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1. Endocrine glands
2. The Chemical Messengers called HORMONES
3. Target cells or organs
THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS - are organs that synthesize, store and secrete hormones into the
blood stream.
• energy metabolism
• reproduction
PINEAL BODY
• A small cone- shaped gland that hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Is a small area of the brain located in the section of the forebrain called the diencephalon.
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Activates and controls the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body
functions, the hormonal system & regulates sleep and stimulates appetite
• Secretes hypothalamic hormones
Pituitary gland
Master gland
1. Anterior pituitary
2. Posterior pituitary
Posterior
Oxytocin
Anterior
Prolactin
LH and FSH
Testosterone in males
Prolactin
TSH or thyrotropin
ACTH or adrenocorticotropic
Increased secretion in response to increase amino acids, low blood glucose, or stress
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone
THYROID GLAND
Produces hormones that stimulate body heat production, bone growth, and the body’s
metabolism.
Secretes hormones:
Thyroxine(T4)
Triiodothyronine(T3)
Thyrocalcitonin
Thyroid Gland
Highly vascular
Histology
Composed of follicles
Parafollicular cells
Secrete calcitonin which reduces calcium concentration in body fluids when levels
elevated
Thyroid Hormones
Include
Triiodothryronine or T3
Tetraiodothyronine or T4 or thyroxine
Transported in blood
Bind with intracellular receptor molecules and initiate new protein synthesis
Increase rate of glucose, fat, protein metabolism in many tissues thus increasing body
temperature
Parathyroid Glands
Secrete PTH
Stimulates osteoclasts
THYMUS GLAND
Secretes thymosin
adrenal glands
Adrenal Glands
Hormones
PANCREAS
Secretes a hormone (insulin) & glucagon that controls the use of glucose by the body.
Pancreas
Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland
Composed of
Insulin
Target tissues: liver, adipose tissue, muscle, and satiety center of hypothalamus
Glucagon
Male: Testes
Testosterone
Inhibin
Female: Ovaries
Uterine and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure,
secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle
Inhibin
Relaxin
FUNCTIONS
4. Energy metabolism
5. Reproduction
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
1. Pituitary
2. Adrenal
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Pancreas
6. Ovaries
7. Testes
Sources of Hormones
Sources of Hormones
Sources of Hormones
Sources of Hormones
Sources of Hormones
Sources of Hormones
Sources of Hormones
PITUITARY GLAND
• Hypersecretion :
Children - Gigantism
Adult – Acromegaly
Assessment:
diaphoresis
Intervention:
Bleeding
Meningitis
Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism
Post op care
HYPOPITUITARISM
Assessment:
Headache,reduced CO
Intervention:
Hormone replacement
Assessment:
Polydipsia(2-20 L/ day)
Polyuria(diluted urine)-4-24L/day
Retarded growth
Constipation
SAMPLE QUESTION
After several diagnostic tests, a client is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. A nurse
performs an assessment on the client, knowing that which symptom is indicative of
this disorder?
A. Diarrhea
B. Polydipsia
C. Weight gain
D. Fatigue
Diabetic Insipidus
1.IVF
2.ADH replacement –DEMOSPRESSIN(DDAVP) by iv,sc,intranasally
Nursing management:
Monitor excessive thirst &urination avoid food or liquid that produce diuresis
Adrenal cortex-outer
hypothalamus
ACTH
HYPOSECRETION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Causes:
TB or histoplasmosis
Assessment-addison’s dis
Postural hypotension
Hypoglycemia,hyperkalemia,hyponatrimia
Client education:
avoid infection
a. hypokalemia
b. hypernatremia
c. hypoglycemia
d. decreased blood urea nitrogen level
a. controlling hypertension
c. preventing infection
d. relieving anxiety
Adrenal hyperplasia
Manifestations:
Medical management: CS
Nursing management:
hormones
hormones
hormones
ALDOSTERON-MINERALCOSTEROID
CL Manifestations:
Hypokalemia,hypernatremia,alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Glucose intolerance
Polydipsia,polyuria
Conn’s syndrome
Collaborative management:
Adrenalectomy-unilateral or bilateral
Diet- low NA
Generic Brand
Hydrocortisone cortisol,cortef,solucortef,hydrocone
Dexametasone decadrone,dexon,delalone,dexameth
Bethamethasone celestone,bethameth
Methylprenisolone solu-medrol
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA-
Manifestations:
Headache, palpitation,diaphoresis,tremor,flushing,anxiety
Hyperglycemia
Management
Adrenalectomy-monitor BP
2.Nodular goiter-overgrowth-hyperplesia of TG
pt.asymptomatic
Exopthalmos
Heart disease
Goiter
a. cold intolerance
b. weight loss
c. hypotension
d. buffalo hump
Sample Question
SAMPLE QUESTION
A nurse develops a plan of care for a client with Grave’s disease and includes which of
the following in the plan?
Complication of hypothyrodism:
Characteristics:
Hypothermia
Hypotension
Hyponatrimia,hypercalcemia,hypoglycemia
H2O intoxication
Intervention:
Patent airway
IVF, glucose IV
THYROID HORMONE
Sample Question
C. Maintain an airway
Assessment:
Manifestations:
- hypotension,tetany,anxiety,depression
- cardiac dysrhythmias
- hypertension
Assessment of Hyperparathyroid
Hypercalcemia,hypophosphatemia
Collaborative management:
Hydration therapy
Calcitonin salmon(calcimar)
Plicamycin,glucocorticoids,Gallium nitrate,Furosimide
Surgery-Parathyroidectomy
HYPOGLYCEMIA &
HYPERGLYCEMIA
A nurse is assisting a client with diabetes mellitus who is recovering from diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA) to develop a plan to prevent a recurrence. Which of the following
is most important to include in the plan of care?
COMPLICATIONS OF DM
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Tremor lightheadedness
A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which client complaint
would alert the nurse to the presence of a possible hypoglycemic reaction?
a. hypertension c. polyuria
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS(DKA)
COMPLICATION OF TYPE 1 DM
S/S
Polyuria
Alert,or lethargic or comatose
Pathophysiology of DKA
Type 2 DM
Manifestations:
Hypotension Tachycardia
Profound dehydration
Bella Flores is taking NPH daily every morning. The nurse instructs that the most
likely time for a hypoglycemic reaction to occur is:
A client with DM asks the nurse to recommend something to remove corns from his
toes. The nurse should advice him to
area
“Don’t aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will
come naturally.”
- DAVID FROST
“ Destiny is not a matter of chance, it is a matter of choice; it is not a thing to be
waited for, it is a thing to be achieved.”