RESEARCH REPORT

IS INDIA’S `5.7 TRILLION

INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AT RISK?

FIRST CONSTRUCTION COUNCIL

303, Nav Bharat Estate A Wing, 3rd Floor, Zakaria Bunder Road,
Sewri (West), Mumbai - 400 015.Tel: 022 - 2419 3000. Fax: 022 - 2417 5734.
Website: www.FIRSTConstructionCouncil.com
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

similar; current manufacturing capacity stands at

Why TMT
455 mt, shooting up from 161 mt in FY2007. With
increasing spending on infrastructure, capacities are 1. LATEST TECHNOLOGY WITH TMT BARS
expected to scale up even further. Compared to the bars of yesteryear, TMT bars are
While the capacity of the cement sector is expected manufactured using latest Tempcore technology. This
to touch 550 mt by 2025, for the steel sector, the new technology makes the TMT bars super durable.
steel policy unveiled by the Government of India a few
2. UNIQUE DESIGN
months ago envisages annual steel consumption at
300 mt per annum (mtpa) by 2030. This is three times TMT bars have a special WINGRIP rib design that
that of the current consumption of 100 mtpa. enhances the quality of the TMT bars.
3. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TMT BAR
Quantity or quality—where are we heading?
TMT bars are earthquake-resistant. These bars have higher
With the above parameters, infrastructure
Slug: Lead - Steel elongation point and they can easily elongate without
development has resulted in many positive changes,
Layout: 6 page + tables compromising their actual measurement or quality.
like rapid urbanisation, improved standard of living and
Is India’s Rs 5.7 Trillion Infrastructure Investment at Risk? last-mile connectivity. And it is no wonder that this has
Elongation can be described as a TMT bar’s ability to
elongate or deform before it is damaged. Greater the
The country’s construction efforts are being compromised owing to the use of inferior resulted in a major shift in housing. elongation, stronger the building! This quality makes them
quality TMT rebars. CONSTRUCTION WORLD investigates with analysis from That said, we would like to ask a simple question: perfect for being used as a construction material in
FIRST Construction Council. Are we really paying attention to quality in earthquake-prone areas.
infrastructure? How has the quality of materials been
FIRST CONSTRUCTION COUNCIL’S
The infrastructure sector is greatly responsible for propelling India’s overall development.
With intense focus, the Government has initiated policies to ensure time-bound creation of
in overall infrastructure? Quality gains more
prominence in an era where built infrastructure has to
4. SUPERIOR BENDABILITY
These bars have a great degree of elasticity. The soft

IS INDIA’S `5.7 Trillion

world-class infrastructure in the country—in this year’s Union Budget, Rs 5.7 trillion has be created in a short span of time, with the ability to ferrite-pearlite core of the TMT bars gives them superior
bendability. These bars can be easily bent and moulded
been allocated for infrastructure. sustain loads much higher than originally intended.
In simple terms, the speed of road construction is into any shape and used for a wide range of constructional

INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AT RISK?

