PLATE NO.

2
INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING (DRAFTING)
REVIEW OF FLUID MACHINERIES

Objectives
1. Understand different types fluid machineries.
2. Recognize typical designs of fluid machineries.
3. Explain the working principles of fluid machineries.
4. Solve problems that involve fluid machineries.
5. Give examples of the main applications of fluid machineries.

Strategies
Answer the problems below. For concept questions, make sure to include necessary figures and
diagrams with proper captions. Cite sources using APA style of referencing. Avoid plagiarism.
For problems, show your neat and detailed solution. Include necessary figures and diagrams with
proper captions. Attach copies of all property tables, charts and diagrams used. For final pipe
sizes, use the standard size. You may use Power Plant Theory and Design by Potter for property
tables, charts and diagrams.

Concept Questions

Answer the following questions:

1. Explain the working principles of a centrifugal pump with sketches. Include its parts with
description.
 As the name implies, the working force for a centrifugal pump is the centrifugal force.
The main parts of a centrifugal pump include the impeller (rotating member), casing, suction and
discharge pipe. Fluid enters at the eye of the impeller as the vanes start rotating due to the lower
pressure created there. The sucked fluid strikes the blades of the impeller. The rotational energy
is imparted on the fluid, thus increasing the velocity of the fluid.
Velocity head developed by the fluid = v^2 /2*g
v - tangential velocity (m/s)
g - acceleration due to gravity (m^2/s)
v = r.(Ώ)
omega is the angular speed of the impeller (rad/s)
Higher the radius of the impeller, higher would be the velocity head developed. The
velocity head created is converted to pressure head as the fluid travels across the casing. In order
to do this conversion, casing is usually of volute, vortex or equipped with guide vanes. In the
volute casing, the cross-sectional area of the casing increases as the fluid takes its path. Thus,
causing the velocity to decrease, thereby increasing the pressure of the fluid (in accordance with
Bernoulli’s principle). Thus, a pump significantly increases the pressure of the fluid.

(PiriyaVadhanaa BV, Process and Safety Engineering, June 17, 2008)

2. Define the term: suction head, delivery head, static head and manometric head.
 Suction Head- The head or height to which water can be raised on the suction side of
the pump by atmospheric pressure.
 Delivery Head- the work that needs to be performed by the pump to pump the
medium with reference to a defined unit of weight. Expressed more simply, the
delivery head is equal to the pressure measured at the discharge port minus the inlet
pressure applied at the suction port.
 Static Head- a term primarily used in Hydraulics to denote the static pressure in a
pipe, channel, or duct flow. It has the physical dimensions of length (hence the term
"head") and represents the flow-work per unit weight of fluid. In practice the static
head is equivalent to the vertical distance from a given stream tube to the piezometric
head line or the hydraulic gradient line.
 Manometric Head- The difference in total head across the pump known as
manometric head

Retrieved from https://www.mindat.org/glossary/suction_head. How is the total delivery head

defined. (2015, December 16).

3. Show the typical pumping installation.

The most common pump for a shallow well is a jet pump. Think of the system as a long
straw. As you suck on the straw, you create a vacuum in the straw above the water. Once the
vacuum is there, the weight of the air, or atmospheric pressure, pushes the water up the straw.
Consequently, the height that you can lift the water with a shallow-well jet pump relates to the
weight of the air. While air pressure varies with elevation, it's common to limit the depth of a jet-
pump-operated shallow well to about 25 ft. Jet pumps create suction in a rather novel way. The
pump is powered by an electric motor that drives an impeller, or centrifugal pump. The impeller
moves water, called drive water, from the well through a narrow orifice, or jet, mounted in the
housing in front of the impeller. This constriction at the jet causes the speed of the moving water
to increase, much like the nozzle on a garden hose. As the water leaves the jet, a partial vacuum
is created that sucks additional water from the well. Directly behind the jet is a Venturi tube that
increases in diameter. Its function is to slow down the water and increase the pressure. The
pumped water–new water that's drawn from the well by the suction at the jet–then combines with
the drive water to discharge into the plumbing system at high pressure. Because shallow-well jet
pumps use water to draw water, they generally need to be primed–filled with water–before they'll
work. To keep water in the pump and plumbing system from flowing back down into the well, a
1-way check valve is installed in the feed line to the pump.
Breaking the depth barrier
Unfortunately, you may have to go a little deeper than 25 ft. for your water. Surprisingly,
you can still do it with a jet pump. It simply involves separating the jet from the motor and
impeller housing and placing the jet assembly down in the water. In a typical deep-well jet-pump
configuration, one pipe mounted to the impeller housing drives water down into the jet body
that's located about 10 to 20 ft. below the minimum well water level. A second pipe connects the
output side of the jet body back to the pump. At the jet, the increase in water velocity creates the
partial vacuum that draws standing well water into the second pipe and then back into the pump
and plumbing system. Deep-well jet pumps use both the suction at the jet to bring water into the
system and pressure applied by the impeller to lift the water.

To prevent over pumping the well, a deep-well jet-pump installation may include a 35-
ft.-long tailpipe. It's connected to the intake end of the jet housing and extends down into the well.
If the water level dips below the level of the jet housing, the pump operates in the same manner
that a shallow-well pump does. While flow rate drops off, water will be available until the level
drops below about 25 ft. from the jet housing-the limit for a shallow pump. The 35-ft.-long
tailpipe effectively ensures that the well will never be pumped out. Of course, the height of the
jet over the water level affects performance. The farther away it is, the less efficient the pumping
becomes.
While a jet pump can reliably handle a well several hundred feet deep, a more effective
solution is to move the pump down into the well so, instead of lifting the water, it's pushing it up.
A typical submersible pump is characterized by a long cylindrical shape that fits inside the well
casing. The bottom half is made up of a sealed pump motor that is connected to the aboveground
power source and controlled by wires. The actual pump half of the unit is comprised of a stacked
series of impellers-each separated by a diffuser-that drives the water up the pipe to the plumbing
system. In modern installations, the well casing outside the home is connected to the plumbing
system by a pipe that runs beneath the ground to the basement. This horizontal pipe joins the well
pipe at a connector called a pitiless adapter. The function of the adapter is to permit access to the
pump and well piping through the top of the well casing, while routing water from the pump into
the plumbing system.

Klenk, Thomas (1997, May 1) How it works: water well pump. Retrieved from
https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to/a152/1275136/

4. What are the factors affecting pump selection?

1. Process Liquid Properties
 Liquid viscosity
 Temperature
  Specific gravity
 Vapor pressure
 Solids present & concentration
 Shear sensitive
 Abrasive or Non-abrasive

2. Materials of Construction

What materials of construction are compatible with the process liquid or any other liquids the
pump might come into contact with? Chemical compatibility charts are available to help you
identify the most appropriate materials of construction for the pump.

3. Is the Pump Critical to Plant Operation?

In critical applications, where downtime is NOT an option, more expensive, heavy-duty

pumps with special features can be chosen. If pumps can be removed from service for
maintenance, less expensive options could be considered.

4. Pump Inlet Conditions

System Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) available is calculated by knowing pump inlet
pressure and liquid vapor pressure. Always make sure NPSHA exceeds pump Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH) required.

5. Pump Environment

If your pump will be outside, special construction or installation considerations may need to
be made for freezing temperatures. If the environment is hazardous, contains explosive vapors
or dust, special motor features will be required. These are just a few examples of
environmental conditions to consider.

6. Power Source Availability

The most common power source in the United States is 115-230 Volts/60 Hertz/1-phase or
230-460 Volts, 60 Hertz/3-phase. Special motors can be specified for operation outside of the
United States or by using DC batteries. Compressed air or pressurized hydraulic oil can also
be used for power.

7. Flow Rate and Pressure

Your total volume and knowing how much time you have to move the fluid will determine
flow rate. Pump differential pressure can be calculated by knowing pipe size (length &
fittings), static lifts, and system equipment (filters, valves, etc.) friction losses.

Annoye, Dale. (22, July 2014.). 7 essential variables for pump selection. Retrieved from
https://blog.craneengineering.net/7-essential-variables-for-pump-selection
5. What is priming of a centrifugal pump? Explain clearly why priming is essential before
starting a centrifugal pump?
Priming is the process in which the impeller of a centrifugal pump will get fully sub
merged in liquid without any air trap inside. This is especially required when there is a first start
up. It is always advisable to start the pump only after priming. For Centrifugal Pump, priming is
required only when the elevation of liquid in the suction tank is less than the elevation of the
pump. Centrifugal pump cannot suck the liquid, but it pushes the liquid. Liquid enter in the
suction of centrifugal pump by the energy it possesses (atmospheric pressure in the suction tank).
Let us consider the atmospheric pressure as 1 atm, then maximum lift generated by
centrifugal pump will be (1* 101.325)/9.81 = 10.3m (theoretical). If we want to "lift" water from
elevation more than 10.3 m, even if we try to prime the centrifugal pump, it will not work.
Usually, to lift the water centrifugal pump push the liquid and due to pressure difference,
liquid enter in the suction side provided suction line is completely filled with liquid (primed).
During the start-up of the pump if air pocket is present at the suction side, then pump will push
the air and it will not generate enough momentum. As a result, suction air will try to expand, and
it will block the liquid from entering into the centrifugal pump. Also, if pump is allowed to run in
this condition for longer duration, it will overheat the system and eventually pump will fail. So,
to avoid all these problems we do the priming operation. For Reciprocating pump, during suction
phase, piston moves backward and form a low-pressure zone in the pump. This pressure
difference between suction & tank is large enough that it will pull the liquid, even if air pocket is
present in the suction line. So, we need not have priming operation. These are called self-priming
devices.

Baht, Shandra (19, November 2016) https://www.quora.com/Why-is-priming-necessary-for-

centrifugal-pump-and-not-in-reciprocating-pump

6. Discuss the net positive suction head (NPSH).

In a hydraulic circuit, net positive suction head (NPSH) may refer to one of two
quantities in the analysis of cavitation:
1. The Available NPSH (NPSHA): a measure of how close the fluid at a given point is to
flashing, and so to cavitation. Technically it is the absolute pressure head minus
the Vapor Pressure of the liquid.
2. The Required NPSH (NPSHR): the head value at the suction side (e.g. the inlet of a
pump) required to keep the fluid from cavitating (provided by the
manufacturer)
NPSH is particularly relevant inside centrifugal pumps and turbines, which are parts of a
hydraulic system that are most vulnerable to cavitation. If cavitation occurs, the drag coefficient
of the impeller vanes will increase drastically—possibly stopping flow altogether—and
prolonged exposure will damage the impeller.

Net positive suction head. (2018, November 03). Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_positive_suction_head

7. What is cavitation? Discuss its causes and effects.

Simply defined, cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in
areas of relatively low pressure around an impeller. The imploding or collapsing of these bubbles
trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to the impeller and/or
the pump housing.
If left untreated, pump cavitation can cause:
 Failure of pump housing
 Destruction of impeller
 Excessive vibration - leading to premature seal and bearing failure
 Higher than necessary power consumption
 Decreased flow and/or pressure

Cavitation, its causes and prevention. (2018, March 18). Retrieved from
https://www.mechlectures.com/cavitation-causes-prevention/

8. Define the term specific speed of a centrifugal pump and deduce an expression for it in terms
of the head H, discharge Q, and the speed N.
Pump Specific Speed, NS is a method of characterizing a pump duty by head, flow rate
and rotational speed. Pump specific speed may be used to determine an appropriate pump design
for a given application when choosing between axial, radial or multistage centrifugal designs or
positive displacement pumps.

D​
i​ : Diameter of impeller eye
​
D​
o​ : Diameter of impeller
​
g : Acceleration due to gravity
h : Differential head across impeller at best efficiency point
n : Impeller revolutions per minute
 n​ r
ad
: Impeller revolutions per second, measured in radians
​
​
N​
d​ : Dimensionless specific speed
​
N​
s​ : Pump specific speed
​
Q : Volumetric flow rate at best efficiency point

Summary. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://neutrium.net/equipment/pump-specific-speed/

9. Differentiate between a single acting reciprocating pump and double acting reciprocating
pump.
Reciprocating pump is a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy. It does this work by sucking liquid into a cylinder containing a reciprocating
piston which exerts a thrust force on the liquid and increases its hydraulic energy (pressure
energy of liquid).
In a single acting pump, the backward stroke of the piston causes a suction which pulls
in liquid through the inlet valve. (The same suction action keeps the discharge valve closed). On
the forward stroke, the increase in pressure generated by the piston, closes the inlet valve and
opens the discharge valves. The liquid is displaced into the discharge system.
The double acting pump operates in the same way as the single acting with respect to its
action. The difference is, that the cylinder has inlet and outlet ports at each end of the cylinder.
As the piston moves forward, liquid is being drawn into the cylinder at the back end while, at the
front end, liquid is being discharged. When the piston direction is reversed, the sequence is
reversed. With a double acting pump, the output pulsation is much less than the single acting
http://www.idconline.com/technical_references/pdfs/mechanical_engineering/Single_and_Doubl
e_Reciprocating_Pumps.pdf

10. What are the factors, which influence the speed of a reciprocating pump?
The speed of reciprocating pump is influenced by:
 Absolute pressure inside the cylinder
 Cavitation produced
 Acceleration of piston
 Friction in the pipes

Sharma, S. (n.d.). Mechanical engineering. Retrieved from

https://mechanicalpages.blogspot.com/2013/05/reciprocating-pumps.html

11. Show and discuss different pump combinations.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement

 Positive displacement pump makes a fluid move

by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the
discharge pipe.

A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to
move the fluid:

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding
vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump)
or liquid-ring pumps
Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston pumps, plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps
Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

 Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the
gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in
the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.
 Conventional impulse pumps include:

Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy

of a low-head water supply is stored
temporarily in an air-bubble hydraulic
accumulator, then used to drive water to
a higher head.
Pulsar pumps – run with natural
resources, by kinetic energy only.
Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, which pushes the water up when bubbles
move upward

 Velocity pumps- Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity
pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity.
This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the
velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This
conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the First law of
thermodynamics, or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.

 Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain. The hydraulic ram is also
sometimes called a gravity pump; in a gravity pump the water is lifted by
gravitational force and so called gravity pump.
 Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include
any type of pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as
Thomas Savery's or the Pulsometer steam pump.

 Valveless pumps- Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical

and engineering systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical
occlusions) are present to regulate the flow direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of
a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact,
many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon
valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein.

