validity

The quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency. (wiki)

The content validity of the tool was established in the basis of opinion of four experts

(one medical expert and three nursing experts in Community Health Nursing). The tool had no

modifications.

Reliability

The degree of consistency of accuracy with which an instruments measures the attribute

it is designed to measure (Sharma)

The reliability was assessed by using test retest method (r=0.9) hence it was highly

reliable and the tool was used in this study.

PILOT STUDY

Pilot study is a small scale version or trial run, done in preparation for a main study

(Polit, 2008).

The pilot study was done after obtaining the permission from the Principal, Ethical

committee of Global College of Nursing and Block Medical Officer of Primary Health Center,

Mekkamandapam. The investigator selected area Mekkamandapam. Approximately 2111

population were there. 613 women were found with the aged 35-55 yrs by survey. 97 obese

women were screened with the inclusion criteria. Based on the convenient sampling technique

six samples were selected by BMI calculator. Written consent from the subject was obtained. She

introduced herself to the subject and established good rapport. Then the investigator gave a short

introduction about her study. In that three sample were allotted for experimental group and three

were allotted for control group through. The pre test level of obesity assessed by BMI on the 1st

day for both group. Aerobic exercise was given for one week 30 minutes/day to the experimental

group. The post test level of obesity was evaluated for both groups after one week by using BMI

calculator.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

After obtaining formal approval from the College Principal, Ethical Committee of Global

College of Nursing and Block Medical officer of Cherikadai PHC. The investigator proceeded

with the data collection.

The study was conducted at parakadai village. Approximately 3500 population were there.

113 women were found with the aged 35-55 yrs by survey.116 obese women were screened with

the inclusion criteria. 60 samples were selected based on the convenient sampling technique.
Written consent has got from each participant. Samples were divided into experimental and

control group, 30 in each group. Pretest level of obesity was assessed by BMI calculator. Aerobic

exercise was given for experimental group for 28 days 30 minutes/day. Post test level of obesity

was assessed and analyzed for both experimental and control group.

DATA ANALYSIS:

Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analysis the data.

Descriptive Statistics:

• Frequency and percentage distribution was used to analyze the demographic variables

among women with obese.

• Frequency and percentage distribution was used assess the pre and post test level of

obesity.

• Mean, standard deviation and mean difference value were used to assess the pre test and

post test level of obesity among experimental and control group.

Inferential statistics:

• Paired ‘t’ test used to compare the pretest and post test level of obesity in control and

experimental group.

• Un-paired ‘t’ test was used to compare the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on reduction

of obesity among experimental and control group.

• Chi-square test used to find out the association of pre test of body weight in experimental

and control group with the selected demographic variables in experimental and control

group.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:

The proposed study was conducted after the approval of the dissertation committee of

Global College of Nursing and HOD of Community Health Nursing. Permission was obtained

from the Block Medical officer of PHC Cherikadai. Written consent was obtained from each

sample subjects before starting the data collection. Assurance was given to the subjects that

anonymity of each individual would be maintained.

 Research approach – Quantitative research approach

Research Design – Quasi Experimental Pre and Post test design

Target Population – obese women

Accessible Population – obese women in Parakadai Village

Sampling Technique – convenient sampling method

Sample and sample size – 60 obese women

pretest Data Collection

Procedure

Method- Survey
Experimental group Control group N=30
N=30 Tool- BMI

No Intervention
Aerobic exercise

posttest

Analysis and interpretation descriptive and inferential statistics

Analysis

Report

Fig 2 Schematic Representation of Research Design

Summary

The research Methodology gives a bird’s eye view of the entire process of tackling

a research problem in a scientific and systematic manner. This chapter has dealt with a research

methodology of the study, research approach, design, setting, variables of the study, population,

sampling technique, development of the tool, validity, reliability of the tool, data collection

procedure and plan for data analysis in detail.

 CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data and the testing

of hypothesis using those data (Polit & Hungler, 2011)

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of collected data from the 60

women with obesity in selected village at kanyakumari district. The data has been tabulated and

analyzed according to the objectives.

Analysis is the method of organizing, shorting and scrutinizing data in such a way that

research question can be answered (Polit, 2011)

ORGANIZATION OF DATA:

Section-A: Distribution of the sample according to the demographic variables in

experimental group and control group.

Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables of women with respect

to age, educational pattern, occupational pattern, dietary pattern, types of family and

family history.

Section-B: Assessment of obesity among women of experimental and control group.

Frequency and percentage distribution of the pre test level of obesity among

experimental group and control group.

 Frequency and percentage distribution of the post test level of obesity among

experimental group and control group.

Section-C: Comparison of level of obesity among women in experimental group and

control group.

Comparison of mean and standard deviation of pre test and post test level of

obesity in experimental group.

Comparison of mean and standard deviation of pre test level of obesity in

experimental group and control group.

Comparison of mean and standard deviation of post test level of obesity among

women between the experimental and control group

SECTION-D: Association between the pre test level of obesity in experimental and control

group with their demographic variables.

Association of pre test level of obesity among women with selected demographic

variables in experimental and control group.

PRESENTATION OF DATA:

SECTION –A

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THE DEMOGRAPHIC

VARIABLES IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP

Table – 3 Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables obese

women with respect to age, education, occupation, dietary pattern, types of family and

family history in experimental and control group

S.No Demographic Variables experimental group Control group

n=30 n=30

f % f %

1. Age

a. 35-45 yrs 18 60 19 63.3

b. 46-55 yrs 12 40 11 36.7

2. Education pattern

a. Primary education 11 36.7 15 50

b. High school education 10 33.3 9 30

c. Graduates 9 30 6 20

3. Occupation

a. Sedentary workers 16 53.4 17 56.7

b. Moderate workers 4 13.3 6 20

c. Heavy workers 10 33.3 7 23.3

4. Dietary pattern

a. Vegetarian 3 10 4 13.3

b. Non-vegetarian 27 90 26 86.7

5. Types of family

a. Nuclear 25 83.3 24 80

b. Joint 5 16.7 6 20

6. Family history

a. Hereditary 18 60 19 63.3

b. Non-hereditary 12 40 11 36.7
 Table 3 shows the distribution and frequency according to their demographic variables of

women such as age, educational status, and occupational status, dietary pattern types of family

and family history.

The age group for experimental group: 18 (60%) samples were in 35-45 yrs and 12 (40%)

samples were in 45-55 yrs. And in control group: 19 (63.3%) samples in 35-45 yrs, 11(36.7%)

were in 45-55 yrs.

Distribution of sample according to their educational status, in experimental group out of

30 samples, 11 (36.7%) samples were belonged to primary educated, 10 (33.3%) were belonged

to high scholar and 9(30%) were belonged to graduates, in control group: 15 (50%) samples were

belonged to primary scholar, 9(30%) samples were belonged to high scholar and 6(20%) samples

were belonged to graduates.

Regarding their occupational status in experimental group out of 30 samples, 16 (53.4%)

were belonged to sedentary workers, 4 (13.3%) samples belonged to moderate workers, 10

(33.3%) were belonged to heavy workers and in control group 17 (56.7%) were belonged to

sedentary workers, 6(20%) were belonged to moderate workers, 7 (23.3%) were belonged to

heavy workers.

Regarding their dietary pattern in experimental group, 3 (10%) were vegetarian and 27

(90%) were non-vegetarian. In control group 4 (13.3%) were vegetarian and 26 (86.7%) were

non-vegetarian.

Regarding their types of family in experimental group, 25 (83.3%) were in nuclear family,

5 (16.7%) were in joint family, in control group 24(80%) were in nuclear family, 6(20%) were in

joint family.
 Regarding family history in experimental group, 18 (60%) samples were having

hereditary factor and 12 (40%) samples were having non-hereditary factors. And in control

group: 19 (63.3%) samples were having hereditary factors, 11(36.7%) samples were having non-

hereditary factors.
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR AGE

70%

63.3%
60%
60%

50%

40%
40% 36.7%

experimental group

30% control group

20%

10%

0%
35-45 yrs 45-55
55 yrs

Figure: 3 Percentage Distribution of the Sample According to their Age

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR

EDUCATIONAL STATUS

60.00%

50%
50.00%

36.7
40.00% %
33.3%
30%
30
30.00% % experimental group
20%
control group
20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
primary secondary graduates
education education