The Government plans to build 50,000 km of roads worth $ 250 billion by 2022, of which Rs
1 trillion will be spent during 2018-20. A total of 189 port modernisation projects, involving
important for GDP growth but quality is needed to
ensure sustainability and to keep O&M costs under
purposes.
5.RESISTANT TO FATIGUE
an investment of $ 22 billion by 2035, have been envisioned. Housing is also a major control in the longer term. TMT bars are highly ductile and have a super strong
Add to this, events like accidents, breakdown of
opportunity in terms of growth. The Indian real-estate market is expected to touch $ 180 surface layer. These properties help TMT bars withstand
The infrastructure sector is greatly responsible for Rs 6.25 trillion by 2022 for which an additional bridges, buildings and overall infrastructure, which are fatigue for a longer period.
billion by 2020. Affordable housing alone is an opportunity worth Rs 6.25 trillion by 2022
propelling India’s overall development. With intense 25 million units will be needed—the average cost of now subject to a harsher and more unpredictable
for which an additional 25 million units will
focus, the Government has initiated policies to ensure
be needed—the average cost of such houses is
such houses is Rs 25 lakh. environment. Events such as the Kolkata bridge fall, 6. STRONG
Rs 25 lakh.
time-bound creation of world-class infrastructure in foot-over-bridge collapse or caving in of a car parking TMT bars are available in a number of grades such as FE
the country—in this year’s Union Budget, Increased capacities of allied industries wall in Mumbai accentuate the dire need for use of 415/500/550/600. These bars are much stronger than
Rs 5.7 trillion hasIncreased capacities
been allocated of allied industries With such investment in infrastructure, even allied
for infrastructure. better quality raw materials. In fact, they underscore conventional steel bars and can give up to 20% stronger
The Government plans to build 50,000 km of segments like steel and cement industries have the lack of technical intelligence in the procurement concrete structure with the same amount of steel.
With such investment in infrastructure, even allied segments like steel and cement industries
roads worth $ 250 billion by 2022, of which Rs 1 witnessed expansion. The figure below illustrates how department, which does not pay heed to acquiring 7. CORROSION RESISTANCE
haveduring
trillion will be spent witnessed expansion.
2018-20. The
A total of figure below
189 steelillustrates
productionhow steel production
capacities capacities
in India have gone upin good quality raw material and places more emphasis
India have gone up from just 14.23 million tonne (mt) in FY1992 to over 100 mt currently. TMT bars are resistant to corrosion. During any
port modernisation projects, involving an investment from just 14.23 million tonne (mt) in FY1992 to over on cutting costs.
construction project, TMT bars are exposed to water and
of $ 22 billion by 2035, have been envisioned. 100 mt currently. Hence, while India has seen significant
moisture for a longer period. In case of conventional steel
Housing is also a major opportunity in terms of The scenario in the cement industry in India is improvement in quantitative terms, we must introspect bars, such exposure results in rusting. However, in case of
growth. The on where we stand on qualitative parameters. TMT bars, their anti-corrosive properties extend their
Indian lifespan. This feature also ensures the safety of the
real-estate Time to understand – inherent strength structures where TMT bars are used as a construction
market is If the base of any product is of low quality, the material.  In India the loss due to corrosion is
expected to quality of its derivatives will also be low. In approximately USD 40 billion every year, which is about 4
touch $ 180 infrastructure, while a lot has been researched, written percent of the GDP; which is why construction companies
billion by and spoken about raw materials like cement, paints, are looking for better corrosion control measures such as
2020. stones, and other accessories—all visible materials— using TMT bars.
Affordable there is hardly any research available on reinforcement
8. WELD-ABILITY
housing bars (rebars), also known as thermo-mechanically
alone is an treated (TMT) bars. Rebars form the backbone of any TMT bars have superior weld-ability which helps the
opportunity reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structure, whether it architects and designers to build innovative and creative
worth is foundation, column, beam or slab, and their quality structures without affecting the quality of construction.

The scenario in the cement industry in India is similar; current manufacturing capacity stands
at 455 mt, shooting up from 161 mt in FY2007.
2 With increasing spending on infrastructure, 3
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