Pump. (2018, November 26). Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Valveless_pumps
11. Give examples of the main applications of pumps.
 API Process Pumps - designed to meet the 610-standard set by the American Petroleum
Institute (API).
 Boiler Feed Pumps - built to control the amount of water that enters a boiler. They are
centrifugal pumps, and most are multistage.
 Borehole Pumps - made to pump liquid from a borehole.
 Chemical Pumps - built to handle abrasive and corrosive industrial materials. They can
either centrifugal or positive displacement type.
 Circulator Pumps - used to circulate fluid through a closed or looped system. They are
usually centrifugal pumps, but a few uses positive displacement technology.
 Dewatering Pumps - a de-watering process involves using a centrifugal pump
(submersible or vertical turbine) to remove water from a construction site, pond, mine
shaft, or any other area.
 Drill Pumps - a type of pump powered by attaching an electric power drill.
 Drum Pumps - used to empty fluid from barrels or drums. They can be a small
centrifugal pump used for thin liquids or for more viscous fluids a progressive cavity or
piston pump can be used.
 Fire Pumps - a type of centrifugal pump used for firefighting. They are generally
horizontal split case, end suction or vertical turbine.
 Flooded Suction Pumps - include a suctioned chamber that is always full of the fluid
being pumped.
 High Pressure Pumps - used in many applications including water blast, hydro-mining,
and jet cutting. They can be a wide variety of pumps types including positive
displacement pumps, rotary pumps and reciprocating pumps, or centrifugal pumps.
 Industrial Pumps - used in industrial applications such as slurry, wastewater, industrial
chemicals, oil and gas, etc. There are dozens of different industrial pumps both in
positive displacement and centrifugal pump types.
 Irrigation Pumps - usually some form of centrifugal pump type. They are often used for
agriculture application where water needs to be moved from a water source to dry land.
 Marine Pumps - built to pump sea water. They are often used in large salt water tanks to
continuously circulated water so it stays fresh.
 Mixed Flow Pumps - incorporate the features of both axial flow pumps and radial flow
pumps. Axial flow pumps operate on a vertical plane and radial flow operate on a
horizontal plane to the flow direction of water.
 Mud Pumps - built to transfer heavy sludge or mud. Some larger versions are used to
pressure. They are sometimes used on oil rigs to pressurize and circulate fluid.
 Paint Pumps - built to dispense paint, either for direct application or into a separate paint
container. They are used in many applications including electric paint sprayers.
 Petrochemical Pumps - made to transfer petroleum products that are often very viscous
and corrosive. They can be magnetic drive pumps, diaphragm pumps, piston pumps and
others.
 Pneumatic Pumps - uses compressed air to pressurize liquid through the piping system.
 Pond Pumps - used in gardens, fish pools, ponds, and fountains to prevent water from
becoming stagnant. The two main types include submersible pumps and external pumps.
 Pool Pumps - used to circulate the water in a pool.
 Pressure Pumps - used to create either high or low pressure. They can be metering pumps,
and sometimes booster pumps.
 Process Pumps - are many times centrifugal pumps or positive displacement pumps used
in process applications. The type of pump and construction details vary depending on the
application in which these pumps are used.
 Pump Companies - manufacturer and sell pumps. They can include manufacturers,
distributors or representatives.
 Pump Distributors - businesses that sell pumps, made by pump manufacturers. They are
private businesses that often sell several different product lines.
 Pump Manufacturers - companies that research, engineer, test, and manufacturer pumps.
Some sell direct, and some also utilize distributors and reps to sell and service their
pumps.
 Pump Suppliers - sell and service pumps. They can include distributors, reps, or
manufacturers.
 Sanitary Pumps - a type of pump used to transport fluids that must be processed for
sanitary standards. They are designed to meet regulatory requirements.
 Sewage Pumps - considered submersible pumps and they are mostly used to pump
sewage to a waste treatment facility.
 Sludge Pumps - used to pump waste fluids with high solids content. They can be positive
displacement (progressive cavity) or centrifugal pumps.
 Slurry Pumps - a heavy duty pump that is made to handle thick, abrasive slurries. They
are made of durable materials, and capable of handling abrasive fluids for long periods
of time.
 Solar Pumps - powered by the sun. They can be PD pumps or centrifugal pumps.
 Sprinkler Pumps - work within a sprinkler system. They are the mechanism that creates
pressure to move the water through the system.
  Transfer Pumps - used to move a fluid from one receptacle to another. They are used in
residential, commercial or agriculture applications where a fluid needs to be moved from
one tank to another.
 Trash Pumps - Trash pumps are a type of pump used to handle fluids containing solid
content such as mud, trash, fish, or waste products. They are also referred to as grinder
pumps, chopper pumps, or sludge pumps.
 Utility Pumps - a type of submersible pump used to remove water from an area, often
times after a flood. They are used in industrial, residential and agricultural applications.
 Wastewater Pumps - used to move wastewater toward or within a waste treatment
facility.
 Water Pumps - a type of equipment used to move water through a piping system. They
rely upon principles of displacement, gravity, suction, and vacuums to move water. They
can be both positive displacement or centrifugal pumps.
 Well Pumps - designed to draw water to the surface from an underground water source.
Depending on the well depth and configuration, they pump can be jet pumps, centrifugal
pumps, or submersible pumps

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pumpscout.com/all-pump-applications/ on December 5, 2018

12. Define and differentiate fans and blowers. Discuss their functions.
Generally, a fan is an electrical device that moves air, whereas a blower is a mechanical
device that consists of a fan, and which channels the air from the fan and directs it to a specific
location or point. Also, a fan circulates the air around an entire room or a large area, while a
blower is only positioned to a specific direction or point.
Fans and blowers are widely used in the industrial process, to provide air for ventilation;
they are used for cooling purposes in the industries. Also, both are widely used in other electrical
appliances such as air conditioners, microwaves, furnaces, etc. Though, based on the amount of
pressure they need in order to produce air, both are used accordingly. Blowers can move volumes
of gas at a moderate pressure while fans move large amounts of gas at a low pressure.
By definition, a fan is machine that is used to create flow within a fluid, such as air. It
consists of vanes or blades that rotate and act on air. This rotating assembly of blades and hub is
known as an impeller, a rotor, or a runner. The impellers help in directing the air flow and
producing air at low pressure. Most fans are powered by electric motors, but other sources such
as hydraulic motors and internal combustion engines can also be used.
On the other hand, a blower is defined as a machine which is used to produce large
volumes of gas with a moderate increase in pressure. Like fans, blowers are also used to create
air, but they only provide air at a specified position. It consists of a wheel with small blades on
its circumference, and a casing to direct the flow of air out toward the edge. The casing in the
center of the wheel uses centrifugal force to propel the air forward into the open.

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-fan-and-blower on

December 4, 2018

13. Discuss the basic elements of fan design as well as different types of fans.
Basic elements of a typical table fan include the fan blade, base, armature and lead
wires, motor, blade guard, motor housing, oscillator gearbox, and oscillator shaft. The
oscillator is a mechanism that motions the fan from side to side. The armature axle shaft
comes out on both ends of the motor, one end of the shaft is attached to the blade and the
other is attached to the oscillator gearbox. The motor case joins to the gearbox to contain the
rotor and stator. The oscillator shaft combines to the weighted base and the gearbox. A motor
housing covers the oscillator mechanism. The blade guard joins to the motor case for safety.
TYPES OF FANS
 Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which
the blades rotate. This type of fan is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging
from small cooling fans for electronics to the giant fans used in wind tunnels.
Examples: Table fans, ceiling fans, computer fans
 Centrifugal fan has a moving component (called an impeller) that consists of a
central shaft about which a set of blades form a spiral, or ribs, are positioned.
Centrifugal fans blow air at right angles to the intake of the fan and spin the air
outwards to the outlet (by deflection and centrifugal force). The impeller rotates,
causing air to enter the fan near the shaft and move perpendicularly from the shaft to
the opening in the scroll-shaped fan casing. A centrifugal fan produces more pressure
for a given air volume and is used where this is desirable such as in leaf blowers,
blow-dryers, air mattress inflators, inflatable structures, climate control, and various
industrial purposes. They are typically quieter than comparable axial fans.
 Cross-flow or tangential fan (also called as tubular fan) usually long in relation to
the diameter, so the flow approximately remains two-dimensional away from the ends.
The CFF uses an impeller with forward curved blades, placed in a housing consisting
of a rear wall and vortex wall. Unlike radial machines, the main flow moves
transversely across the impeller, passing the blading twice.

14. What are the different types of blades and performance curves used on centrifugal fans?
The three types of blades are:
 Forward-curved blades- These are especially sensitive to particulates and
commonly are only specified for clean-air applications such as air conditioning.
Forward-curved blades provide a low noise level and relatively small air flow with a
high increase in static pressure.
 Backward-curved blades- curve against the direction of the fan wheel's rotation.
Smaller blowers may have backward-inclined blades, which are straight, not curved.
Larger backward-inclined/-curved blowers have bladed whose backward curvatures
mimic that of an airfoil cross section, but both designs provide good operating
efficiency with relatively economical construction techniques.
 Straight Radial- radial blowers have wheels whose blades extend straight out from
the center of the hub. Radial bladed wheels are often used on particulate-laden gas
streams because they are the least sensitive to solid build-up on the blades, but they
are often characterized by greater noise output. High speeds, low volumes, and high
pressures are common with radial blowers, and are often used in vacuum cleaners,
pneumatic material conveying systems, and similar processes.

Fan Curves
Curves are normally supplied for each specific fan on a given project. These
curves show the relationship between the quantity of air a fan will deliver, and the
pressure generated at various air quantities. The curves also show horsepower for a
given quantity of flow. Figure 1 represents the performance for a given fan size and
RPM. The flow scale is presented along the x-axis. The pressure scale is presented
along the left y-axis.
 Figure 2 illustrates the effects of speed change. According to the fan laws, CFM
varies directly with RPM. The result of reducing the speed is a similar curve in a lower
position. Increasing speed results in a similar curve in a higher position.

Figure 3 illustrates the addition of the BHP curve. The power scale is presented
along the right y-axis. Find the volume on the SP curve and move vertically to the BHP
curve. At this intersection, move horizontally to the right-hand scale to read the BHP at
that flow. The curve shapes in figures 1-3 are typical of centrifugal wheels. Other
impeller types have both fan and power curve shapes that vary from those shown.
However, the principle of reading the curves is the same.
(2005) Retrieved from https://www.rlcraigco.com/pdf/fan-curve-basics.pdf. Centrifugal fan.
(2006) (2018, August 25). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_fan#Fan_blades

15. What are the factors affecting fan selection?

To make the proper fan selection, you must consider the following system conditions
the fan will be subjected to:
 Required airflow?
This is rated in cubic feet of air per minute (CFM) or, in metric equivalent, it is rated
in cubic meters of air per hour (M³/Hr).
 What is the static pressure through the complete system?
This is rated in static pressure water gauge (SP) or, in metric equivalent, it is rated in
Pascal’s (Pa).
 What is the ambient air temperature outside the fan?
 What will be the airflow conditions through the fan?
 Clean or dirty (contaminated) air?
 Dry or wet (moisture laden) air?
 Temperature of air?
 What is the altitude the fan will be operating in?
 Will the air stream, inside the fan, contain anything that could be explosive or
flammable?
 Will the general location the fan will be operating in contain any type of explosive or
flammable material or liquid?
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cincinnatifan.com/axial-flow-fan.htm

16. Discuss fan characteristics and fan laws.

The First Fan laws: Volume of Air
The first law of fans is a useful tool when working out the volumetric flow rate
supplied by a fan under speed control or conversely working out what the RPM would be
to deliver a required volume of air and hence what frequency to set a variable speed
drive (VSD) to.
Volumetric flow rate (V, m³/hr) varies directly proportional to the ratio of the
rotational speed (RPM) of the impeller.
Eq 1.

Where:
: Volume 1, m³/hr – Original volume of air
: Volume 2, m³/hr – New Volume of air
: RPM 1 u/min – Original Speed
: RPM 2, u/min – New Speed

The Second Fan Law: Pressure

This second law describes the relationship between the pressure developed by
the fan and its rotational speed. From this equation, we can see just how powerful the
effect of increasing the rotational speed of the fan is on pressure development, double the
speed and you quadruple the pressure development.
Pressure (P, Pa) varies as the square to the ratio of the rotational speed (RPM,
u/min) of the impeller.
Eq. 2

Where:
p2: Pressure 2, Pa
 p1: Pressure 1, Pa
U1: RPM 1, u/min
U2: RPM 2, u/min

The Third Fan Law: Power

The third law provides the required power to deliver the performance change
that the system designer is looking for. The cubic nature of this relationship between
power and the rotational speed shows how even for small performance gains, large
amounts of additional power are needed.
Power (P, kW) varies as the square to the ratio of the rotational speed (RPM,
u/min) of the impeller.

Where:
P1: Power, kW2
P2: Power, kW1
U1: RPM 1, u/min
U2: RPM 2, u/min

In summary, fan laws are essentially about impellers and what happens to their
characteristics when they undergo changes in rotational speed, air density, or are scaled
in size. They also help with the understanding of ventilation systems and the relationship
between volume air flow rate and system total pressure. Although there is many fan
selection software available in the marketplace, it is necessary for engineers to have at
least a basic understanding of these basic fan laws to aid their overall awareness of how
changes within ventilation systems can influence performance.

(n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.axair-fans.co.uk/news/applications/understanding-basic-fan-

laws/

17. Show and discuss different fan combinations.

 A fan heater, also called a blow heater, is a heater that works by using a fan to pass air
over a heat source (e.g. a heating element). This heats up the air, which then leaves the heater,
warming up the surrounding room. They can heat an enclosed space such as a room faster than a
heater without fan, but, like any fan, create audible noise.

A Japanese kerosene fan heater that burns kerosene for fuel. It contains an electric fan
and computer controls.

Image from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/JapaneseKeroseneBurner.jpg

18. Give examples of the main applications of fans and blowers.

Centrifugal blowers are routinely used for combustion air supplies, on cooling and
drying systems, for fluid bed aerators, with air conveyor systems, for dust control, etc.
Positive displacement blowers are also used in pneumatic conveying, and for sewage aeration,
filter flushing, and gas boosting, as well as for moving gases of all kinds in the petrochemical
industries.
Centrifugal blowers are often built as close-coupled units, meaning that the impeller wheel is
not supported by independent bearings but is cantilevered on an extension of the motor shaft
and relies on the motor bearings for support. Close coupled mounting dispenses with the need
 for shaft couplings. Other arrangements cantilever the wheel off pillow block bearings, such
as designs that use belt drives.
Axial Flow Fans top common applications :
 Paint spray booth exhaust.
 Fume hood exhaust to exhaust dangerous fumes away from the operator.
 Welding fume exhaust in welding booths.
 Process cooling and exhaust of machinery and/or systems.
 Spot cooling of heat generating equipment such as generators or transformers.
 General ventilation using supply air and/or make-up air in factories, warehouses,
foundries,
garages, laundries and transformer, engine or equipment rooms.
 People cooling in hot work areas.
 Exhausting heat and cooling of kilns, forges and in steel mills.
 Boosting airflow through long ductwork.
 Exhausting mist and vapor in paper mills or industrial parts washers prior to painting
parts.
Types of blowers and industrial fans - applications and industries. (2018, December 5).
Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-
accessories/types-of-blowers-industrial-fans

19. What is a compressor? Include its sketch, label the parts, and description.
 A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its
volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors are similar to
pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe.
As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are
relatively incompressible; while some can be compressed, the main action of a pump is to
pressurize and transport liquids.