Figure 4: percentage distribution of sample according to their education

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR

OCCUPATIONAL STATUS

56.7%
60.00%
53.4%

50.00%

40.00%

33.3%
30.00% experimental group
23.3%
20% control group

20.00%
13.3%

10.00%

0.00%

sedentary
moderate
heavy

stribution of sample according to their occupation

Figure 5: percentage distribution
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR

DIETARY PATTERN

100%

90%
90% 86.7%

80%

70%

60%

50% experimental group

control group
40%

30%

20%
4%
10%
10%

0%
vegetarian non-vegetarian

Figure 6: percentage distribution of sample according to their dietary pattern

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPES

OF FAMILY

90.00%
83.3%
80.00%
80%
70.00%

60.00%

50.00%
experimental group
40.00% control group

30.00%

20.00% 20%

10.00%
16.7%

0.00%
nuclear joint

Figure 7: percentage distribution of sample according to their types of family

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR

FAMILY HISTORY.

70%

63.3%
60%
60%

50%

40%
40%
36.7%
experimental group

30% control group

20%

10%

0%
Hereditary Non-Hereditary

Figure 8: percentage distribution of sample according to their family history

SECTION – B Assessment of obesity among women of experimental and control group.

TABLE – 4:

Frequency and percentage distribution of pre test level obesity among in experimental and

control group:

N=30

S.No Level of obesity Experimental group Control group

f % f %

1 Obesity level I 0 0 0 0

2 Obesity level II 30 100 30 100

The above table-3 reveals the frequency and percentage distribution of obese women

according to their level of obesity.It consist of 30 (100%) level II obese women in each group
 1.2

100%
1 100%

0.8

0.6 experimental group

control group
0.4

0.2

0
level I obesity level II obesity

Fig 9: distribution of sample according to the level of obesity

TABLE – 5: Frequency and percentage distribution of the post test level of obesity among

experimental group and control group.

S.No Level of obesity Experimental group Control group

f % f %

1 Obesity level I 22 73.3 0 0

2 Obesity level II 8 26.7 30 100

 The above table reveals that the post test in experimental group, 22(73.3%) had change

their obesity from level II to Level I and 8(26%) samples were continuing to their level. In

control group 30 (100%) samples had never changed their level.

120.00%

100%
100.00%

80.00%
73.3%

60.00% experimental group

control group
40.00%
26.7%
20.00%

0.00%
level I obesity level II obesity

Fig 10: distribution of sample according to the post test level of obesity after intervention

SECTION C: Comparison of level of obesity among women in experimental group and

control group.

Table 6: Mean standard deviation, mean different and ‘t’ value on BMI in experimental

group and control group

N=30
S.No Group Mean S.D Mean Difference paired’t’ value

1. Experimental group

Pre test 35.4 3.04

Post test 32.05 2.98 2.48 11.27

2. Control group

Pre test 35.38 3.57

Post test 35.32 3.27 0.04 0.73

Table value t= 11.27, *significant at p> 0.05 level.

Represent, the mean score on level of obesity in experimental group was 35.4 in pre test

and 32.05 in post test. The paired ‘t’ value was 11.27 which is significant at p.0.05. Is shows that

aerobic exercise was effective in reducing the level of obesity. Hence the research hypothesis

(H1) is accepted.

In control group the mean score on level of obesity was 35.38 in pre test and 35.32 in

post test. The paired ‘t’ value was 0.73 which is significant at p>0.05.

Comparison of Mean and Standard deviation of pre and post test level of obesity among

women in experimental group

 40
35.04%
35
32.05 %
30

25

20 mean
standard deviation
15

10

5 3.04 % 2.98%

0
pretest posttest

Figure 11: Comparison of Mean and Standard deviation of pre and post test level of obesity

among women in experimental group

Comparison of mean and standard deviation of pre test level of obesity in experimental

group and control group.

 40
35.38 % 35.32%
35

30

25

20 mean
standard deviation
15

10

5 3.27%
3.58%
0
pretest posttest

Figure 12: Comparison of mean and standard deviation of pre test level of obesity in

experimental group and control group.