is critical in defining
the overall quality of
the structure.
Rebars are used in Evolution of TMT Bars in India
RCC constructions
varying from large It is said, change
infrastructure projects is the only constant in
like bridges, ports, life. This applies to TMT
airports, urban bars as well. In terms of
infrastructure, technology, TMT bars
industrial plants and have changed a lot over
commercial buildings the years.
to small RCC-based Since the invention
individual house
of RCC in 1867, mild
construction. TMT bars
steel (MS) was being
are the backbone of
used as a reinforcing
civil construction. They
material. Plain MS
are deeply anchored are rapidly quenched through a series of water
into concrete to bear rebars of grade Fe215 to 250 were used till
1960. Later on, high-strength cold twisted jets. Rapid quenching provides intensive cooling
the loads of buildings,
deformed (CTD) bars began to be produced by of the surface, resulting in the bars having
slabs, beams and
cold working process. The yield stress of CTD hardened surface at the top while the core
columns, along with
the loads of people bars was Fe 415 against Fe 250 of MS rebars. remains red hot. The rebars are then allowed to
and their belongings. Though the chemical compositions of MS and cool in ambient conditions. During the course
They should be able to withstand the furies of nature, may not consider rebars an important element in CTD bars were the same, the physical strength of such slow cooling, the heat released from
such as windstorms and earthquakes. The infrastructure. However, considering the average steel of CTD bars was 60 per cent higher than MS the core tempers the hardened surface while
consumption of rebars in India is currently estimated at intensity of about 10 per cent by value in an RCC bars. TMT (thermo-mechanically treated) the core is turned into ferrite-pearlite aggregate
about 24 mtpa valued at about Rs 1.2 trillion. construction in India, the total construction industry bars, which provide an optimal combination of composition. The TMT process thus changes
can be valued at 10 times the valuation of the rebar high strength, ductility, bendability and other the structure material to a composite structure
Importance of rebars industry, which works out to an astronomical desirable properties, were introduced in India of ductile ferrite-pearlite composition with a
Looking at this Rs 1.2 trillion annual market, some Rs 12 trillion per annum. These are current figures; between 1985 and 1990. Now, there are hardly tough surface rim of tempered marten site. Now,
with infrastructure projects planned till 2025 or 2030, any CTD facilities in the country. higher grades like Fe 500, 550, 600, 650 and Fe
the figure is expected to swell in multiples. With such a 700 are being introduced. If a bridge requires
large construction industry being critically dependent consumption of 1,000 tonne of MS reinforcement
Process specification of TMT
Industry Structure: on the quality of steel rebars used, it is imperative that
all efforts are made to produce and promote the use of
Thermo-mechanical treatment is an for construction and if it is constructed with TMT
While explaining the manufacturing process, advanced heat treatment process in which red bars in place of MS bars, the net consumption
good quality rebars in India.
we have defined primary and secondary quality hot bars coming out of the last rolling mill stand will only be 400 tonne.
But are we really making good quality products in
TMT bars. However, it is quite surprising that the rebar industry? The fact is, there is already a
when we look at the industry structure, it is bifurcation, namely primary and secondary quality
inclined towards secondary quality bars. rebars. While the primary players enjoy 45 per cent of
Currently, the primary-secondary ratio is market share, the secondary players enjoy 55 per cent.
approximately 45:55. Primary steel is acquired from a steel-making
There are a few primary quality method known as the converter process. Here, iron
manufacturers, such as Steel Authority of ore is converted into steel. This process uses pig iron
India (SAIL), TATA Steel, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam from the blast furnace.
Ltd, JSW Steel, Jindal Steel & Power Ltd, and Secondary steel is usually made after adding some
Essar Steel. Meanwhile, about 500 secondary alloying elements to the primary steel, often by melting
quality manufacturers are spread across India, scrap or sponge iron and sometimes a mixture of both.
A little ahead in this feature, we shall explain the
concentrated in about 16 clusters; for example,
difference between primary and secondary
rolling mills in Mandi Gobindgarh, Raipur, and
manufacturers. Before that, let’s understand if there
those close to shipbreaking yards.
are any standards imposed on the manufacture of
secondary steel.

4 5
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

Are there any standards imposed?
No one would deny the fact that all good recipes
start with quality ingredients. So the quality and
strength of a structure depends on the quality of steel
used in the construction. In India, BIS 1786 is a
compulsory standard for steel. Steel of optimum
quality can only be manufactured by using good
quality raw materials and a reliable rolling process.
Even if one of these parameters—the raw material or
the manufacturing process—is weak, the quality of
finished steel will not be on a par with the standards
mentioned in the BIS specification (BIS 1786,
Amendment 3, 2018).
The Ministry of Steel (MOS) and the Bureau of
Indian Standards have been instrumental in bringing
about a change in terms of the quality of steel being
produced in the country. The key focus of their earlier
and current endeavours has been on the beneficiation
of the consumer. For example, mandatory BIS
certification for all grades and sizes, steel quality
control order, minimum import prices, safeguard duties
and anti-dumping duties have been some of the key
steps taken to keep a check on quality and regulate
the supply of spurious material into the country.
However, despite the steps being taken by MOS
and BIS, there are still a few players who manufacture
secondary quality steel. Rather, the market share of
the secondary players is higher than that of the
primary players. Surprisingly, the advertising spend of
secondary players seems to be higher than that of
primary players, if the number of commercials aired on
national-level television is anything to go by!
Prime difference – it’s the process that matters!
It is important to differentiate between primary and
secondary manufacturers. To understand the
difference, one has to understand the process of
steel manufacturing.
The ideal process of making finished steel is
illustrated below:

BIS 1786 PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES/ INDIA (IS 1786) AMERICAN (ASTM A 615) EURO (DIN 488)
COMPOSITION
MECHANICAL Grade Fe - 500 Grade 60 (420) Bst 500-s<
PROPERTIES
Proof Stress (Min.) 500 N/mm2 420 Mpa 500 Mpa
Tensile Strength (Min.) 545 N/mm2 620 Mpa 550 Mpa
Elongation(Min.) 12% 9% 10%
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (%)