COMPRESSOR PARTS
Actuators: The actuator creates rotary or linear movement and is what outputs the
compressed air to the tools or processes that use pressurized air for power. Any leaks or
other deficiencies in the air movement coming into the actuator will result in a decrease
of the air force coming out. Small particles that have found their way into the air will
cause blockages in the actuator, as well as many other parts for the air compressor

Bearings: Industrial-class bearings ensure a long operating life for the most demanding
of operations. Quality bearings will give you peace of mind as your air compressor
operates at high revolutions with high pressure. Bearings are highly dependent on the
proper lubrication at the right viscosity.
Belts: Belt tension should be checked every 40 hours for wear and operation. Working to
drive the operation of your compressor, the belts need to be of the highest quality and fit
properly.
Bumpers: Valve bumpers surround the valves for added protection from accidental
contact. Replace this small shielding part when needed to prevent the more expensive
replacement of valves.
Bushings: Bushings create some space between moving parts. Used in the internal
components of the air compressor, your bushings offer protection from serious
breakdowns, minimizing side-to-side play.
Connecting Rods: Used to move the piston up and down in the crankcase, the
connecting rods take a heavy workload. They are a highly durable part of your air
compressor. You may never need to replace connecting rods, unless proper maintenance
is not performed regularly on your system.
Couplings: Used on internal components to prevent leaking from the high-pressure
system.
Desiccant Dryers/Q-Sorb: Our air dryers purify your compressed air by absorbing water
vapor. A flow of ‘wet’ compressed air is passed through two pressurized tanks that
contain our highly absorbent desiccant. Q-Sorb is an advanced formula of activated
alumina that significantly reduces operating costs. Keep your air dryer operating
efficiently with regular checks of desiccant and filters.
Gaskets & Seals: For reliable air flow and to maintain intended pressure, your air
compressor should be air tight with quality seals and gaskets. There are various sections
 of your air compressor that have gaskets and seals: valve plate to head gasket, crankcase
gasket, intercooler gasket, oil seal, and the shaft seal, to name a few. These small parts
keep contaminates out and the pressurized air inside.
Gauges: The gauge on your air compressor measures the pressure of the air in your tank.
Your gauge is informative in a number of ways, specifically for daily checks to ensure
your pressure is at the intended level, so you can attend to any deficiencies as soon as
possible.
Motors: In general, your air compressor has an electric motor to run the operation of
compressing air. Different compressors require different sizes of motors (hp). If you’re
replacing a worn-out motor, be sure to have the recommended replacement motor
installed.
O-Rings: Used for a tight seal, O-rings help keep your system running at peak
performance.
Piston Rings and Rods: Our reciprocating piston models create air pressure with the
movement of the piston and connecting rods. These parts are under great pressure when
in motion and require a lubricant free of contaminates and of the highest quality.
Rotors: In our rotary screw air compressors, assembly consists of two interlocking
helical rotors that compress the air coming in through the inlet valve. With proper
operation, these rotors have an extremely long life.
Shims: Adding supporting spacers in the installation of your air compressor may be
necessary. These metal shims will provide you with the needed support for a reliable
system.
Springs: Various components of your compressor use springs for the mechanics of the
system. Determine when to replace springs with regular service checks.
Valves: Allowing air in and out, draining water, and regulating air flow, valves are an
essential component that require regular inspection during your interval checks and
regular servicing. Our quality engineered valves are designed for resilience and a long
life. They operate with the highest efficiency, using Buna-N or Viton seats and seals.
Quincy Ccompressor - a guide to air compressor parts. (2018, December 5). Retrieved
December 3, 2018 from https://www.quincycompressor.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anest-
iwata.co.jp/english/compressor/screw/LRL1.htmlcom/air-compressor-parts/

20. What are the different types of compressors? Discuss each type.
Types of Compressors:
1. Positive Displacement and
2. Roto-Dynamic Compressors.
Positive displacement compressors cab be further divided into Reciprocating and rotary
compressors.
Under the classification of reciprocating compressors, we have
1. In-line compressors,
2. “V”-shaped compressors,
3. Tandem Piston compressors.
4. Single-acting compressors,
5. Double-acting compressors,
6. Diaphragm compressors.
The rotary compressors are divided into
1. Screw compressors,
2. Vane type compressors,
3. Lobe and scroll compressors and other types.
Under the Roto-dynamic compressors, we have
1. Centrifugal compressors, and the
2. Axial flow compressors.
The compressors are also classified based on other aspects like
1. Number of stages (single-stage, 2-stage and multi-stage),
2. Cooling method and medium (Air cooled, water cooled and oil-cooled),
3. Drive types ( Engine driven, Motor driven, Turbine driven, Belt, chain, gear or direct
coupling drives),
4. Lubrication method (Splash lubricated or forced lubrication or oil-free compressors).
5. Service Pressure (Low, Medium, High)
The Attached picture shows the clear classification of different types of compressors.
Positive displacement compressor means a system which compresses the air by the displacement
of a mechanical linkage reducing the volume (since the reduction in volume due to a piston in
thermodynamics is considered as positive displacement of the piston).
Reciprocating Compressor: These compressors have pistons and move in cylinders. Types of
reciprocating compressors are:

 Open Compressors: One extremity of the crankshaft is drawn out of the crankcase, due
to which multiple drives can be used with the compressor. A mechanical seal is used to
check external seepage of refrigerant and oil, and escape of air towards the inside. These
compressors are driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. With belt
drive, changes in speed are achieved by altering the dimensions of the pulleys, while
with direct drive units the compressor is planned to operate at the speed of motor.
 Hermetic Compressors: These compressors are serviceable hermetic, in which motor and
compressor are enclosed in the same housing, while the welded hermetic type has the
compressor and motor sealed in a welded steel shell.

 Double acting cylinder has both an A and a B Port: This means oil enters the cylinder
via the A port, which pushes the piston down. When the control calls for the piston to
retract, oil is diverted to the B port, which then pushes the piston up. A double acting
cylinder uses hydraulic power to both extend and retract. You can tell if a cylinder is
double acting by looking at the number of ports. See the image below as an example.

 Single-Acting – hydraulic fluid enters through a port at one end of the cylinder, which
extends the rod by means of area difference. An external force or gravity returns the
piston rod.

 The Lobe type air compressor is very simpler type with no complicated moving parts.
There are single or twin lobes attached to the drive shaft driven by the prime mover. The
lobes are displaced by 90 degrees. Thus if one of the lobes is in horizontal position, the
other at that particular instant will be in vertical position. Thus the air gets trapped in
between these lobes and as they rotate they get compressed and delivered to the delivery
line.
  Rotary Screw Compressors: Developed in the 1930s, rotating displacement compressors
in twin screw form have two main parts — the male and female rotors, which rotate in
opposite directions while the volume between them and the housing decreases. Each
screw element has a fixed, built-in pressure ratio that is dependent on its length, the pitch
of the screw and the form of the discharge port. To attain maximum efficiency, the built-
in pressure ratio must be adapted to the required working pressure.

 Vane Compressors: Most vane compressors are oil-lubricated and operate using the same
principle as many compressed air expansion motors. A rotor with radial, movable blade-
shaped vanes is eccentrically mounted in a stator housing. When it rotates, the vanes are
pressed against the stator walls by centrifugal force. Air is drawn in while the distance
between the rotor and stator increases. The air is captured in the different compressor
pockets, and decreases in volume with rotation and is later discharged when the vanes
pass the outlet port.

 Scroll Compressors: A scroll compressor is usually a type of oil-free orbiting

displacement compressor, which compresses a specific amount of air into a continuously
decreasing volume. The compressor element consists of a stator spiral fixed in a housing
and motor-driven eccentric, orbiting spiral. The spirals are mounted with 180° phase
displacement to form air pockets with a gradually varying volume, which provides the
scroll elements with radial stability. When the orbiting spiral moves, air is drawn in and
captured in one of the air pockets, where it is gradually compressed as it moves toward
the center.

 Roots Blowers: A Roots blower is a valve-less displacement compressor without internal

compression. When the compression chamber comes in contact with the outlet port,
compressed air flows back into the housing from the pressure side. Subsequently, further
compression takes place when the volume of the compression chamber further decreases
with continued rotation. Accordingly, compression takes place against full counter-
pressure, which results in low efficiency and a high noise level. Roots blowers are
frequently used as vacuum pumps and for pneumatic conveyance in low pressure
applications.

Retrieved from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/64884-different-types-of-air-

compressors/
Retrieved from Brighthub Engineering. Types of air compressors: reciprocating, rotary, screw,
vane, lobe. Date Published November 12, 2018

21. What are the factors affecting compressors selection?

Air compressors come in portable or stationary form. Portable air compressors allow you the
flexibility of compressed air anywhere you need it. If your air compressor runs on gasoline, it can
be used in environments where there is no electrical source. However, the stationary compressors
have more power, higher horsepower, higher CFM and higher PSI that is required for industrial
applications.
 How much pressure is required?
 How much air flow is required?
 What is the air quality required?
 What is the operating duty cycle?
 What is the first cost?
 What is the total cost of ownership?
 What special requirements dose this application demand?
There are hundreds of stationary and portable tools that use compressed air for their power
source. Each device has manufacturer’s specifications for the appropriate amount of pressure
(psig, bar or kPa) and air flow (cfm, l/sec or m3/min). The performance of the device is
critically dependent on these factors, and these must be kept in mind when selecting an air
compressor.
Retrieved from https://www.quincycompressor.com/selecting-air-compressor-2/ -Website Title
Quincy Compressor. How to select an air compressor -Date Published January 08, 2018

22. Discuss the advantages of multi-stage compressors over single-stage compressor.

 The fluid can be compressed to very high pressure.
 The intercooler is more efficient than the cylinder wall cooling than in a single stage
compressor. For same pressure, the work done per unit weight of fluid is low in a
compound compressor than that of a single stage compression.
 Reduce the cost of the compression process.
 For a given pressure ratio, the multistage arrangement improves volumetric efficiency.
 The lower temperature range in each stage of compression improves the lubrication.
 Pressure ratio per each stage is lowered and it reduces the leakage losses. The size
cylinders of multistage compressor can be adjusted to suit the compression
requirement.
 It gives the uniform torque and better mechanical balance, hence reduce the size of
flywheel required.
 Design Flexibility- lighter low-pressure cylinder and smaller high-pressure cylinder
(as the pressure ratio reduced in each stage).

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mecholic.com/2018/08/single-stage-and-multi-stage-

compressor.html
(n.d.). Retrieved from TitleMecholic. eSingle Stage and Multi Stage Compressor Advantages and
Limitation

24. How to achieve optimum condition in compressor operation?

Improve the Quality of the Air Intake
There are three components of the air compression system that influence performance:
1. Temperature. The temperature of the intake air determines the density of the air. Cool
air requires less energy to compress.
2. Composition. Clean intake air ensures that compressed air can move more smoothly
through the system. Dirty air contains contaminants that accumulate and cause wear and
tear as well as reduced storage capacity.
3. Humidity. Moisture can be harmful to an air compression system since it accumulates
inside the system, causing components to rust. This may lead to wear and tear as well as
leaks and reduced storage capacity. Dry air is less likely to damage your air compression
system and tools performing work at the point of use.

The following controls can help increase the efficiency of single compressors:
 Start/stop controls turn compressors on and off depending on pressure.
 Load and unload functions unload the compressor to discharge pressure.
 Modulating controls manage flow need, while multistep controls allow compressors to
operate at partially loaded conditions.
 Dual-Control/Auto-Dual controls allow the selection of either start/stop or load/unload.
 Variable displacement can operate in two or more partially loaded conditions.
 Variable speed drives continuously adjust drive motor speed to meet variable demand
requirements.
 Systems with multiple compressors use system master controls to coordinate all the
functions necessary to optimize compressed air.
 System master controls can coordinate compressed air systems when complexity exceeds
the capabilities of local and network controls. Such controls can monitor system
components and also trend data to enhance maintenance functions.
 Pressure/flow controllers store higher pressure air, which can later be used to meet
fluctuations in demand.

A well-designed system should use the following: demand control, storage, compressor
controls, good signal locations and overall control strategy. The primary goal of such a system is
to deliver compressed air at the lowest stable pressure while supporting fluctuation with stored
higher pressure compressed air.
For multiple compressors, sequencing controls can meet demand by running
compressors to meet system loads, while taking them offline when not needed. Network controls
also help manage loads for the entire system.

Improve System Design

There are five ways to improve the design of your air compressor system.
1. Straighten the path. Narrow delivery lines or sharp bends in those delivery lines can
cause increased friction and pressure drops in the system, which means less pressure
reaching the point of use. A better design without so many bends and loops should
produce more pressure using the same energy.
2. Save energy when needed. A storage tank, or receiver, can buffer short-term demand
changes and reduce on/off cycling. A tank can also prevent system pressure from
dropping below minimum pressure requirements when demand is at its highest. A drop
in pressure may cause system pressure to increase, which can result in wasted air
pressure. Tanks are sized depending on the power of the compressor. A 50 hp air
compressor, for example, needs a 50 gallon air receiver tank.
3. Cool the intake air. Since the energy needed to compress cool air is less than the energy
needed to compress warmer air, you can reduce the energy required for compression by
moving the compressor intake into a shaded area outside. A reduction of 20 degrees
Fahrenheit, for example, can lower operating costs by almost 3.8%.
4. Use several small compressors. Oversized air compressors can be very inefficient
because they use more energy per unit while operating with a partial load. Such systems
may benefit from the use of many smaller compressors with sequencing controls,
permitting portions of the system to be shut down merely by turning off some of the
compressors.

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.quincycompressor.com/how-to-make-your-air-compressor-

more-efficient/

25. Give examples of the main applications of compressor.

Examples of applications of compressor:
Different applications call for different types of air compressors and while there are
many types of compressors in size and power supply, you will find two main designs for most air
compressors: reciprocating piston air compressors and rotary screw air compressors. In these two
designs you’ll find several models offering a selection ranging from the low-pressure air in a
small storage tank sufficient to pump up your bike or car tires to the ultimate power of
pressurized air that will supply a heavy manufacturing facility with constant and reliable air for
plant operations.
 Air Conditioners, (car, home)
 Home and Industrial Refrigeration
 Hydraulic Compressors for industrial machines
 Air compressors for industrial manufacturing.
 Automotive Industry
 Biogas Plants
 Chemical and Petrochemical industry
 Chip manufacturing
 Industrial gas manufacturing
Retrieved from https://www.quincycompressor.com/applications-of-air-compressors/ -Website
TitleQuincy Compressor. Applications of air compressors | how to use. October 25, 2018

26. Differentiate the turbine and pump.

A centrifugal pump is driven by a motor or an engine which turns the shaft and the
impeller inside the pump housing. It draws a liquid in at the center of the pump impeller and
ejects it at the outer edge of the impeller into the pump housing and out through the outlet. It
converts rotary motion into flow and pressure. Special pumps that work with gases rather than
liquids are referred to centrifugal compressors
A turbine works the other way around. It uses a flowing fluid - usually a gas (but it can
be water or other liquids) and turns it into rotary motion. If you blow on the stationary of
propeller of a model aero plane in order to make it spin you have a very simple (and very
inefficient) turbine.
Early jet engines used a centrifugal compressor at the front which was driven by the
turbine at the rear.

Lakshiminaraya K.S (27 July 2017) https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-

turbine-and-a-centrifugal-pump

27. Explain the working principles of a hydraulic and reaction turbine.

Hydraulic Turbine
According to Newton’s law a force is directly proportional to the change in momentum.
So if there is any change in momentum of fluid a force is generated. In the hydraulic turbine
blades or bucket (in case of Pelton wheel) are provided against the flow of water which change
the momentum of it. As the momentum is change a resulting pressure force generated which
rotate the rotor or turbine. The most important phenomenon is the amount of change in
momentum of water which is directly proportional to force. As the change in momentum high the
force generated is high which increase the energy conversion. So the blade or buckets are
designed so it can change maximum momentum of water. This is the basic principle of turbine.
These turbines are used as hydroelectric power plant.

Reaction Turbine:
Water is supplied by penstock from reservoir to turbine than enters into the casing.
Casing is completely surrounding the runner. This casing distributes the water circumferentially
into the runner of turbine. This casing always filled with water. Inside the casing number of fixed
vanes present, this converts the head available with water partially into dynamic head. The cross-
sectional area of the casing gradually decreases to maintain the constant velocity of water
throughout into the turbine runner. These various components and vanes help in flowing of water
into the runner with minimum loss of energy.