Comparison of mean and standard deviation of post test level of obesity among women

between the experimental and control group

 40
35.32%
35 32.05%
30

25

20
mean
15 standard deviation

10

5 3.27%
2.98%
0
experimental control group
group

Figure 13: Comparison of mean and standard deviation of post test level of obesity among

women between the experimental and control group

Table 7: Mean, SD and unpaired ‘t’ value on level of obesity among women in experimental

and control group after intervention

S.no groups mean SD DF unpaired ‘t’ value

1. Experimental 32.05 2.98

2. Control 35.32 3.27 19 7.11

Table 5 represents, the mean score on level of obesity in experimental group was 32.05 and

in control group 35.32 in post test. The estimated ‘t’ vale was 7.11 which is significant at
 p>0.05. it shows that aerobic exercise was effective in reduction of obesity. Hence the

research hypothesis (H2) is accepted.

SECTION – D

Table: 8 Association value of pre test level of obesity among women in experimental group

and control group.

S.No Demographic experimental group n=30 Control group n=30
variables
f % df Chi square f % df chi square
1. Age

a. 35-45 yrs 18 60 19 63.3

b.46-55 yrs 12 40 2 4.44 11 36.7 2 1.08

2. Education pattern
a. Primary
Education 11 36.7 15 50
b. High school
education 10 33.3 2 2.04 9 30
c. Graduates 9 30 6 20 2 0.21
3. Occupation
a. Sedentary
workers 16 53.4 17 56.7
b. Moderate
workers 4 13.3 6 20
c. Heavy
workers 10 33.3 4 7.78 7 23.3 4 5.91
4. Dietary pattern
a. Vegetarian 3 10 4 13.3
b. Non-vegetarian 27 90 2 5.99 26 86.7 2 4.61
5. Types of family
a. Nuclear 25 83.3 24 80
b. Joint 5 16.7 2 1.27 6 20 2 2.05
6. Family history
a. Hereditary 18 60 19 63.3
b. Non-hereditary 12 40 2 3.09 11 36.7 2 3.23
 Table 8- shows that there is no significant association (p>0.05) between the obesity and

demographic variables of women in experimental and control group. Hence the research

hypothesis (H2) rejected.

Summary

This chapter dealt with data analysis and interpretation in the form of statistical value

based on objectives, independent ‘t’ test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic

exercise in reducing obesity. The chi square test was used to find out the association between the

obesity with their demographic variables in experimental and control group.

 CHAPTER- V

DISCUSSION

The main aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in reducing

obesity among women. The study was conducted by using quasi experimental pre and post test

control group design. The present study was conducted in parakadai village at kanyakumari

district. Convenient sampling technique was used for this study. The total sample size was 60,

among them 30 were in experimental group and 30 were in control group. BMI was used for

calculating their level of obesity. After data collection, data was organized, tabulated,

summarized and analyzed. The study findings were discussed in this chapter with reference to

the objective of the study.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the pre and post test level of obesity among women in experimental and control

group.

To compare the pre and post test level of obesity among women in experimental and

control group.

To find the association between pretest level of obesity and selected demographic

variables (age, educational pattern, occupational pattern, dietary pattern, types of family

and family history)

The first objective of the study was to assess the level of obesity among women in

experimental and control group.

 With regard to Pre test reveals that 30 women were in level II obesity, post test reveals

that 22(73.3%) women were in level I obesity, 8(26.7%) women were in level II obesity, 0% in

level III obesity in experimental group and the obesity was assessed by BMI.

With regards to Pre test reveals that 30 women were in level II obesity in control group.

Post test reveals that had never changed their level.

The second objective of the study was to find out the effectiveness of aerobic on

obesity among women in experimental and control group.

Comparison of mean and standard deviation score of level of obesity and effectiveness of

aerobic exercise among obese women during pre and post test. In the pretest mean value of BMI

was 35.4 with the standard deviation was 3.04 and post test mean value was 32.05 with the

standard deviation was 2.98. The mean difference between pre and post test was 2.48. The paired

‘t’ test value was 11.27, a statistically significant value at p0.05. It is interpreted that aerobic

exercise reduced the obesity assessed by BMI.

It reveals that among control group the mean pre test score was 35.38 with standard

deviation 3.57. The mean post test was 35.32 with standard deviation 3.27. The mean difference

was 0.04. The obtained ‘t’ value was 0.73, whereas the table value was 2.04. It was significant at

p>0.05 level.