As illustrated above,
Carbon 0.30 Max. 0.30-0.40% .22 Max.
Sulphur 0.055 Max. 0.05 Max. 0.05 Max
Phosphorus
S+P
0.055 Max.
0.105 Max.
0.05 Max.
0.100 Max.
0.05 Max
0.100 Max.
finished steel can be
Mn. - 0.60 Min. - produced by two
Si. - 1.30-1.60 -
possible means:
PROPERTIES/ INDIA (IS 1786) AMERICAN (ASTM A 615) EURO (DIN 488) 1. One is the primary method, where pure iron
COMPOSITION
ore is used as the raw material. This method
MECHANICAL Grade Fe- 550 Grade 75 (520) Bst 500-M
is adopted by large producers, known as
PROPERTIES
primary producers, as it entails a large capital
Proof Stress (Min.) 550 N/mm2 520 Mpa 500 Mpa
expenditure. The quality of steel produced this
Tensile Strength (Min.) 585 N/mm2 690 Mpa 550 Mpa way is superior and free of defects. It has high
Elongation (Min.) 8% 7% 8% purity and uniform chemical composition. The
Mandrel dia for bend Upto & including 20 mm-5D  6 to 25 mm-5D 6D steel is produced in large furnaces followed
test over 20mm-6D above 20 mm-7D by the refining process, leading to minimal
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (%) internal defects and impurities.
Carbon 0.30 Max. 0.30-0.40 0.022 Max.
2. In the secondary method, scrap/sponge iron
is used as the raw material with no refining
Sulphur 0.055 Max. 0.05 Max. 0.050 Max.
facilities. The steel produced from scrap will
Phosphorus 0.050 Max. 0.05 Max. 0.050 Max.
be of unknown origin and, therefore, will have
S+P 0.100 Max. 0.100Max. 0.100 Max.
non-uniform composition.
Mn. - 1.30-1.60 -
Si. - 1.30-1.60 -