When the water enters over the rotor in the runner it has both kinetic energy and pressure
energy. When the water strikes over the moving vanes/ curved vanes it applies impulse force due
to kinetic energy same as in case of Pelton wheel. As the water flows over the moving/curved
vane it creates a pressure difference across the vane due to air foil shape of the vane, due to
which water applies the lift force over the vane. This lift force is also known as reaction force.
The impulse and reaction force will rotates the runner. Due to this reason sometimes, it is also
called as impulse reaction turbine. After runner water is out through the draft tube which is
attached at the bottom of the runner. The draft tube provides suction head at the runner exit. The
exit water goes into the tail race which further utilize in various applications.

Admin. Hydraulic turbine: working, types, advantages and disadvantages. mech4study, 13 Feb.
2018, www.mech4study.com/2016/10/hydraulic-turbine-working-types-advantages-and-
disadvantages.html.

28. Discuss different types of turbines.

Water turbines:
The turbines used in hydroelectric powerplants which have water as their working fluid.
First of all, millions of litres of water is collected in the dam. More the height of dam, more the
pressure. The highly pressurized water is then made to flow via large pipe called as penstock.
The turbine is located at the end of penstock from where the pressurized water strike the blades
of turbine at high velocity making it to rotate. This turbine is connected to a generator which
generates electricity.

Steam turbines:
They are used in nuclear & thermal powerplants where water is heated to form steam &
then flowed through turbines to produce electricity. Alike water turbines, steam turbines are also
classified into impulse & reaction types but the arrangement & design is different. All the
modern steam turbines are a combination of impulse & reaction type.
Steam turbines consist not only rotating blades called as rotor but also static blades called as
stator. Rotors & stators are placed alternately in order to extract most energy out of it. This
method is called as compounding.
Also, if you observe, the moving buckets in impulse turbine are designed to get pushed by the
steam. While the rotor blades in reaction turbine are aerofoiled shape, which lets itself generate
reaction & also let steam maintain its velocity !
The reason behind increase in blade sizes from inner side to outer side is because steam expands
while losing its pressure & kinetic energy & giving it to turbines.

Gas turbines :
Gas turbines in other words are internal combustion engines, which are not only used in
powerplants for generating electricity but also for propelling airplanes & helicopters. Gas
turbines as a whole system has a axial compressor at the inlet. These are sets of rotating blades
which suck huge amount of air & compress it which also increases the temperature. This air is
then supplied to the combustion chamber. Fuel is added into the combustion chamber & ignitor
ignites the fuel. Thus large amount of exhaust gases are produced which are made to flow
through turbines.

Wind turbines :
The rotor has 3 blades & are designed in such a way that when wind flows straight through them,
they start rotating. The only problem here is wind turbines rotate at a very low of RPM. The low
RPM doesn’t produce electricity of required frequency & that is why we require a gearbox which
increases the speed of shaft. The output shaft is then connected to the generator.

What are turbines ? | types of turbines & their applications – mechstuff. MechStuff, Jay Baviskar,
5 Feb. 2018, mechstuff.com/turbines-types-of-turbines-applications-in-powerplant.

29. What are the factors affecting turbine selection?

For Steam Turbines:
The key factors in order to select the parameters of the steam turbines are:
o The purpose of the turbine: electricity generation, cogeneration, powering
pumps, compressors or propellers;
o The source of the steam: conventional steam boiler, nuclear steam generator,
heat recovery boiler, geothermal, etc;
o The nominal (rated) power [MW];
o The cooling water or air source;
o Manufactural design patterns (impulse, reaction, combined, axial, radial, etc.)

For Water Turbines:

 Specific speed:
High specific aped is essential where the head is low and output is large, because otherwise
the rotational speed will be low which means cost of turbo-generator and powerhouse will be
high. On the other hand there is practically no need of choosing a high value of specific speed
for high installations, because even with lo specific speed high rotational speed can be
attained with medium capacity plants.

 Rotational speed:
Rotational speed depends upon specific speed. Also the rotational speed of an electrical
generator with which the turbine is to be directly coupled depends on the frequency and
number of pair of poles. The value of specific speed adopted should be such that it will give
the synchronous speed of the generator.

 Efficiency:
The efficiency selected should be such that it gives the highest overall efficiency of various
conditions.

 Part load operation:

In general the efficiency at part loads and overloads is less than that with rated (design)
parameters. For the sake of economy the turbine should always run with maximum possible
efficiency to get more revenue.
When the turbine has to run at part or overload conditions Deriaz turbine is employed.
Similarly, for low heads, Kaplan turbine will be useful for such purposes in place of propeller
turbine.

 Cavitations:
The installation of water turbines of reaction type over the tailrace is effected by cavitations.
The critical values of cavitations indices must be obtained to see that the turbine works in safe
zone. Such values of cavitations indices also affect the design of turbine, especially of Kaplan,
propeller and bulb types.

 Deposition of turbine shaft:

Experience has shown that the vertical shaft arrangement is better for large-sized reaction
turbines, therefore, it is almost universally adopted, whereas, in case of large size impulse
turbines, horizontal shaft arrangement is preferable.

 Available head and its fluctuation:

a) Very high (350m and above): for heads greater than 350m, Pelton Turbine is generally
employed and practically there is no any choice except in very special cases.

b) High heads (150 m to 350 m): in this range either Pelton or Francis turbine may employ.
For higher specific needs Francis turbine is more compact and economical than the Pelton
turbine that for the same working conditions would have to be much bigger and rather
cumbersome.

c) Medium heads (60 m to 150 m): a Francis turbine is usually employed in this range.
Whether a high or low specific speed would be used depends on the selection of the speed.

d) Low heads (below 60m): between 30m to 60m both Kaplan and Francis turbines may be
used. Francis is more expensive but yields higher efficiency at part loads and over loads. It is
therefore preferable for variable loads. Kaplan turbine is generally employed less than 30m.
Propeller turbines are however, commonly used for heads up to 15m. They are adopted only
when there is practically no load variation.

 Water quality: (i.e. sand content chemical or other impurities)

Quality of water is more crucial for the reactive turbine the in reaction turbines. Reactive
turbine may undergo for rapid wear in high head reactive turbines.
For Wind Turbine:
1. Size
In general, wind projects are modular energy facilities and can consist of one to one hundred
turbines or more. The overall size of a wind project is a function of many variables, including
the amount of land available, the number of investors and size of each investor’s contribution,
the financing available to the project, the ability of the transmission or distribution grid to
handle the additional energy from the project without substantial system upgrades, and the
number of turbines available to the project. Often one or several of these factors combined
will determine the size of the project.

2. Wind Resource and Climate

Wind turbines are designed for specific wind resource and environmental criteria, summarized
by four International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) classes (I-IV). IEC class I is the
highest wind and turbulence criteria and class IV describes the lowest wind speeds and
turbulence criteria. In general, turbines designed for high energy capture in low wind regimes
will have larger rotors. On the other hand, turbines designed for high wind regions tend to
have larger nameplate generator ratings and smaller rotors. You might need to obtain gust
data in order to determine which turbine is right for your site. Consider a wind turbine model
with a good track record in areas with a wind resource and climate similar to those at your site.

3. Availability for Purchase

The turbine you select must not only fit your project and site requirements, it also must be
available for purchase within your time frame. Many large wind turbine manufacturers are
based in Europe, making transportation and timing important considerations. Also, it is more
cost effective for manufacturers to serve customers seeking large numbers of turbines, which
can make it difficult for the customer looking for a single turbine or small numbers of turbines.

4. Reliability
Turbines that are not producing energy are losing money, and a machine that breaks down
regularly will quickly eat away at your bottom line. Consider that most projects are designed
to be operational 98 percent of the time (“98% availability”). This only allows approximately
7 days per year that each turbine can be shut down for regular and non-scheduled maintenance.
30. Give examples of the main applications of turbines.

Applications of Steam Turbines

Steam turbines are a part of various industries, from medium to large scale, and include dozens
of institutional applications.
 Chemical Industry: Providing heat and electricity to drive different processes in the
chemical and pharmaceutical industries, steam turbines are integrated in the process of
producing power.
 Waste Plants: Steam turbines help generate the power needed to harness energy from
wastes.
 Oil & Gas: Used as a pump drive or a compressor, steam turbines support dozens of
operations in the oil and gas industry.
 Sugar Mills: Offering high levels of efficiency and sustainable operations, steam turbines
are used to produce green carbon-dioxide energy from bagasse.
Some of the most popular applications of a steam turbine in different industries include the
following:
1. Combined Heat and Power
Steam turbines are an essential component of most CHP systems. They support combined heat
and power systems that are used to power industrial processes, under conditions where waste
fuels are available for the boiler to safely utilize. When used for CHPs, the steam emitted by the
steam turbine can be used directly.
Steam turbine powered CHPs are typically found in paper mills, where there is an abundance of
waste fuels ranging from black liquor to hog fuel, each equally successfully in powering the
boiler.
They can also be found in chemical plants that make excessive use of steam turbines; followed
by their use of metals.
2. Driving Mechanical Equipment
Steam turbines are a far more efficient alternative to electrical power. Especially when it comes
to driving different equipment like air compressors, boiler feed water pumps, refrigerator chillers,
etc.
3. District Heating & Cooling Systems
Different institutions throughout different cities rely on district cooling and heating systems.
These systems usually have a steam turbine placed between the boiler and the distribution system
or placed as a replacement for a pressure reduction station.
It is to be noted that, more often, boilers are capable of producing moderate-pressure steam while
the distribution requires low pressure steam. Bridging this gap between the two, a steam turbine
generates energy using the high-pressure steam and emits low pressure steam into the
distribution system.
4. Combined Cycle Power Plants
Steam turbines allow power plants to generate power using a gas turbine and utilize gas and heat
produced in the process to generate steam that, in turn, produces additional power. Combined
cycle power plants supported by steam turbines are capable of producing or accomplishing
electric generation efficiencies extending beyond the 50-percent mark and are used in large
industrial applications.
Most of the electricity throughout the United States is produced with the help of steam turbine
engines. Offering higher efficiencies, low costs, and a positive impact on the environment, steam
turbines have become a integral part of several American industries.

(n.d.). Rertrieved from https://www.360training.com/blog/steam-turbines-application/

PUMPS

1. A pump delivering 0.227 m/s of water has a 30.48-cm diameter suction flange and a 25.4-cm
diameter discharge flange. The suction pipe is 4 m long and the discharge pipe is 23 m long. The
water is delivered to a reservoir 16 m above the intake water level. Neglecting turbine losses in
the pipe, determine a) pump head, b) pump theoretical head, and c) pump brake power if the
pump efficiency is 85%. Assume a friction factor of 0.02 for cast iron pipe.

GIVEN:
Q = 0.227 m3/s
DS = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m
DD = 25.4 cm = 0.254 m
LS = 4 m
LD = 23 m
z = 16 m
f = 0.02
eP = 85%

REQUIRED: a) pump head, b) pump theoretical head, and c) pump brake power

SOLUTION:
PW = γQHT
HT = hS + hV + hP + hF
hS = 16 m
hV = v22 – v12/2g
v1 = Q/A1
v1 = (0.227 m3/s) / (π/4 • 0.3048 m2)
v1 = 3.111043 m/s
v2 = Q/A2
v2 = (0.227 m3/s) / (π/4 • 0.254 m2)
v2 = 4.4799 m/s
hV = 4.4799 m/s 2 – 3.111043 m/s 2 / (2 • 9.8066 m/s)
hV = 0.529793 m
hF = fLv2/2gD = fLDvD2/2gDD – fLSvS2/2gDS
hF = [(0.02 • 23 m • 4.4799 m/s2) / (2 • 9.8066 m/s2 • 0.254 m)] – [(0.02 • 4 m • 3.
111043 m/s2) / (2 • 9.8066 m/s2 • 0.3048 m)]
 hF = 1.85316 m – 0.041633 m
hF = 1.8115275 m
HT = 16 m + 0.529793 m + 1.8115275 m
HT = 18. 34132 m
HTH = hV + hz
HTH = 0.529793 m + 16 m
HTH = 16.529793 m

PW = γQHT
PW = 9.81 KN/m3 • 0.227 m3/s • 18.34132 m
PW = 40.8437 KW
BP = PW/eP
BP = 40.8437 KW / 0.85
BP = 48.0515 KW

2. A pump delivering 31.5 LPS of water has a 40.64-cm diameter suction pipe and 35.56-cm
diameter discharge pipe. The suction vacuum gauge that is 8 cm below the pump centerline reads
127 mm of mercury below atmospheric pressure. The discharge gauge that is 46 cm above the
pump centerline reads 73.14 kPa. What is the head of the pump? Determine the pump brake
power if the pump efficiency is 82%.

GIVEN:
Q = 31.5 LPS • 1 m3 / 1000 L
Q = 0.0315 m3/s
DS = 40.64 cm = 0.4064 m
DD = 35.56 cm = 0.3556 m
zS = 8 cm
zD = 46 cm
PD = 73.14 KPa
PS = -127 mmHg
eP = 82%

REQUIRED: a) pump head, b) pump brake power

SOLUTION:
PW = γQHT
HT = hS + hV + hP + hF
hS = 46 + 8 cm
 hS = 54 cm
hS = 0.54 m
hV = v22 – v12/2g
v1 = Q/A1
v1 = (0.0315 m3/s) / (π/4 • 0.4064 m2)
v1 = 0.242836 m/s
v2 = Q/A2
v2 = (0.0315 m3/s) / (π/4 • 0.3556 m2)
v2 = 0.317174 m/s
hV = 0.317174 m/s 2 – 0.242836 m/s 2 / (2 • 9.8066 m/s)
hV = 0.002123 m
hP = P2 – P1 / γ
hP = (73.14 KPa • 760 mmHG/101.325 KPA) – (-127 mmHG) / 9.81 KN/m3
hP = 675.595 mmHG • 101.325 KPa/760mmHG / 9.81 KN/m3
hP = 90.071941 KN/m2 / 9.81 KN/m3
hP = 9.181645 m
HT = 0.54 m + 0.002123 m + 9.181645 m
HT = 9.72377 m
PW = γQHT
PW = 9.81 KN/m3 • 0.0315 m3/s • 9.72377 m
PW = 3.00479 KW
BP = PW/eP
BP = 3.00479 KW / 0.82
BP = 3.664379 KW

3. A pump draws water (SG=0.985) from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B, with a static
suction lift of 8 m and a static discharge head of 25 m. The diameter of the suction pipe is 15.24
cm and the diameter of discharge pipe is 4.0 inches. The total head loss from A to B is 25% of the
total dynamic head, and the head loss at the discharge side of the pump is 90% of the total head
loss. The pump capacity is 100 LPS. Determine the a) pump brake power if the efficiency is 78%;
b) reading of the pressure gauge installed at the suction side of the pump, and c) reading of the
pressure gauge installed at the discharge side of the pump

GIVEN:
γ = 0.985 (8.81) = 9.663
Q = 0.1 m3/s
DS = 0.1524 m
DD = 4 in (25.4 cm/in) (1 m/1000 mm)
DD = 0.1016 m
zS = -8 m
zD = 25 m
eP = 82%

REQUIRED: a) pump brake power, b) PS, c) PD

SOLUTION:
PW = γQHT
HT = hS + hV + hP + hF
hS = 25 + 8
hS = 33 m
hV = v22 – v12/2g
v1 = Q/A1
v1 = (0.1 m3/s) / (π/4 • 0.1524 m2)
v1 = 5.482 m/s
v2 = Q/A2
v2 = (0.1 m3/s) / (π/4 • 0.1016 m2)
v2 = 12.335m/s
hV = 12.335 m/s 2 –5.482 m/s 2 / (2 • 9.8066 m/s)
hV = 6.22 m
HAB-L = 0.25(33 + 6.22) m
TDHAB-L = 9.805 m
HLD = 0.9 (9.805)
HLD = 8.8245
HLS = 0.1 (9.805)
HLS = 0.9805
HT = 33 + 6.22 + 9.805
HT = 49.025
BP = PW/eP
BP = 9.663 (0.1) (49.025) / 0.78
BP = 60.55 KW

hS = 8 m + 0.9805 m
PS = 9.663(8.9805)
PS = 86.779 KPA
hD = 25 m + 8.8245 m
PD = 9.663(33.8245)
 PD = 325.831 KPA

4. A swimming pool of 11 m x 26 mx 2 m dimension is to be filled with water by a pump

operating with a total dynamic head of 55 m. If the overall motor efficiency is 60% and the
energy cost is PhP 0.40 per kWh, calculate the total cost of energy to fill up the swimming pool.