The above result was supported by Sindhuja (2017) conducted a study on aerobic

exercise reduce obesity among women. The investigator used pre-experimental design, one

group pretest and post test design. Subject was selected by purposive sampling technique to the

experimental group. The experimental group assessed for pre test and was administering aerobic

exercise, after 25 days post test was done to determine the effectiveness of the exercise. The
obtained mean difference between the pre and post test regarding obesity score was 36.22. The

obtained ‘t’ value t=0.26 (p<0.05) was significant. Therefore the null hypothesis (H1) was

rejected. Aerobic exercise was effective on obesity among women.

Third objective of the study was to find the association between pretest level of

obesity with selected demographic variables age, educational status, occupational status,

dietary pattern, types of family and family history in experimental and control group.

With regards to find Association between pretest level of obesity among obesity with

their demographic variables in experimental and control group. The calculated chi square value

was 4.44, 2.04, 7.78, 5.99, 1.27, and 3.09 in experimental group. Which showed that there was

no association between age, educational pattern, occupational pattern, dietary pattern, types of

family and family history. Hence the research Hypothesis (H1) stated that there was a significant

association in the pre test level of obesity among women with their selected demographic

variables was rejected at p<0.05 level.

In control group, the chi square value was 1.08, 0.21, 5.91, 4.61, 2.05 and 3.23. Which

showed that there was no association between age, educational pattern, occupational pattern,

dietary pattern, types of family and family history. Hence the research hypothesis (H2) stated that

there was a significant association in the pre test level of obesity among women with their

selected demographic variables was rejected at p<0.05 level.

 CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter deals with summary of the study, findings, conclusion drawn, limitation and

recommendations of the study. Further it includes implication for the nursing practice, nursing

education, nursing administration and nursing research.

Summary

The aim of the study to assess the effectiveness of aerobic on obese women in selected

village at Kanyakumari district.

The objectives of the study were

1. To assess the pre test and pos test level of obesity among women in experimental and

control group.

2. To compare the pre test and post test level of obesity among women in experimental

group and control group.

3. To find the association between the pre test level of obesity among women with their

selected demographic variables (age, educational pattern, occupational pattern, dietary

pattern, types of family and family history).

A quasi experimental research design was chosen for this study. Convenient sampling

technique was used for this study. Samples were selected based upon the inclusion and

exclusion criteria. 60 samples were selected for the study. 30 samples were assigned to the
 experimental and 30 were assigned to control group. The tool used to collect the data

consisted of two parts.

Part I: consisted of demographic variables with age, educational pattern, occupational

pattern, dietary pattern, types of family and family history.

Part II: consisted of BMI calculator to assess the level of obesity among women.

Reliability of the tool was calculated by using test- retest method (r=0.9). Data collection

was done for 4 weeks. Samples were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Pretest was done by using demographic variable and BMI calculator. After giving aerobic

exercise posttest was done. Data has been calculated and analyzed by both descriptive statistic

(mean, standard deviation, percentage and inferential statistics (paired and unpaired ‘t’ test, chi-

square) and results were calculated.

Major Findings of the Study:

The mean score on obesity level in experimental group was 35.4 in pretest and 32.05 in

post test. The paired ‘t’ value was 11.27 which is significant at p<0.05. It shows that aerobic

exercise was effective in reducing obesity among women. In control group the mean score was

35.38 in pretest and 35.32 in posttest. The paired ‘t’ value was 0.73 which is significant. The

unpaired ‘t’ value was 7.11. There is no association between pretest level of obesity among

obese women and their selected demographic variables like age, educational status, occupational

status, dietary pattern, types of family and family history.

Conclusion

The main conclusion of the present study is aerobic exercise which is effective on obesity

among women which is denoted by significant level of obesity. After the intervention there had

been a significant reduce in obesity. The selected samples became familiar and found themselves

comfortable and also expressed satisfaction.

IMPLICATIONS

The researcher had derived from the study the following implications that are of vital

concern in the field of nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration and nursing

research.