6 7
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

manganese are controlled. Again, no such control

Raw  Iron  Steel      Finished  is present in the induction furnace used by
Material  Making  Making  Steel  secondary players.
Casting  Rolling 
Further refining occurs at the primary stage, where
harmful elements like phosphorous and sulphur are
controlled. While we call them harmful elements, they
Iron ore, Basic Continuous Digital Uniform  are necessary evils; a certain amount of their presence
coking oxygen casting to reheating quality 
produce furnace, is necessary. We have provided a table in which the
coal, furnace/ rebars as 
Primary  limestone, electric billets. descalin maximum content of those elements are mandated as
Blast per BIS 
Producer  pellets, furnace arc g facility, per BIS 1786.
EM stirrer standard 
sinter  furnace  advance
and DRI  used to
avoid air
d rolling IMPORTANCE OF
techniqu
gaps 
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
What Primary Producers What Secondary Producers
use use
    Pusher Non uniform 
type quality. May  Iron ore, Coking coal, Scrap/ DRI purchased from
Scrap/ DRI   Batch/  reheating limestone, Pellets, sinter primary producer
Secondary  purchased or may not 
Ingot  furnace,
from Induction  confirm to  Blast furnace and DRI Absent
Producer  Casting  Manual or
primary Furnace  BIS standard  
no
producer  Basic Oxygen Furnace/ EAF (In few cases) / Mostly
descaling This process flow chart can be simplified for the
facility  Electric Arc Furnace Induction furnace
uninitiated to understand the various stages and
methods of steelmaking and finished steel, as 2 stage refining No refining facility present
indicated above. 1.Within Electric Arc
furnace
ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES Process – what’s missing, rather what’s present?
To put it simply, the process is as follows: the first 2.Ladle Refining
step is to select the right raw material, keeping in mind Furnace
Properties Primary Producer Secondary Producer
that if the base is of low grade, the end product cannot
Continuous casting to Ingot Casting
be expected to be any better. The differentiation starts
Structure Instability Consistent quality Product Inconsistent quality of product produce billets. EM
in the first step itself. Primary players use iron ore, Stirrer used to avoid air
Process – what’s missing, rather what’s present? coking coal, limestone, pellets and sinter. But gaps
Non Uniform Tensile Strength World best rolling technology with Outdated operational process control & secondary players use scrap of direct reduced iron
To put it simply, theadvanced
process isprocess
as follows: the first step is to select
control & best
the right raw material,
poor quality of raw material (DRI), usually purchased from primary players (which is Digital reheating Pusher type reheating
keeping in mind thatcontrolled 
if the baseof 
is raw
of low grade,
material the end product cannot be expected to be any
not utilised by many primary players). While scrap is furnace, descaling furnace, Manual or no
better. The differentiation starts in the first step itself. Primary players use iron ore, coking
already low grade, DRI is highly susceptible to facility, descaling facility
coal, limestone, pellets and sinter. But secondary players use scrap of direct reduced iron
Variation in Weight/ Meter Controlled weight/meter through Drastic variation in weight /meter oxidation and rusting if left unprotected, and is
Micro Processor Uncontrolled / non
(DRI), usually purchased from primary players (which is not utilised by many primary
advanced process control will result uneven steel consumption normally quickly processed further to steel. Bulk iron
controlled uniform uniform quenching
players). While scrap is already low grade, DRI is highly susceptible to oxidation and rusting
can also catch fire since it is pyrophoric. Unlike blast
if left unprotected, and is normally quickly processed further to steel. Bulk iron can also catch water quenching
Low Bond Strength High rib areablast
because of TC furnace pig iron, which is almost pure metal, DRI followed by
fire since it is pyrophoric. Unlike furnace pigroll
iron, which isVery lowpure
almost rib area due
metal, DRI to outdated
contains some siliceous gangue, which needs to be
technology 
contains some siliceous gangue, which needs to be removed in the steelmaking process. & CI rolls atmospheric cooling
removed in the steelmaking process.
While the first step is a problem with secondary players, the most important second step of While the first step is a problem with secondary
Less Bendability End to end controlled steel making Uncontrolled chemistry of steel players, the most important second step of blast Importance of refining compulsory evils –
blast furnace is also missing in their process of making iron. Hot metal produced by the blast
process with advanced rolling  consisting impurities furnace is also missing in their process of making iron. The WTC story
furnace gives the purest form of iron for further conversion to steel. Missing this stage leads
process Hot metal produced by the blast furnace gives the The table below summarises how the presence of
purest form of iron for further conversion to steel. (unnecessary or) excess sulphur and phosphorous can
Less Weldablity End to end controlled steel making Higher CE value  & low control on Missing this stage leads to a lot of impurities remaining lead to failure of steel. It also indicates the various
process provides Pure Steel steel refining process in the product. Worryingly, these impurities eventually methods used by a primary manufacturer of steel and
affect the quality of the finished product. the challenges met to improve and maintain such
Low Corrosion Resistant Controlled Chemistry of Steel with Poor refining process of steel , poor Even in the third step, primary players use the optimum quality of steel. However, to make it simpler,
advanced refining process raw material, old rolling technology basic oxygen furnace of EAF, where initial refining let’s put it in a story format.
takes place and elements like carbon, silicon and Everyone remembers the attacks on the World