GIVEN:
V = 11 m x 26 x 2 m
V = 572 m3
H = 55 m
eM = 60%
cost = PhP 0.40 per kW-hr

REQUIRED: a) Total cost of energy

SOLUTION:
PW = γQHT
PW = (9.81 KN/m3)(572 m3/hr) (55 m)
PW = 308308 KN-m/hr (1 hr / 3600 s)
PW/eM = 85.64 KW/0.6
BP = 142.733
cost = 142.733 KW (Php. 0.4/KW-hr)
cost = Php. 57.09

5. A pump (el. 6 m) draws water from reservoir A (el. O m) and lifts it to reservoir B (el. 73 m).
The loss of head from A to 1 (suction of the pump) is three times the velocity head in the 15.24-
cm pipe and the loss of head from 2 (discharge of the pump) to B is 20 times the velocity head in
101.6-mm pipe. Compute the a) brake power of the pump if the efficiency is 82% and b) the
pressure heads at points 1 and 2 when the discharge is 38 LPS.

GIVEN:
Q = 38 LPs x 1m3/1000 L = 0.038 m3/s
Z1 = 6 m
Z2 = 73 m
HF1 = 3 Hv
HF2= 20 Hv
D1 = 15.24 cm
D2 = 101.6 mm ≈ 10.16 cm
eP = 82%

REQUIRED: a) pump brake power, b) P1 and P2

SOLUTION:
HT = hS + hV + hP + hF
hV = v22 – v12/2g
Q = AV
V1 = (0.038 m3/s) / (π/4 •0.1524 m2)
V1 = 2.083166 m/s
V2 = (0.038 m3/s) / (π/4 •0.1016 m2)
V2 = 4.68712 m/s
hV = (4.687122448 m/s)2 – (2.083165533 m/s)2 / 2 (9.8066 m/s2)
hV = 0.898549 m

hF1 = 3(hV)
hF1 = 3(0.898549 m)
hF1 = 2.69568044 m
hF2 = 20(hV)
hF2 = 20(0.898549 m)
hF2 = 17.97099 m

P = γHP
P1 = γHS
P1 = 9.81 KN/m3 (6 m)
P1 = 58.86 KPa
P2= γHD
P2 = 9.81 KN/m3 (73 m)
P2 = 716.13 KPa

HT = hS + hV + hP + hF
HT = 0.898549348 m+ 73-6 m+ 2.69568044 m+ 17.97098696 m
 HT = 155.57 m
eP = PW/BP
PW = γQHt
PW = (9.81 KN/m^3 )(0.038 m3/s) (155.57)
PW = 57.9916015 KW
BP = PW/eP
BP = 57.9916015 KW/.82
BP = 70.72146524 KW

6. The specific speed of a pump is 45 and 610 rpm when delivering a 0.015 m2/s of water,
determine the head developed by the pump.

GIVEN:
Q = 0.015 m3/s • 1000 L/m3 • 1 gal/3.785 L • 60 s/min
NC = 45 rpm
N = 610 rpm

REQUIRED: a) pump head

SOLUTION:

610 rpm 237.7807 GPM

45 = 3
H4

H = 1, 240.53 ft.

7. The power output is 30 hp to a centrifugal pump that is discharging 1000 GPM and which
operates at 2000 rpm against a head of 150 ft, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz. If this pump is modified to
operate 1500 rpm, assuming its efficiency remains constant, determine it's a) discharge in GPM, b)
the theoretical head it imparts to the liquid in ft, c) torque developed in ft-lb, and d) new power
input to the pump in hp.

GIVEN:
Q1 = 1000 GPM
N1 = 2000 rpm
 PO = 30 hp
H1 = 150 ft.
N2 = 1500 rpm
V = 220 V
f = 60 Hz, 3 phase

REQUIRED: a) discharge in GPM, b) the theoretical head it imparts to the liquid in ft, c)
torque developed in ft-lb, and d) new power input to the pump in hp
SOLUTION:

Q1/Q2 = N1/N2

1000 GPM/Q2 = 2000 rpm/1500 rpm

Q2 = 750 GPM

H1/H2 = (N1/N2)2

150 ft./H2 = (2000 rpm/1500 rpm)2

H2 = 84.375 ft.

P1/P2 = (N1/N2)3

30 hp/P2 = (2000 rpm/1500 rpm)3

P2 = 12.6563 hp

P = 2πTN/60

12.6563 hp = 2πT (1500) /60

T = 0.08057 ft-lb

8. A pump with an impeller diameter of 155 mm develops a power of 60 kW at a speed of 350

rpm with a fluid specific gravity of 1.03. If the speed increases to 660 rpm, and the impeller is
decreased to 120 mm and specific gravity changed to 0.8, what is the new power?

GIVEN:
DI = 155 mm
N1 = 350 rpm
 P1 = 60 KW
DI = 120 mmm
N2 = 660 rpm
SG = 0.8

REQUIRED: a) P2

SOLUTION:

Q1 / n1D13 = Q2 / n2D23

PW = γQHT
Q = P / γHT

P1 / γHT1 / n1D13 = P2 / γHT2 / n2D23

P2 = (P1γ2n2D23) / (γ1 n1D13)

P2 = (60)(7.848)(660)(0.12)3 / (10.1043)(350)(0.155)3

P2 = 40.778 KW

9. A 360 mm x 400 mm reciprocating pump is running at 380 rpm. If the percent slip is taken to
be 12%, determine the volumetric efficiency of the pump.

GIVEN:
Dimension = 360 mm x 400 mm
N1 = 380 rpm
%S = 12%

REQUIRED: a) eV

SOLUTION:

% S = 1 - eV

0.12 = 1 - eV
 eV = 0.88 ≈ 88%

10. A centrifugal pump develops a head of 30 m and delivers 4.0 m3/min of water requiring 35
bhp input to the pump. Disk friction loss is 2 hp. Leakage loss is 0.20 m/min. Brake power loss is
3%. Calculate a) overall pump efficiency, b) volumetric efficiency, c) hydraulic efficiency, d)
mechanical efficiency, and e) overall pump motor efficiency if electrical loss is 5 hp.

GIVEN:
Q = 4 m3/min – 0.20 m3/min
H = 30 m
BP1 = 35 hp
fLOSS = 2 hp
BPLOSS = 3%

REQUIRED: a) overall pump efficiency, b) volumetric efficiency, c) hydraulic

efficiency, d) mechanical efficiency, and e) overall pump motor efficiency

SOLUTION:
P = 9.8066 KN/m3 (30 m) (4 m3/min – 0.20 m3/min) • 1 min/60 s
P = 18.63254 KW • 1 hp / 0.746 KW
P = 24.9766 hp

BP2 = 35 hp – 2 hp – (0.03•35 hp)

BP2 = 31.95 hp

eOVER-ALL = 24.976 hp / 31.95 hp

eOVER-ALL = 0.7817 ≈ 78.17%
eVOLUMETRIC= Q2/Q1
Q1 = 4 m3/min
Q2 = 4 m3/min – 0.20 m3/min
Q2 = 3.8 m3/min
eVOLUMETRIC = Q2 / Q1
eVOLUMETRIC = 3.8 m3/min / 4 m3/min
eVOLUMETRIC = 0.95 ≈ 95%
eHYDRAULIC = PW / BP1 – BP2
eHYDRAULIC = 24.9766 hp / 35 hp – (0.03 • 35)
eHYDRAULIC = 0.73569 ≈ 73.569%
eOVER-ALL = eMECHANICAL
0.7817 = eMECHANICAL = 0.7817 ≈ 78.17%
 eMECHANICAL = 1.1095 ≈ 111%
eOVER-ALL PUMP MOTOR = BP / PINPUT
eOVER-ALL PUMP MOTOR = 35 hp / (35/0.97 +5)
eOVER-ALL PUMP MOTOR = 0.8519 ≈ 85.19%

11. A single stage pump with a specific speed of 50 is to deliver water at a flow rate of 10 GPM
at a head of 750 ft. If the speed is not to exceed 1300 rpm, how many stages are required?

GIVEN:
Q = 10 GPM
NC = 50 rpm
N = 1300 rpm
H = 750 ft

REQUIRED: a) number of stages

SOLUTION:

h = 750/n

1300 rpm 10 GPM

50 = 3
7504
n

n = 2.098 ≈ 2 stages

12. A double suction, single stage, centrifugal pump delivers 900 m3/h of sea water (SG = 1.03)
from a source where the water level varies 2 m from high tide to low tide level. The pump
centerline is located 2.6 m above the surface of the water at high tide level. The pump discharges
into surface condenser, 3 m above the pump centerline. Loss of head due to friction in the suction
pipe is 0.8 m and that in discharge side is 3 m. Pump is directly coupled to 1750 rpm, 460 volts, 3
phase, 60 Hz. Calculate a) total suction head, b) total discharge head, c) total dynamic head of the
pump, d) theoretical pump power, e) pump brake power if the pump efficiency is 82%, and f) the
type of pump.

GIVEN:
Q = 900 m3/h (1 h/3600 s) - 0.25 m3/s
SG = 1.3
γ = 12.753
 hLS = 0.8 m
hLS = 3 m

REQUIRED: a) total suction head, b) total discharge head, c) total dynamic head of the
pump, d) theoretical pump power, e) pump brake power if the pump efficiency is 82%, and f) the
type of pump

SOLUTION:
hS = (2.6 m + 2 m) + 2.6 / 2
hS = (3.6 m + 0.8) 2
HTOTALSUCTION = 8.8 m
HTOTALDISCHARGE = 3 m + 3m
HTOTALDISCHARGE = 6 m
HTOTAL DYNAMIC = 8.8 m + 6 m
HTOTAL DYNAMIC = 14.8 m
P = γQHTOTAL DYNAMIC

P = 12.753 (0.25) (3 + 3.6 + 3.6)

P = 32.520 KW
BP = 32.520 KW / 0.82
BP = 57.54 KW

13. Calculate the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) for a pump that receives 300°F water at the
rate of 1250 GPM through a pipe whose ID is 10 in. A suction gage located 20 ft below the pump
centerline indicates a pressure of 77 psig, and the barometer indicates a pressure of 28.2 in Hg.
Also determine the cavitation parameter.

GIVEN:
TW = 300°F
Q = 250 GPM (3.785 L/gal) (1 m3/1000 L) (1 min/60 sec) = 0.07885 m3/sec
DI = 10 in (0.0254m/in) = 0.254 m
Z1 = 20 ft
P1 = 77 psig
PBARO = 28.2 in Hg
 REQUIRED: NPSH, cavitation parameter

SOLUTION:
101.325kPa
Pi = 77psig × 14.7psi
= 530.75kPa
Pbaro = 28.2 in Hg
Psat@300°F = 461.83kPa
Pvgage = 461.83 − Pbaro
101.325
Pvgage = 461.83 − (28.2 × 23.92
)
Pvgage = 366.333kPa
NPSH = hs − hv
Pi V2
hs = γ
+ 2g
530.74 8Q2
hs = 9.81
+ π2gd4
530.74 8 0.07885 2
hs = + π2 9.81 0.254
9.81
P 366.333
hs = 54.226mhv = γv = 9.81
hv = 37.3425 m
NPSH = 54.226 − 37.3425
⹡牯⽧ = 楫丯.敳敳 㕈

14. If a pump requires a minimum of 9 ft of NPSH, how high can the centerline of the pump be
located above the top of an open tank that supplies 80°F water to the pump? The barometer varies
from 27.0 to 28.8 in. Hg throughout the year. The tank is 6 ft high, the pipe friction is 2.3 ft, and
the velocity is 240 fpm.

GIVEN:
NPSH = 9ft Pa = 14.7 psi
Pg = 28.8 in Hg = 14.15 psi Psat @80°F
hf = 2.3 ft

REQUIRED:
S=?

SOLUTION:
Pv = Psat = 0.507 psi
Pg + Pa − Pv
NPSH = + S − 2.3 ft
62.4(0.984)(144)
 14.15 + 14.7 − 0.507
9= + S − 2.3 ft
62.4(0.984)(144)
S = 11.30 ft.

15. Specify the sizes of pipes (cast iron, schedule 40 and the size of the motor to be used for a
pump to lift water at 40 LPS, from reservoir to reservoir B. Consider the following data:

Total static head 50 m

Fittings and valves
Suction line 1 foot valve, 1 standard elbow, and 1 gate valve
Discharge line 1 check valve, 1 gate valve, 1 long sweep elbow, and 2
standard elbows
Length of straight pipes
Suction pipe 300 m
Discharge pipe 80 m
Absolute viscosity of water 0.001002 Pa-s
Absolute roughness of cast 0.00026 m
iron
Darcy-Weisbach friction 0.025
factor
Water velocity 1.0 m/s to 2.75 m/s

Neglect the head losses in the foot valve and at the pipe exit in the discharge reservoir, and do
not use equal sizes for the suction and discharge pipes.

GIVEN:
Q = 40L/s
Q = 0.04m3 /s
hs = 50m

REQUIRED: Power
SOLUTION:
For Suction Line,
Standard Elbow
k = 0.75
Gate Valve (fully open)
 k = 0.17
k = 0.17 + 0.75
k = 0.92
For Discharge Line,
k = 2 + 0.17 + 0.45 + 2(0.75)
k = 4.12
hf at suction,
kv2 8Q2
hf = 2g
= k π2gD4
2
0.04m3
s
8
hf = 0.92 [ 9.81m
π2 D4s
s2
1.21627×10−4
hf = D4s
hf at discharge,
2
0.04m3
8
s
hf = 4.12 [ 9.81m
π2 D4d
s2
5.4468×10−4
hf = D4d
hv at suction,
fL 8Q2
hv = ( D )( π2gD4 )
s s
2
0.04m3
0.25 300m 8
s
hv = 9.81m
π2 D5s
s2
9.9152×10−4
hv =
D5s
hv at discharge,
fL 8Q2
hv = ( )( π2 4 )
Dd gDd
2
0.04m3
0.25 80m 8 s
hv = 9.81m
π2 D5d
s2
10−4
hv = 2.649 × D5d

At Suction and Discharge,

ρD
Re = μ v
1000kg 1+2.75
Ds
m3 2
Re = 0.001002
Re = 1,871,257.485 Ds ; Re = 1,871,257.485 Dd

hv and hf at Discharge,
Using NPS 4” Sched. 80 for discharge
ID = 4.026in. = 0.102m
9.9152×10−4
hv = D4d
= 88.667m
 1.21627×10−4
hf = D4d
= 1.1122m

hv and hf at Suction,
Using NPS 3.5” Sched. 80 for suction: ID = 3.548in. = 0.89m
2.644×10−4
hv = D4s
= 49.98m
5.4468×10−4
hf = = 8.2579m
D4s

For HT,
HT = 50 + (88.667 - 49.98) + (8.2579 - 1.1122) m
HT = 103.5571 m

For the size of motor,

P = γQTDH
9.81kN 0.04m3
P = ( m2 )( s )(103.5571m)
⹡ = ሺ.丯 ā t

16. Plot the pump characteristics listed below and calculate and plot the horsepower input to the
pump for 160°F water. Use gallons per minute as abscissa.
GPM Head(ft) Efficiency(%)
850 2005 74.8
800 2100 76.0
750 2180 76.8
700 2260 77.0
650 2325 76.3
600 2385 75.0
550 2425 72.8
500 2460 70.0
400 2510 62.0
300 2545 52.0
200 2565 39.0
100 2568 21.0
0 2570 0
17. A duplex, 226 x 134 x 256 mm, steam boiler feed pump is operating at normal speed. If the
temperature of feed water is 93°C and the volumetric efficiency is 90%, determine the a) piston
speed, b) pump discharge rate, and c) pump speed in strokes per min per cylinder.