IMPLICATIONS OF NURSING PRACTICE

The nurse working in the community has a key role to play in providing effective nursing

care to the community includes improving the health status of women and reduce the level of

obesity, providing continue nursing intervention and health education.

The nurse educates the women regarding the steps of aerobic exercise.

The nursing person must have an in-depth knowledge about the steps of aerobic exercise.

The nurse should educate the community about non pharmacological management for

obesity.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING EDUCATION:

Nursing curriculum should ensure that students learn more about various modalities for

obesity and knowledge about the alternative therapies which can be incorporated with

continue clinical care measures in the cure of various ailments.

 It should encourage students to exploit all the possible methods of nursing care to reduce

obesity and enhance comfort like providing the aerobic exercise as an effective in

reduction of obesity in women.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING ADMINISTRATION:

Conduct in-service education programme in effective management of obesity by aerobic

exercise.

Collaborate with government programme like National obesity programme and help to

implement the government policies and procedure.

Conduct School health programme for screening the obesity problems.

Conduct workshop about the effective of aerobic exercise on obesity.

Provide opportunities for nurses to attend training programme on non pharmacological

methods for reducing obesity.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH:

The findings need to be publishing through conference, seminars and publishing in

nursing journal to nursing staff.

The research findings help to building and strengthening the knowledge about the effect

of aerobic exercise on obesity.

LIMITATIONS:

Only limited literature and studies were obtained from Indian context.

Due to time constraints the investigator was unable to take larger samples for the study.

Women who were under pharmacological management cannot be included in the study.
RECOMMENDATIONS:

The study recommends the following future research.

1) Similar kind of study can be conducted to a large group to generalize the findings.

2) The comparative study can be done to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and

pharmacological management in reduction of obesity among women.

3) A study to assess the effectiveness of aerobic training to reduce obesity through smart

care and financial incentives.

4) A study to assess how effective are traditional diet and aerobic exercise intervention for

obesity reduction.

5) A study on impact of brisk walking and aerobics reduction of obesity.

 APPENDIX - C

LETTER SEEKING EXPERTS OPINION FOR THE VALIDITY OF TOOL

From

Mrs. D. Nirmal Shahiltha,

MSc. (Nursing) II year,

Global College of Nursing,

Nattalam.

To

Respected Sir/Madam

I am doing IIyear MSc. Nursing in Global College of Nursing, Nattalam. As a partial

fulfillment of the course, I have chosen a topic of my interest “ A study to assess the
effectiveness of an aerobic exercise in reduction of over body weight among women in selected
area Cherkadai”. I have prepared demographic data and symptom checklist. I hereby kindly
request you to evaluate the tool based on the evaluation criteria. Your opinion and suggestions
will help me to the successful completion of the study.

Thanking you

Yours truly,

D.Nirmal Shahiltha
 APPENDIX-D
EVALUATION CRITERIA, CHECKLIST FOR TOOL VALIDATION

Introduction

The expert is requested to go through the following criteria for evaluation Three columns are
given for responses and a column for remarks. Kindly place tick mark in the appropriate column
and give remarks.

Interpretation of Column

Column I : Meets the criteria

Column II : Partially meets the criteria

Column III : Does not meet the criteria

Serial Criteria 1 2 3 Remarks

No
1 Scoring
o Adequacy
o Clarity
o Simplicity
2 Content
o Logical sequence
o Adequacy
o Relevance
3 Language
o Appropriate
o Clarity
o Simplicity
4 Practicability
o It is easy to score
o Does it precisely
o Utility
Any other Suggestion

Signature :
Name :
Designation :
Address :
 SECTION: D
TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA:

1. Age
a) 35-45 yrs
b) 46-55 yrs
2. Educational status
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Graduates
3. Occupation
a) Sedentary workers
b) Moderate workers
c) Heavy workers
4. Dietary pattern
a) Vegetarian
b) Non-vegetarian
5. Types of family
a) Nuclear family
b) Joint family
6. Family history
a) Hereditary
b) Non-Hereditary
 SECTION - B
BMI CALCULATOR

Assess the Physical Parameters such as Weight and Height of the Women

BMI= Weight in Kg / (Height in meter)2

Levels of overweight Frequency

Level I obesity 30-34.9

Level II obesity 35-39.9

Level III obesity 40 & above