8 9
FCC RESEARCH REPORT
Trade Centre in New York in 2001. When WTC caught was present in the steel or added owing to other
fire, its steel melted (like any other steel generally burning particles around the building. However, the
would have). However, the test results showed that it bottomline is that higher sulphur content in steel
collapsed a bit early and imploded owing to higher makes it melt much earlier than steel with controlled
sulphur content. It is still debated whether the sulphur content of sulphur.
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Element / Stage of Control Relevance of element / Parameter
Parameter
Carbon Steel Making While Carbon Increases strength &
hardness, it reduces ductility if in found in
excess. (Ductility is required considering the
fact that RCC is brittle and it is TMT that
provides ductile tendency required for safet
of structure)
Silicon Steel Making Helps in refining of steel and prevent
blowholes. (Blowholes are inner defect
making it a low quality steel)
Manganese Steel Making Acts as a purifying agent. Combines with
sulphur to decrease its harmful effects.
Small additions of manganese are used to
deoxidize the alloy and enhance its
mechanical strength and castability.
Sulphur Ladle Refining Present in steel as Iron Sulphide which
furnace because of its low melting point produces
hot shortness, which makes the steel
susceptible to failure at high temperature.
(WTC Implosion was one Example)
Phosphorous Ladle It causes cold-shortness, i.e., high
Refining brittleness at normal and especially at
furnace low temperatures. It increase s tensile
strength but also reduces the impact
strength and the ductility which
increases chances of failure. (Sinking
of Titanic was one Example)
Yield strength Rolling It defines the minimum limits of load
that can be applied to steel without
having any deformation
UTS/YS Ratio Rolling + It defines the energy absorbed by the
cooling steel bar or in layman’s term it signifies
the time duration that one gets for
evacuation before failure of steel
% Elongation Rolling + Imparts the bending properties to steel
Cooling and absorption of energy released by
dissipated load
10
Challenges faced for achieving
control
The set up required for reducing
carbon in steel making has very
high CAPEX. Not every steel
manufacturer wants to incur
such huge costs. (This is not
possible for secondary players
who are present in different
clusters). As stated earlier,
setting up a Blast Furnace
requires USD 1 Billion A huge
Cost for Smaller players putting
up Capacities at USD 1 Million)
Additional refining facility is
required for de sulphurization
which is of additional cost to
the manufacturer. (Rather this
process is usually missing in
Secondary players as shown in
the process diagram)
Additional refining by
oxidation process which
required additional time and
set up increases the overall
steel making cost
Automated rolling mills with
complete quality and
cooling control increases
the CAPEX.
- elastically and return to its original shape when the
There is an important connection between
concrete and steel. In any construction, RCC and steel
are the two most important factors. Rather, it is the
fusion of both that makes for a perfect combination.
RCC has great compressive power but relatively low
tensile strength and ductility; therefore, when it fuses
with TMT steel bars, it gives rise to a highly ductile and
tensile combination. Hence, it is important to
understand how ductile and tensile combinations are
measured and tested.
While understanding the chemical composition, it
is also important to understand three important
aspects: yield strength, UTS/YS ratio and elongation
(percentage).While yield strength defines the minimum
limits of load that can be applied to steel without
having any deformation, the UTS/YS ratio defines
the energy absorbed by the steel bar. In simple layman’s
terms, the UTS/YS ratio signifies the time duration one
gets for evacuation before failure of steel.
The yield strength or yield point of a material is
defined in engineering and material science as the
stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
Prior to the yield point, the material will deform
applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is
passed, some traction of the deformation will be
permanent and non-reversible. Then comes ultimate
tensile stress (UTS), the amount of tensile (stretching)
stress a material can withstand before failing or
breaking. Here, the most important factor is the UTS/
YS factor. Imagine a situation when there is an
11
earthquake, fire or
other calamity—the
inherent tensile and
ductile strength of
quality TMT bars
provides sufficient
time for safe
evacuation of people.
In structural
applications, failure
from exceeding the
UTS can be
catastrophic. A high
number of casualties
can occur when a
structure fails with
little to no warning
that it is being
overloaded. The ability
to see components
starting to yield can
give occupants a
warning, allowing
them to evacuate. Also, when one component of the
structure fails, it can transmit shock and impact loads
to other components of the structure; if the peak of
these loads also exceeds the UTS of those other
components, a single failure can cascade into even
greater damage. If the material can yield and deform
significantly before failing, it can absorb the impact
energy and prevent it from being transmitted elsewhere.
While there are many other stories to help us
understand how ‘evil’ contents affect quality, we must
first understand how the manufacturers of secondary
steel emerge.
How clusters of secondary players emerge
Let’s look at the root cause of the emergence of
secondary players. In the absence of a blast furnace,
there is a huge difference between the capex required
for setting up primary plants and secondary plants. To
quantify it, while the capex needed for a primary
manufacturer is around $ 1 billion, it is just $ 1 million
for a secondary player.
As it is not feasible for rebar manufacturers to cater
to markets more than 200 km from manufacturing
facilities (owing to heavy weight adding to the freight
cost), there are clusters created by secondary
manufacturers. With lower capex requirement, these
players create smaller facilities around raw material
sources and even around the markets they want to
cater to. Now, the primary players have fewer plants
and though they produce a quality product, catering
to the larger or pan-Indian markets is not feasible.
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