GIVEN:
Dimension: 226 x 134 x 256 mm nCYLINDER = 2 (duplex)
TFW = 93°C eVOLUMETRIC = 90%

REQUIRED: a) piston speed, b) pump discharge rate, and c) pump speed

SOLUTION:

226 x 134 x 256 mm = length of stroke x Diameter of bore x diameter of steam cylinder

v = 1.38 L Ft

Ft = Temperature Correction Factor

Interpolate:

0.71 65.5°C

x =? 93°C

0.55 204.4°C

(0.71 – 0.55) / (x – 0.55) = (65.5 – 204.4) / (93 – 204.4)

x = 0.67832

v = 1.38 226 mm (0.67832)

v = 14.0724 m/min (Piston Speed)

eVOLUMETRIC = Q / VD
VD = π/4 D2vn
VD = π/4 (256 mm • 1 m / 1000 mm)2 • 14.0724 m/min • 2
VD = 5.9 m3/min
eVOLUMETRIC = Q / VD
0.90 = Q / 5.9 m3/min
Q = 5.31 m3/min
18. The following are the results for a 254 x 152 x 306 mm duplex, direct acting pump. Time of
test = 1 Steam used at 1.4 MPa, saturated = 568 kg, Steam exhaust pressure = 0.10 MPa; Piston
speed = 38 strokes per cylinder, Water pumped = 22 700 kg; Pump TDH = 76 m: Water
temperature -82°C; Determine the a) pump discharge rate, b) pump volumetric efficiency, c)
pump waterpower, and d) pump duty.

GIVEN:
Dimensions: 254 x 152 x 306 mm
N = 2 cylinders
HT = 76 m
P1 = 1.4 MPa
m = 568 kg
P2 = 0.10 MPa
v = 38 strokes per cylinder
Mw = 22700 kg

REQUIRED: a) pump discharge rate, b) pump volumetric efficiency, c) pump

waterpower, and d) pump duty

SOLUTION:
P2−P1
TDH = + hv
γ

100−1400 8 Q2
76 = 9.81
+ π2 9.81 0.152

Q = 7.6358 m3/s
V1
ev = VD
π
VD = 4 D2 LN

v = 2LN
38 = 2 0.254 N
N = 74.803 rpm
π 74.803
VD = 4 0.1522 0.254 60
2

for 1 hour testing:

 VD = 0.01149 × 3600
VD = 41.364 m3
m 22700
V1 = ρ
= 1000
v1 = 22.7 m3/s

22.7
ev = 41.364
ev = 54.87%

P = Qγ TDH
P = 9.81 7.6358 76
⹡ = ā丯gL.gā t

19. Find the flow distribution in the three-parallel pipe system shown QIN = 2500 LPM
Element L(m) D(mm) f ∑k

1 50 75 0.02 2
2 80 85 0.03 4

3 120 100 0.025 2

GIVEN:
QIN = 2500 LPM
Three-parallel system

REQUIRED: Flow distribution

SOLUTION:
L
Qin = QT = 2500 min
QT = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Equation 1:
L
2500 min = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
HfT = Hf1 = Hf2 = Hf3
fLV2 8fLQ2
Hf = D 2g = π2D5
g

For Pipe1,
8(0.02)(50 m)Q1 2
Hf1 = m
π (0.075 m)5 (9.81 2 )
2
s

Hf1 = 34,818.889Q1 2
For Pipe2,
 8(0.03)(80 m)Q2 2
Hf2 = m
π (0.085 m)5 (9.81 2 )
2
s

Hf2 = 44,692.829Q2 2
For Pipe3,
8(0.025)(120 m)Q3 2
Hf3 = m
π2 (0.1m)5 (9.81 2 )
s

Hf3 = 24,788.057Q3 2
Hf1 = Hf2
34,818.889Q1 2 = 44,692.829Q2 2

Q1 2 = 1.2836Q2 2
Q1 = Q2 1.2836
Hf2 = Hf3
44,692.829Q2 2 = 24,788.057Q3 2

Q3 2 = 1.803Q2 2
Q3 = Q2 1.803

From Equation 1,
L
2500 = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
min
L
2500 min = Q2 1.2836 + Q2 + Q2 1.803
L
Q2 = 718.28 min

For Q1,
Q1 = Q2 1.2836
L
Q1 = 718.28 min 1.2836
L
Q1 = 814.91 min

For Q3,
Q3 = Q2 1.803
L
Q3 = 718.28 min 1.803
= g丯ā.敳L 㕈㌳䁣

20. From which company would you recommend purchase of a pump to operate 4000 hr per yr at
200 GPM, It head, 60°F water? Company A charges PhP 46 750 for a pump of 69% efficiency,
Company B charges PhP 44 250 for a pump of 67% efficiency, and Company C charges PhP 55
000 for one of 71.5% efficiency. Electricity costs PhP 7.12 per kWh; the motor efficiency for all
pumps is 94%, and the charges are 15% annually.
 GIVEN:
4000 hr/yr P46 750 @ ŋ = 69%
200 GPM P44 250 @ ŋ = 67%
60°F P55 000 @ ŋ = 71.5%

REQUIRED:
Which company would you recommend purchase of a pump to operate 4000 hr per yr at
200 GPM, It head, 60°F water?

SOLUTION:
Company A
69 P46 750
=
100 x
x = P67 753
Company B
67 P44 250
=
100 y
y = P66 044.78
Company C
71.5 P55 000
=
100 z
x = P76 923.08

Therefore:
Choose Company B which is the cheapest.
COMPRESSORS

1. A two-stage compressor receives 672 LPM at 140 kPaa and 27°C and delivers it at 690 kPaa.
The compression is polytropic with n=1.5 and the intercooler is ideal. Find the a) power required,
b) intercooler pressure, c) maximum temperature, d) heat transferred in the intercooler, and e)
discharge temperature if the compressor is single stage.

GIVEN:
Q = 627 LPM
P1 = 140 KPaa
T1 = 27°C
P2 = 690 KPaa
n = 1.5

REQUIRED: a) power required, b) intercooler pressure, c) maximum temperature, d)

heat transferred in the intercooler, and e) discharge temperature

SOLUTION:

a. W = ?

2nP1 V1 Px n−1
W= n−1
(( P ) n – 1)
1

Px = P1 P2 = (140)(690) = 310.81 kPa

672
2(1.5)(140)(1000 60 ) 310.81 1.5−1
W= 1.5−1
(( 140 ) 1.5 -1) = 2.86 kW
b. Px =?
Px = P1 P2 = (140)(690) = 310.81 kPa

c. T2 = ?
n−1
P
T2 = T1 ( P2 ) n
1
690 1.5−1
T2 = (27+273) ( 140 ) 1.5 = 510.54 K
L = 237.54

d. Q = ?
Q = mcp(Tx − T1 )
672
P1 V1 140(
1000 60
) kg
m= RT1
= 0.287(27+273) = 0.018 s
Tx = ?
n−1
P
Tx = T1 ( Px ) n
1
 310.81 1.5−1
Tx = (27+273) ( 140
) 1.5 = 391.02 K
tx = 118.02
Q = 0.018(1.0062)(118.02 - 27) = 1.67 kW
e. t2 =?
n−1
T2 P
T1
= ( P2 ) n
1
n−1
P 690 1.5−1
T2 = T1 ( P2 ) n = (27+273) ( 140 ) 1.5
1

T2 = 510.53 K
L = 237.53

2. A compressor receives 189 LPS of air at 101 kPaa and 27°C, and discharges at 380 kPaa. The
compressor is directly driven by a 38-kW electric motor. Determine a) overall adiabatic
efficiency, and b) overall isothermal efficiency of compressor.

GIVEN:
1m3 m3
Q = 189 LPM x 1000L = 0.189 s
P1 = 101 KPaa
T1 = 27°C
P2 = 380 KPaa
P = 38 KW

REQUIRED: a) overall adiabatic efficiency, and b) overall isothermal efficiency

SOLUTION:
a. ec(adiabatic) = ?
W'
ec(adiabatic) =
W

kP1 V' P2 k−1

W' = k−1
(( P ) k – 1)
1
k = 1.4
1.4(101)(0.189) 380 1.4−1
W' = (( 101 ) 1.4 – 1) = 30.75 kW
1.4−1

30.75
ec(adiabatic) = 38
= 0.8092
( ‫܉‬㌳ ㌳ ) = 80.92%
b. ec(isothermal) = ?
W'
ec(isothermal) =
W
P
W' = P1 V' ln( P2 )
1
 380
W' = (101)(0.189)ln 101
= 25.29 kW

25.29
ec(isothermal) = = 0.6655
38
(㌳ 㕈 ) = 66.55%

3. A 20 x 25 cm reciprocating compressor has a 4% clearance and operates at 550 rpm. The

compressor receives at 100 kPaa and 27°C, and discharges at 1850 kPaa. The compression and
expansion are polytropic with n = 1.3. Find the a) volumetric efficiency, b) volume flow rate of
air at inlet conditions, c) power required, d) mass of air discharged, and e) mass of air left at top
dead center.

GIVEN:
N = 550 rpm
P1 = 100 KPaa
T1 = 27°C
P2 = 1850 KPaa
Clearance = 4%

REQUIRED: a) volumetric efficiency, b) volume flow rate of air at inlet conditions, c)

power required, d) mass of air discharged, and e) mass of air left at top dead center

SOLUTION:
a. ev =?
1
P 1850 1
ev = 1 + c – c( P2 )n = 1 + 0.04 – 0.04( 100
)1.3
1

ev = 0.6626
= 丯丯.L丯䃁

b. V =?
π π
V = 4 D2 LN = 4 (0.2)2 (0.25)(550)
m3 1min
V = 4.32 min x 60 sec.
㕈
V = 0.072 .

c. W =?
nP1 V P2 n−1 1.3(100)(0.072) 1850 1.3−1
W= (( ) n
n−1 P1
– 1) = 1.3−1
(( 100 ) 1.3 – 1)
W = 29.98 kW

PV
d. m2 = RT = ?
 n−1
T2 P
T1
= ( P2 ) n
1
n−1
P 1850 1.3−1
T2 = T1 ( P2 ) n = (27+273) ( 100
) 1.3
1

T2 = 588.23 K

P1 V1 n = P2 V2 n

n P1 V1 n 1.3 100(0.072)1.3 m3
V2 = P2
= 1850
= 0.0076 sec.
P2 V2 1850(0.0076)
m2 = RT2
= 0.287(588.23) = 0.083

e. mleft = ?
mleft = m1 - m2

P1 V1 100(0.072) kg
m1 = = 0.287(27+273) = 0.0836
RT1 s
mleft = 0.0836 – 0.083
mleft = 0.0006 kg
㕈 = 0.6 g

4. A double-acting compressor with c = 7% draws 40 lb per minute of air at 14.7 psia and 80°F
and discharges it at 90 psia. Compression and expansion are polytropic with n=1.28. Find the a)
work, b) heat rejected, and c) bore and stroke for 90 rpm and L/D = 1.25.

GIVEN:
m = 40 lb/min
P1 = 14.7 psia
T1 = 80°F
P2 = 90 psia
Clearance = 7%

REQUIRED: a) work, b) heat rejected, and c) bore and stroke

SOLUTION:
a. W =?
nmRT1 P2 n−1
W= n−1
(( P ) n – 1)
1

t1 = 80℉ = 12.44
101.325 kPa
P1 = 14.7 psi x 14.7 psi
= 101.325 kPa
 101.325 kPa
P2 = 90 psi x 14.7 psi
= 620.36 kPa
lb 1 kg 1 min. kg
m = 20 min.
X 2.205 lb x 60 sec. = 0.151 s

(1.28)(0.151)(0.287)(12.44+273) 620.36 1.28−1

W= 1.28−1
(( 101.325
) 1.28 – 1)
W = 27.32 kW

b. Q = ?
Q = mcp(Tx − T1 )
Px = P1 P2 = (101.325)(620.36) = 250.71 kPa
n−1
P
Tx = T1 ( Px ) n
1
1.28−1
250.71
Tx = (12.44+273) ( 101.325 ) 1.28 = 348 K
tx = 75

Q = 0.15(1.0062)(75 – 12.44)
Q = 9.44 kW

c. L = ?
D=?

mRT1 0.15(0287)(12.44+273) m3
V' = P1
= 101.325
= 0.1212 s
1 1
P 620.36
ev = 1 + c - c( P2 )n = 1 + 0.07 – 0.07( 101.325 )1.28
1

ev = 0.7817
V' 01212
VD = e = 0.7817
v
m3
VD = 0.155 s
L
D
= 1.25
L = 1.25D
π
VD = D2 LN x no. of piston action
4
π 90 2 stroke
0.155 = 4 D2 (1.25D)(60 ) x 1 rev

D = 0.375 m
L = 1.25(0.375)
L = 0.468 m

5. A two-stage, double-acting compressor is to deliver 100 lb/min of air from 14.7 psia and 90°F
to a final pressure of 200 psia. The normal barometer is 29.8 in Hg and the temperature is 80°F.
The pressure drop in the intercooler is 3 psi and the temperature of the air at the exit of the
intercooler is 90°F, the speed is 250 rpm and PV1.35 = C during compression and expansion.
The clearance is 5% for both cylinders. The temperature of the cooling water increased by 18F.
Find the a) volume of free air, b) the discharge pressure of the low-pressure cylinder for
minimum work, c) the temperature at discharge from both low pressure and high-pressure
cylinders, d) mass of cooling water to be circulated about each cylinder and through the
intercooler, and e) work. f) If, for the low pressure cylinder, L/D=0.65, and if both cylinders have
the same stroke, what should be the cylinder dimensions?