With this demand-supply mismatch, there is a natural clusters have also developed near scrap collection How much are we risking? At what cost?
emergence of secondary players who hardly spend on yards. Overall, clusters mostly appear near places with In the absence of a blast furnace, the
capex for quality TMT production. low-quality raw material availability. The figure manufacturing-cost ratio would be 3:4 in favour of
There are about 16 clusters in India that are closer indicates that Indian clusters can be divided into two secondary players. A secondary player can
to places where raw material is available and markets parts. It also illustrates how there is a 80:20 ratio of manufacture (lower quality) TMT at just three-fourths of
to cater to. While a few have appeared around scrap and DRI in one part and again a 80:20 ratio of the cost of primary players. While such is the
ship-breaking yards (as ship scrap is available sponge iron-DRI in another. difference in cost, in times of lower capacity
abundantly and, obviously, at cheaper rates), a few Some clusters of secondary producers: utilisations the primary player suffers more as the
operating leverage reduces significantly. On the pricing
front, while different rates are available in different
sectors, there is a clear difference of Rs 6,000-8,000
per tonne. If the primary rebar is available at Rs 48,000
per tonne, secondary rebars are available at around Rs
40,000-42,000 per tonne.
Let’s calculate the cost of rebars required to
construct a 1,000 sq ft house. Consider that at 3 kg
per sq ft (including beams, columns and pillars), the
Mandi total rebar requirement is around 3 tonne. The cost for
Gobindgarh using primary bars will be around Rs 1,44,000.
l
Similarly, for using secondary rebars, the total cost
stands at around Rs 1,20,000. We are risking the
Kotdwar strength of our house structure for a matter of just
Ghaziabad Rs 24,000! Considering a construction cost of
Rs 3,000 per sq ft, the total cost is around Rs 30 lakh.
Jaipur/
It means, the cost saved is just Rs 24,000, which is a
Bhiwadi Kanpur/
mere 0.8 per cent of construction cost. Consider the
Lucknow
land cost; we are just saving 0.6 per cent of the total
cost of the house.
Raniganj
Durgapur 3 KG/SQ FT USE (INCLUDING BEAMS,
Bhavnagar PILLARS AND COLUMNS)
Rourkela
3 kg/sq ft use (including beams, pillars and columns)
Raipur
Primary Secondary
Need for end-users to step in
The worst thing is that end-users are spending
almost Rs 1,50,000 for TMT. And despite paying such
a huge cost for the product, their involvement in
research and decision-making is very low.
In most cases, the value of a house appreciates.
So it is an investment and not a spend. Whether it is a
small house or a big one, rebars provide strength. It’s
important to note that people tend to avoid doing the
right research for something that may appreciate in
value and, more important, provide safety to the family.
It is high time end-users become aware of the kind of
TMT quality they are purchasing while building their
dream home.
While we have given the example of constructing
an independent house, even while purchasing a flat or
an apartment, we speak about bathroom fittings,
amenities, flooring, etc. No one even asks the builder
about what kind of TMT is used for the whole
structure. So, institutional buyers also form a larger pie
of the rebars market. Unless home buyers start asking
questions, improvement in institutional buying (on the
quality front) seems difficult. End-users must
concentrate on quality factors and make an informed
decision, at least for safety purposes, and reap
long-term benefits.
But how would a layman evaluate a TMT bar?
There are very simple steps one can follow. Our focus
here is to create awareness among retail space
buyers, as they have less expertise on the
technicalities. Large institutional players, on the other
hand, know those factors thoroughly. Further, Tier III
and IV cities form a good chunk of TMT markets,
where awareness seems to be really low.

Cost Rs 48,000/T Rs 40,000–42,000/T

TMT required 3T 3T
Jalna
Total cost (Rs) – 144,000 120,000
Rebars (a)
Amount saved (Rs) 0 24,000
Construction cost 3,000,000 3,000,000
(Rs 3000/sqft) (b)
Cost saved/ 0 0.8
Construction cost (%)
Erode Add land cost 1,000,000 1,000,000
Total cost (Rs) – 4,000,000 4,000,000
House (c)
Cost saved/Total 0 0.6
house cost (%)
(a+b+c)