GIVEN:
m = 1000 lb/min
P1 = 14.7 psia
T1 = 90°F
P2 = 200 psia
Pressure drop = 3 psi

REQUIRED: a) volume of free air, b) the discharge pressure of the low-pressure

cylinder for minimum work, c) the temperature at discharge from both low pressure and high-
pressure cylinders, d) mass of cooling water to be circulated about each cylinder and through the
intercooler, and e) work. f) cylinder dimensions

SOLUTION:
Solving for Volume of free air,
PV1.35 = C
PaVa 1.35 = P1 V1 1.35
P1 V1 1.35 1
Va = ( )1.35
Pa
For V1;
lb ft − lbf
mRT1 (100 min )(53.342 lbm − R )(90 + 460 R)
V1 = =
P1 lbf (12in)2
(14.7 2 x )
in 1 ft2
ft3 1min
V1 = 1385.96 x
min 60s
ft3
V1 = 23.1
s
ft3
(14.7 psia)(23.1 )1.35 1
Va = [ s ]1.35
14.64 psia

= L .楫香

Solving for Discharge pressure of the low pressure cylinder; P2,

 P2 = Px
Px = P1 P4 = (14.7 psia)(200 Psia)
⹡L = ā .LL ㌳

Solving for Discharge temperature on low and high pressure cylinders; t2 and T4,
T2 P2 n−1
=( ) n
T1 P1
54.22 psia 1.35−1
T2 = (90 + 460 R)( ) 1.35
14.7 psia
T2 = 771.47°R
L = 楫楫. 香°

∆P = P2 − P3
P3 = P2 − ∆P = 54.22 psia − 3 psi
P3 = 51.22 psia

T4 P4 n−1
=( ) n
T3 P3
P4 n−1
T4 = T3 ( ) n
P3
T4 = 782.96°R
= LL.g丯°

Solving for Mass of cooling water,

mCpa T2 − T1 = mw Cpw ∆Tw
mCpa (T2 − T1 )
mw =
Cpw ∆Tw
lb BTU
(100 )(0.24 )(771.47 − 550 R)
mw = min lb − R
BTU
(0.4454 )(478 R)
lb − R
lb
mw = 24.97
min
㕈 = ሺ. 楫丯楫

Solving for Work,

2nP1 V1 P4 n−1
W= [( ) n − 1]
n−1 P1
2 2
lb (12) in
2(1.35)(14.7 2 x ) 54.22 psia 1.35−1
W= in 1ft2 [( ) 1.35 − 1]
1.35 − 1 14.7 psia
 ft − lb 1 hp
W = 151897.02 x
s ft − lb
550
s
W = 276.18 hp

Solving for Cylinder dimension (D and L)

L
Given that; D
= 0.65; L = 0.65D
V1
nv =
VD
Where;
P2 1
nv = 1 + c − c ( )n
P1
π 2
VD = D LN
4
π 2 V1
D LN =
4 P2 1
1+c−c( )n
P1
ft3 60 s
π 2 rev (23.1 x )
D 0.65D 250 2 2 = s 1 min
4 min 54.22 psia 1
1 + 0.05 − 0.05( )1.35
14.7 psia
3
D3 = 3.098ft3 = 3.098ft3
= 楫.香丯 .
L = 0.65(1.76ft)
= 楫.楫 .

6. A three-stage compressor receives 672 LPS of air at 101 kPaa and 27°C, and discharge
Determine the a) power required, b) pressure at each intercooler, c) maximum temperature
transferred in each intercooler. Also, e) what is the discharge temperature of a single-stage
compressor operating at the same intake and discharge temperature?

GIVEN:
Three stage
V1 = 672 LPS = 0.672 m3/s
P1 = 101.325 kPaa ; t1 = 27°C
P6 = 750 kPaa

REQUIRED: a) power required, b) pressure at each intercooler, c) maximum

temperature transferred

SOLUTION:
 n−1
3nP1 V1 Px 3
P1 2 P6
n
W= P1
− 1 ; Px =
n−1
3
= 101 2 (750)
Px = 197.05 kPa
1.4−1
3(1.4)(101)(0.672) 197.05 1.4
W = −1
1.4 − 1 101

W = 149.95 kW

P1 = 101
P6 = 750
Px = 197.05
3 3
Py = P1 (P6 )2 = (101)(750)2
⹡ = 敳 . ⹡
n−1
T6 P6 n
T1
= P1
1.4−1
750 1.4
T6 = 27 + 273 101
= 531.99 K or 259°C
1.4−1
197.05 1.4
Tx = 300 101
= 363 K or 90.44°C
1.4−1
384.43 1.4
Ty = 363 197.05
= 439.37 K or 166.37°C

Tmax = T6 = 259°C

Single stage
n−1 1.4−1
T2 P2 n 750 1.4
T1
= P1
= 300 101

T2 = 531.99 K or 259°C

7. Reciprocating compressor is to compress 47 LPS of dry air from 1 atm and 32°C to 6 atm. The
clearance in the compressor is 0.05 and the overall efficiency is 65.6%. Calculate the a) actual
power required to drive the compressor assuming isentropic compression and b) piston
displacement if the compressor is double. acting and operating at 200 strokes per minute.

GIVEN:
Q = 47 LPS
P1 = 1 atm
 P2 = 6 atm
T1 = 32°C

REQUIRED: a) actual power required, b) piston displacement

SOLUTION:
k−1
KP1 V1 P2 k
W= P1
−1
k−1
1.4−1
1.4(101.325)(0.47) 607.950 1.4
W= −1
1.4 − 1 101.325

t = 楫楫楫. t
Drive Shaft Power of the Compressor
Ptheoretical 11.2
Pshaft = = = 17KW
ecompressor 0.0656
Clearance Volumetric Efficiency
1
6 1.4
ev = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05
1
ev = 0.87 or 87䃁
Piston Displacement
V1
Vd =
ev
0.047
Vd =
0.87
‫܉‬ = ሺ.ሺā 㕈
For Double Acting Compressor Operating at 200 Strokes per minute
3 60s 1 min 1 stroke
Vd = 0.054 m s
min 200 strokes 2 displacement
− L
‫ = ܉‬敳.楫 楫ሺ 㕈 = 敳.楫 ㌳

8. A single-acting air compressor has a clearance volume of 10%. Air is received at 90 kPa and
293 K and is discharged at 600 kPa. The compression and re-expansion curve are polytropic with
n = 1.28. The pressure is drop is 5 kPa and at suction port and 10 kPa at the discharge port. The
compressor piston displacement is 500 cm when operating at 900 rpm. Determine the mass of air
compressed in kg/h.

GIVEN:
P1 = 90 KPA
P1 = 600 KPA
n = 1.28
 REQUIRED: mass of air

SOLUTION:
PatmV1 '
m=
RTatm
Solving V1 ';
Discharge Pressure, Pd = 610 kPa
Suction Pressure, Pd = 85 kPa
Actual Volumetric Efficiency of the Compressor
1
Pd n P1 Tatm
ev = 1 + c
Ps Patm T1
1
610 1.28 85 293
ev = 1 + 0.1
85 90 293

ev = 0.598 or 59.8䃁
3
1m3 900rev
Vd = 500cm 6 cm3
10 60s
3
Vd = 0.0075 m s
V'1 = ev Vd
V'1 = 0.598(0.0075)
3
V'1 = 0.004485 m s
60(0.004485)
m=
(0.287)(293)
㕈 = ሺ.ሺሺ 敳 楫香.L敳

9. An air compressor is to compress 8.5 m3/min from 98.56 kPa to 985.6 kPa. Assuming ideal
conditions, and with n= 1.25, what will be the saving in work due to a) two staging and b) three
staging?

GIVEN:
n = 1.25
P1 = 98.56 KPA
P2 = 985.6 KPA

REQUIRED: work

SOLUTION:
A. Work of a single stage compressor; W1
n−1
nP1 V1 ' P2 n
w= −1
n−1 P1
8.5 1.25−1
1.25(98.56)( ) 985.6 1.25
w= 60 −1
1.25 − 1 98.56

W1 = 40.833 KW

B. Work of two stage, W2

n−1
2nP1 V1 ' Px n
W2 = −1
n−1 P1

For Px;
Px = P1 P2
Px = 98.56 (985.6)
Px = 311.67 Kpa
Then;

8.5 1.25−1
2(1.25)(98.56)( ) 311.67 1.25
w= 60 −1
1.25 − 1 98.56

W2 = 36.152 KW

Thus;
Savings = W1 − W2
Savings = 40.833 − 36.152
牯 ㌳䁣 = .丯敳 t

C. Work of three stage; W3

n−1
3nP1 V1 ' Px n
W3 = −1
n−1 P1

For Px;
3
Px = (98.562 )(985.6)
Px = 212.34 kPa
Then;
 8.5 1.25−1
3(1.25)(98.56)( ) 212.34 1.25
w= 60 −1
1.25 − 1 98.56

W3 = 34.748 KW
Thus;
Savings = W1 − W3
Savings = 40.833 − 34.748
牯 ㌳䁣 = 丯.ሺ敳 t

10. A 14 x 12-in, single-cylinder, double-acting air compressor with 5.5% clearance operates at
125 rpm. The suction pressure and temperature are 14 psia and 100°F, respectively. The
discharge pressure is 42 psia. Compression and expansion processes are polytropic, with n = 1.30.
Determine the a) volumetric efficiency, b) mass and volume at suction conditions handled each
minute, c) work, d) heat rejected, e) indicated air hp developed if the compression efficiency is
75%, and f) compression efficiency.

GIVEN:
D x L = 14 x 12 P1 = 14 psia n = 1.3
c = 5.5 % t1 = 100°F
n = 125 rpm P2 = 42 psia

REQUIRED: a) volumetric efficiency, b) mass and volume at suction conditions

handled each minute, c) work, d) heat rejected, e) indicated air hp developed if the compression
efficiency is 75%, and f) compression efficiency

SOLUTION:
A) ŋv = ?
1 1
P2 n 42 1.3
ŋv = 1 + c − c = 1 + 0.055 − 0.055
P1 14
ŋv = 92.7 %
B) m1, V1 =?
For V1:
V1
ŋv = VD
;V1 = ŋv VD
π 2 π
Where; VD = D LN = (142 )(12)(2)(125)
4 4
in 3
VD = 461814.12 min
in 3 1ft3
Therefore: V1 = (0.927) 461814.12 min 123 in3
 V1 = 247.74㕈㌳䁣 :

P1V1 = m1RT1
㌳䁣
(楫 )( L敳楫ሺ楫.丯g
㌳䁣L 㕈㌳䁣
m1 = 楫L ㌳䁣
(ā . L)( )(楫ሺሺ+ 丯ሺ)
楫
m1 = 16.72 lb/min
C) W =?
n−1
nP1 V1 P2 n
W= −1
n−1 P1
1.3−1
(1.3)(14)(428101.69) 42 1.3
W= −1
1.3 − 1 14
1 1 1
W = 7494356.747( )
12 778.16 42.4
W = 18.93 hp
D) QR =?
QR = mCp(t2 − t1 )
k−n
Cn = Cv ;k = 1.4 ; Cv = 0.1714
1−n
Cn = -0.0571 BTU/lb∙R (loss)
1
t2 P2 n
=
t1 P1
t2 = 232.82°F
Therefore:
QR = mCp t2 − t1 = (16.72)( − 0.0571)(232.82 − 100)
QR = 126.805 (1/42.4)
QR = 2.99hp
E) Ind. Hp =?
ŋc = 75䃁
ideal work
ŋc =
indicated work
ideal work
indicated work = ;id work = 18.93 hp
ŋc

18.93 hp
indicated hp =
0.75
㌳䁣‫܉‬㌳ ‫܉‬ = Lā.L
F) ŋc =?
ŋc = 75%
FANS AND BLOWERS

1. The power output of a fan is 120 kW with efficiency of 85%. Determine the horsepower
output required by the motor to drive the fan.

GIVEN:
e = 85%
Po = 120 KW

REQUIRED: Pt =?

SOLUTION:
120
P0 0.85 
e Pi
Pi
Pi  141.18kW
141.18 kW [1hp/ 0.746kW]
Pi = 189.33 hp

2. The static head of a fan is measured to be 160 mm of water gage at an air velocity of 25 m/s.
Find the air power at an air condition of 28°C and 98 kPa with volume flow rate of 5 m/s.

GIVEN:
hs = 160 mm ; v = 5m3/s
Va = 25 m/s ; @ 28°C & 98 kPa

REQUIRED:
Pair =?

SOLUTION:
1 1
Pw  
o
0.0010037
Vf @ 28 C
3
Pw  996.31kg / m
P 98
Pw  
RT 0.287( 28  273)
3
Pw  1.13kg / m
 Solving for hv, Solving for h,
2
V h  hs 
hv 
2g h  0.16  31 .86
2
(25) h  32 .02 m
hv 
2(9.81)
hv  31.86m

Therefore:
Pair  Qh
Pair  [1.2(0.00981)](5)(32.02)
Pair = 1.88 kW

3. Determine the horsepower required for a fan delivering 35 fps of air through 2.3 ft x 3.5 ft duct
with a total pressure of 3.5 in water gage. Take the density of air to be 0.075 lb/ft3.

GIVEN:
V = 35 fps h = 3.5 in.
2.3 ft. x 3.5 ft. Air density = 0.075 lb/ ft3

REQUIRED: Pair =?

SOLUTION:
Pair  Qh
Solving for Q:
Q = AV
Q = (2.3)(3.5)(35)
Q = 281.75 ft3/s

Solving for h:
h
w w
h

(62.4)(3.5 / 12)
h
0.075
h  242.67 ft
 Solving for Pair:
Pair  0.075(281.75)(242.67)
1
Pair  5127.92( )
550
PAIR = 9.32 hp

4. A fan operating at a standard air condition registered a total static head of 230 mm of water
gage. If the static efficiency is 65% and the fan efficiency is 80%, determine the velocity of air if
the volume of air delivered is 6 m3/s. Velocity head is 35% of the static head. 5. A fan initially
operating at a speed of 380 rpm at an air temperature of 26°C. If the speed is increased to 460
rpm with 55°C, determine the new head in mm of water gage for an initial head of 200 mm of
water gage.

GIVEN:
Hs = 230 mm ŋpstatic = 65 % hv = 0.35hs
Ŋ = 80 % v = 6 m3/s

REQUIRED: Vair =?

SOLUTION:
V  2 gh
Solving for h:
hs
es  em( )
h
0 . 23
0 . 8  0 . 65 ( )
h
h  0 . 187 m
Solving for velocity:
V  2 gh
Vair  2(9.81)(0.187)
Vair = 1.915 m/s

5. A fan initially operating at a speed of 380 rpm at an air temperature of 26°C. If the speed is
increased to 460 rpm with 55°C, determine the new head in mm of water gage for an initial head
of 200 mm of water gage.

GIVEN:
N1 = 380 rpm
N2 = 460 rpm h2 = 200 mm
 REQUIRED: h1 =?

SOLUTION:

Solving for new head:

h2 N2 2
( )
h1 N1
h2 460 2
( )
200 380
h1 = 293.07 mm.

6. A blower draws 3000 cfm of air through a duct 12 inches in diameter with a suction of 3
inches of water. The air is discharged through a duct 10 inches in diameter against a pressure of 2
inches of water. The air is measured at 70°F and 30.2 in Hg. Calculate the air horsepower.

GIVEN:
Q = 3000 cfm 12 in 3 in. water
@70°F & 30.2 in Hg 10 in 2 in. water

REQUIRED: P = ?

SOLUTION:
P = γQHT
HT = hS + hV + hP + hF
3000 / 60
Vs  2
 91.67 ft / s
 / 4(10 / 12)
3000 / 60
V 
d
2
 63.66
 / 4(1)

Ps  h  (63.34)(2 / 12)  0.072 psi

Pd  (62.34)(3 / 12)  0.108 psi
Zs  Zd
The Density of Air @ 30.2 in. Hg and 70oF
P 30 .2 (14 .7 / 29 .92 )(144 )
  
RT 53 .34 ( 70  460 )

3
  0 .0756 lb / ft
 For h:
2 2
(0.072  0.108)(144) (91.67 )  (63.66)
h 
0.0756 2(32.2)
h  410.42 ft

P = γQHT
P = 0.0756(3000/60)(410.42)
P = 1551.39 (1/550)
P = 2.82 hp

7. Find the motor size needed to provide the forced-draft service to a boiler that burns coal at the
rate of 10 tons per hour. The air requirements are 60 000 cfm, air is being provided under 6 in
WG by the fan which has a mechanical efficiency of 60%. Assume fan to deliver at a total
pressure of 6 in WG.

GIVEN:
Q = 60 000 ft3/min
h = 6 in

REQUIRED: Pmotor =?

SOLUTION:
Pair
Pmotor 
0 .6
P = γQHT
0.3048 3 1 3
Q  60000( ) ( )  28.31m / s
1 60
h  6(1000 / 1.2)  127 m

Pair  (1.2(0.00981))(28.31)(127)
Pair  42.32 KW

42.32
Pmotor 
0 .6
Pmotor = 70.53 kW (1hp/ 0.746kW)
Pmotor = 94.54 hp
8. A ventilation system includes a fan with a mechanical efficiency of 45% against a static
pressure of 30 cm WG. If the total pressure created by fan is 300 m of air, what is the static
efficiency?

GIVEN:
h = 300 m hs = 30cm WG
em = 45 %

REQUIRED: es =?

SOLUTION:
hs
es  em ( )
h

1000
hs  0.3( )
1 .2
hs  250m

250
es  0.45( )
300
es  0.375

es = 37.5 %

9. A steam generator supplies 180 000 kg of steam per hour at 5.5 MPa and 540°C with
feedwater at 176°C. At this output, the thermal efficiency is 85% when burning 42 500 kJ/kg fuel
oil at 30% excess air. The products of combustion with an average molecular weight of 30 are
removed from the unit by a pair of he mauced-draft fans operating in parallel and the flue gas
temperature at each fan suction is 150°C. mate the capacity of each fan using the rule “7.5 kg of
air required for perfect combustion for each 23 200 kJ per kg heat value of oil”. The differential
pressure is 190 mm WG.

GIVEN:
ms = 180 000 kg/hr @ 5.5 MPa & 540°C
ŋ = 85 %
Qh = 42 456 kJ/kg @ 15 % excess air

REQUIRED: Pair =?

SOLUTION:
 Pair  Qh
Pair  [1.2(0.00981)]Qh
where
h  0.190(1000 / 1.2)
h  158.33m

Mass of fuel burned per hour:

ms ( h s  h f )
mf 
eboQh
180000(3520  746)
mf 
0.85(42456)

mf  13836.33kg / hr

Total mass of air used per kg of fuel burned:

42456
ma  (7.5)( )(1.15)  15.78kgair / kgfuel
23200

Mass Flow rate of air for combustion:

ma  (15.78)(13836.33)  218389.17 kg / hr

Mass Flow rate of gases leaving the boiler:

mg  ma  mf
mg  218389.17  13836.33
mg  232225.5
or
mg  116112.75kg / hr (each  fan)

Mass Flow gas handled by each fan:

(116112.75)(8.314 / 30)(150  273)

Q
101.3
3 3
Q  134369.16m / hr (1 / 3600)  37.32m / s
:
Pair  (1.2(0.00981))(37.32)(158.33)
Pair = 69.57 Kw
10. Calculate the required motor capacity needed to drive a forced-draft fan serving a stoker-fired
boiler using coal as fuel. Combustion data includes the following: Atmospheric air, 101.3 kPa
and 20°C, Weight of fuel burned per hour, 10 tons; Ultimate analysis of fuel: Carbon = 78%,
Hydrogen = 3%, Oxygen = 3%, Sulfur = 1%, Ash = 8%, Moisture = 7%; Excess air, 30%; Fuel
bed and air heater resistance, 18 cm WG, Fan efficiency, 60%.

GIVEN:
Atmospheric air: 101.3 kPa ; 20°C
Weight of fuel burned per hour: 10 tons
Ultimate analysis of fuel:
C = 78% S = 1%
H = 3% A = 8%
O = 3% M = 7%

REQUIRED: Pmotor =?

SOLUTION:

Pair
Pair 
efan

Theoretical Air required for the combustion of coal.

O
Wt  11.5C  34.5( H  )  4 .3 S
8
0.03
Wt  11.5(0.78)  34.5(0.03  )  4.3(0.01)
8
Wt  9.92kgair / kgfuel

Actual weight of air supplied into the boiler:

Wa  (1  e)Wt
Wa  (1  0.3)(9.92)(10(1000))
Wa  128942 kgair / hr

Volume of air demanded by the boiler from the forced draft fan
128942 3 1hr
Q  107451.77 m / hr ( )
1 .2 3600 s
3
Q  29.85m / s
 1000
Pair  (1.2(0.00981))(29.85)((0.18)( ))
1 .2
Pair  52.71KW
52.71
Pmotor 
0 .6
Pmotor = 87.84 kW
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
1. A hydroelectric plant has a 20 MW generator with an efficiency of 96%. The generator is
directly coupled to a vertical Francis-type hydraulic turbine having an efficiency of 80%. The
total gross head on the turbine is 150 m, while the loss of head due to friction is 4% of the gross
head. Check if the specific speed falls under that of Francis-type turbine and determine the rated
speed of the turbine.

GIVEN:
1000kW 1000W 1hp
P = 20MWx x x
1MW 1kW 746W
P = 26809.65hp
E = 96䃁
et = 80䃁
HT = 150m
nl = 4䃁

REQUIRED: Rated speed

SOLUTION:
N P
Ns = 5
Hn 4
For Hn,
Hn = HT (1 − nl )
Hn = 150m 1 − 0.04
3.28ft
Hn = 144m
1m
⽧䁣 = 香L. L (between 500 and 400, therefore, an impulse turbine, and specific
speed on 7-6)
By interpolation,

Head in ft Specific Speed

500 7
472.32 6.34
400 6
 Typical Specific Speeds for Turbine Runners from Power Plant Theory and Design 2nd ed. By
Philip J. Potter page 651.
Ns = 6.34
Then for rated speed of the turbine, N;
5
Ns(Hn 4 )
N=
P
5
(6.34)(472.32ft)4
N=
26809.65hp
= 敳ā.Lā = ā楫楫ā 㕈

2. The flow of a river 25 m3/s produces a total brake power of 5000 kW. It is proposed to install
turbines, one of which is twice the capacity of the other. The efficiency and specific speed of
both units are assumed to be 85% and 50 rpm, respectively. Determine the a) head of the turbine,
b) rotative speed for each unit in rpm, and c) number of poles on the generator for 60 Hz.

GIVEN:
Q = 25 m3 /s
BHP = 5000 kW
n = 85䃁
Ns = 50 rpm
p = 60 Hz

REQUIRED: a) head of the turbine, b) rotative speed for each unit in rpm, and c) number
of poles
 SOLUTION:
BHP
n=
WHP
5000kW
0.85 =
WHP
WHP = P = 5882.35 kW;let P1
One turbine is twice the capacity of the other so,
P2 = 2P1
P2 = 2(5882.35 KW)
P2 = 11764.71 KW

For the head of both turbines at n=0.85

P = γQHE
5882.35 = (9.8066) (25 m /s) H (1)
3

H = 23.99 m

5 5
Ns(Hn 4 ) Ns (Hn 4 )
N1 = ;N2 =
P1 P2
For N1,
5
(50)(24)4
N1 =
5882.35kW
N1 = 34.63 rpm

For N2,
5
(50)(24)4
N2 =
11764.71kW
N2 = 24.49 rpm

120f 120f
N= ;p =
p N
120(60)
p1 =
34.63rpm
p1 = 207.9 ≈ 208 poles
120(60)
p2 =
24.49rpm
P2 = 293.99 ≈ 296 poles

3. The mechanical, volumetric, and total efficiencies of a turbine are 94%, 96%, and 85%
respectively. Calculate the total head if the effective head is 50 m.
 GIVEN:
em = 94䃁
ev = 96䃁
eh = 85䃁

REQUIRED: Total Head

SOLUTION:
For total efficiency,
eT = em ev eh
eT = (0.94)(0.96)(0.85)
eT = 0.77

HT = Hn(1 + eT)
HT = 50 m (1 + 0.77)
HT = 88.5 m

4. A hydroelectric plant discharges water at a rate of 0.75 mo/s and enters the turbine at 0.35 m/s
with a pressure of 275 kPa. Runner inside diameter is 550 mm, speed is 520 rpm, and the turbine
efficiency is 88%. Find the turbine speed factor.

GIVEN:
Q = 0.75m3 /s
V = 0.35m/s
P = 275kPa
D = 550mm = .55m
N = 520 rpm

REQUIRED: Turbine speed factor

SOLUTION:
Vp πDN
ϕ= =
Vj 2gh
P V2
h= + + z; z = 0
γ 2g
275kPa (0.35)2
h= +
9.8066 2(9.8066m/s2 )
h = 28.0485 m
520rpm
Vp π 0.55m ( 60s )
ϕ= Vj
= 9.8066m
= 0.6384
2 (28.0485)
s2
5. What type of hydraulic turbine would you recommend if it is desired to develop 5000 hp at
514 rpm under a head of 600 feet?

GIVEN:
N = 514rpm
H = 600ft
P = 5000hp

REQUIRED: Turbine type

SOLUTION:
514rpm 746W
( 60s ) 5000hp ( )
1hp
Ns = 5 = 1.38 (8-29, Axial Flow Kaplan Turbine)
600ft−m
( )4
3.28ft

Table 14.1 Best Specific Speed Range for Different Type of Hydraulic Turbines from Fluid
Mechanics by C.P. Kothandaraman et al. page 455.

6. A vertical draft turbine is installed on a Francis turbine and the total head to the center of the
spiral casing at the inlet 40 m and velocity of water at the inlet is 5 m/s. The discharge is 2.5 m/s.
The hydraulic efficiency is 0.87 and overall efficiency is 0.84. The velocities at the inlet and the
exit of the draft tube are 5 m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively. The top of the draft tube is 1 m below
the centerline of the spiral casing while the tailrace (water) level is 3 m from the top of the draft
tube. There is no velocity of whirl at either top or bottom of draft tube and leakage losses are
negligible. What is the power output of the turbine in kW?

GIVEN:
hT = 40m
V = 5m/s
Q = 2.5m3 /s
 eh = 0.87
E = 0.84
Vin = 5m/s
Vout = 1.5m/s
z = 3m and 1m

REQUIRED: Power output

SOLUTION:
P = γQHn

H = P/γ + v2/2g; P = not given

(5m/s)2 −(1.5m/s)2
H= 9.8066m + 40 + 3 + 1 = 45.1599 m
2( )
s2
P = (9.8066 KN/m3)(2.5 m3/s)(45.1599 m)(0.84)
P = 930.02 KW

7. The flow of a river is 750 cfs and the head at the power site with the installation of 3 turbines,
two similar units and another of half their size, all having same efficiency, 85%. Find the rotative
speed of all these units.

GIVEN:
n = 85%
Q = 750cfs
H = 30 ft

REQUIRED: Rotative speed

SOLUTION:
N P
Ns = 5
H4
1
P1 = P2 and P3 = 2 P1
P = P1 = P2 = γQHn
lb ft3
62.4 750 30ft (0.85)
ft3 s
P=
ft − lb
550
s
P = P1 = P2 = 2169.82 hp
P3 = 1/2 P1
 1
P3 = 2169.82 = 1084.91 hp
2
N P Ns H5/4
Ns = 5 ;N =
H4 P
Ns H5/4
N1 = N2 =
P

Typical Specific Speeds for Turbine Runners from Power Plant Theory and Design 2nd ed. By
Philip J. Potter page 651.
Assume Ns = 135
(135)(30ft)5/4
N1 = N2 =
2169.82 hp
楫 = L = Lሺ . 敳 㕈
5/4
(135)(30ft)
N3 =
1084.91 hp
= L敳香.香 㕈

8. From a height of 65 m water flows at the rate of 0.85 m3/s and is driving a water turbine
connected to an electric generator revolving at 160 rpm. Calculate the power developed by the
turbine if the total resisting torque due to friction is 540 N-m and the velocity of the water
leaving the turbine blades is 5.0 m/s.

GIVEN:
H = 65m
3
Q = 0.85m /s
 N = 160rpm
T = 540Nm
V = 5m/s

REQUIRED: Power developed

SOLUTION:
Pturbine = Pwater
But, a resisting torque due to friction exists so,
Pturbine = Pwater − Pfriction
P = γQHn
H = P/γ + v2/2g; P = not given
H = (5 m/s)2/(2)(9.8066 m/s2)
H = 66.27 m
9.8066m 0.85m3
Pwater = 66.27m (1)
s2 s
P = 552.4 KW

PFRICTION = TN/9.549 x 106

PFRICTION = 540000 N-mm(160 rpm)/9.549 x 106
PFRICTION = 9.05 KW

PTURBINE = 552.4 KW - 9.05 KW

PTURBINE = 543.45 KW

9. An impulse turbine which has a diameter 60 in, speed 350 rpm, bucket angle 160 degrees,
coefficient of velocity 0.98, relative speed factor 0.45. mechanical efficiency 90%, k=0.90, and
jet diameter from nozzle of 6 inches. Compute the power in hp.

GIVEN:
D = 60in
N = 350rpm
ϕv = 0.98
ϕ = 0.5
em = 90䃁
k = 0.90
Djet = 6i

REQUIRED: Power

SOLUTION:
 γQHE
P=
550
eT = em ev eh ; ev and eh not given assume 100䃁
eT = 0.90 1 (1) = 0.90
For H,
Vp πDN
ϕ= =
Vj 2gh
60in 350rpm
π ( )
0.5 = 12 60s
2(32.2ft/s2 )H
H = 521.49 ft.

For Q,
Q = AV
V = ϕv 2gh
32.2ft
V = (0.98) 2 s2
(521.49ft) = 179.59 ft/s
2
6in
π 179.59ft
Q= 12
4 s

Q = 35.26ft3 /s
,
35.26ft3
62.4 521.49ft (0.90)
s
P=
550
P = 1877.56 hp

10. In the test reaction turbine the water flowing over the weir in the tailrace was found to be
38.8 cfs. The leakage into the tailrace was found to be 1 cfs. The elevation of the centerline of the
shaft above the surface of the tailwater was 15 ft. The diameter of the turbine intake was 30 in
and the pressure at this section was measured by a mercury U-tube. The readings in the two sides
of the mercury U-tube were 10.556 ft and 0.900 ft, the zero of the scale being at a level 3.82 ft
below that of the centerline of the turbine shaft. The generator output was 391.8 kW, friction and
windage loss 13.8 kW, iron loss 2.0 kW, and mature loss of 4.4 kW. The specific gravity of the
mercury used was 13.57. Calculate the efficiency of the turbine.

GIVEN:
Q = 38.8 cfs
Ql = 1 cfs
H = 15 ft
 z = 3.82 ft
D = 30 in
P = 10.556 ft Hg and 0.990 ft Hg
Poutput = 391.8 kW
Plosses = 13.8kW, 2kW, 4.4kW
γ = 13.57

REQUIRED: Turbine efficiency

SOLUTION:
BHP
n=
WHP
BHP = εP
391.8kW−(13.8kW+2kW+4.4kW)
BHP = 0.746kW
= 498.12 hp
WHP = γQHn
ft3 ft3 ft3
Q = 38.8 s
−1 s
= 37.8 s
P V2
H= γ
+ 2g
+z

P = 10.556 ft Hg − 0.990 ft Hg
12in 101.325kPa
P = 9.556 ft Hgx 1ft
x 29.92inHg = 388.34kPa
Pabs = 388.34kPa + 101.325kPa = 489.66kPa
489.66kPax3.28ft
H= + 15 ft + 3.82 ft
13.57
H = 137.18 ft
lb ft3
WHP = 62.4 3 37.8 137.18 ft (1)
ft s
lb − ft 1hp
WHP = 323558.7109 x = 588.29 hp
s lb − ft
550
s
498.12 hp
n= 588.29hp
n = 0.84
Prepared by: Engr. Jomari A. Picar
Duration: 2 weeks
Submission: December 5, 2018