12 13
FCC RESEARCH REPORT
Steps to evaluate
TMT bars
A
l rebar should bend smoothly when bending
activity is conducted.
l Transverse ribs or lugs of the bar should be
sharp enough to create a strong bond with
the cement.
l Do not use any bar that is made using
scrap as it does not guarantee endurance to
heavy loads.
l Before purchasing rebars, one should cross-
check prices. Leading and reputed rebar
companies publish their prices in the public
domain, including their websites. Check
these before buying a rebar from a primary or
secondary producer.
l The comparable weight of bar per metre
should adhere to ISI standards. Cross-check
this when you weigh the bar.
l The bar should be of an ISI or ISO 9001:2008
certified company.
l Every metre length of the bar should bear the
company’s stamp.
l Every bundle should carry the company’s seal
on it.
Apart from providing steps for scrutiny, we
are also carrying out the most important test, BIS
1786, on TMT samples of different companies on
a pan-India basis.
The revelation: analysing test research
While we are speaking about processes and
factors that determine the quality of rebars in this
feature, it is even more important to make a practical
analysis rather than simply focusing on theories. When
we started our research, we thought of analysing a few
leading companies from our list of both primary and
secondary players. Eventually, we understood the
gravity of the subject and decided to undertake the
analysis on a pan-India basis. It was difficult to collect
samples across India owing to the weight factor
making transportation difficult. To keep the testing
facility uniform, collection of samples at one place was
necessary. But with a project involving the larger
public interest, our team took on the task zealously.
The results clearly indicate that even renowned
players, who spend plenty on advertising, fail to clear
14
basic research tests. A good quality rebar should fit
into all the chemical and physical parameters
stipulated. Failure on even a single parameter implies
that we are compromising on safety.
To make things simple, we had taken different
diameter samples of similar grade (Fe500). Though
classification can be done on diameter basis, a very
interesting factor emerged from the test results. While
all primary players managed to get positive results,
many secondary players failed on the most common
evils: sulphur (S), phosphorous (P) and S+P, the
consequence of skipping the blast furnace process.
In the retail segment, usually TMT bars of 8 mm, 12
mm and 20 mm are widely used; hence, we decided to
test all the brands that have a presence in these
diameter categories. We added rebars of other
diameters as well. However, instead of focusing on
different diameters, we analysed based on brand
names and how many of their samples (with different
diameter) failed or succeeded.
While all samples collected from primary players
like SAIL, RINL, Tata, JSPL, JSW and Electrotherm
managed to maintain the quality benchmark, most
different diameter samples from secondary players
failed to meet the requirements. Let’s discuss this in
more detail.
Who flunked and who passed?
We see a lot of advertisements from Kamdhenu on
national television. However, its 8 mm and 16 mm
diameter samples failed as phosphorous and quality producers who adopt a clean steel-making created with due efforts from consumers. MOS and
combinations of sulphur and phosphorous were higher process and use an advanced state-of-art rolling mill, BIS have already taken tremendous measures to
than the required quantity. Similarly, we were quite so that no compromises are made on the stability safeguard the interests of consumers; yet, the onus is
surprised to see a brand like Captain failing to match of a structure. on the consumer to select the right kind of product—
the quality standards in the 8 mm and 16 mm While we are trying to add clarity on quality we have provided a checklist to select the ideal rebar
categories. It was the same story for Indo Star; its 8 aspects on the retail front, awareness can only be with better quality. While institutional buying is more of
and 16 mm diameter samples failed on the P and S+P a norm in metros and Tier II cities, here, too,
factors. Brands like Majboot failed in the 8 mm, 12 mm builders should be mandated to disclose the
and 16 mm diameter segments. SEL, too, joins the list kind of rebar used in the construction of large
of brands that failed in three different diameters. housing complexes and infrastructure projects.
Shyam, which advertises with one of the highest paid With the Government making an effort to make
brand ambassadors, did not manage to pass the P realty a more consumer-oriented sector, it will
and S+P parameters; rather, one of its samples could not be difficult to make some disclosures
not pass the yield stress. Brands like Ultrastrong and mandatory. Further, retail participation is usually
Fortune failed on at least one parameter. Amba Shakti overlooked, though it is a large market. For our
failed on chemical parameters like P and S+P besides part, we have taken the initiative of bringing this
failing on the yield stress test as well. Even SRBM subject to the notice of our readers—the ball is
failed on both the 25 mm and 8 mm samples. All now in the consumers’ court!
secondary players did not fail though—a few positive Apart from providing steps for scrutiny, we
surprises came in from Rathi and Jai Bharat. are also carrying out the most important test,
While the motive here is not to target any player or BIS 1786, on TMT samples of different
brand, the test results reveal the truth in black and companies on a pan-India basis.
white. Thus, in view of the above, it is desirable to A detailed study of these tests is also
purchase reinforced steel rebars produced by good presented in a detailed way, on the next page
15
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

Chemical Test Physical Test Physical Test Physical Others

Carbon Sulphur Phosporous (S+P) TS/ YS Ratio Yield Stress Elongation (%) Bend Test Rebend Test Mass per Meter Mean Ribs Area Transverse Ribs
(0.055) Run (Kg)
Sr. Brand Dia Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re-
No Name (MM) vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire-
ment ment ment ment ment ment ment
(Min) (Mini-
mum)
1 Amba 8 0.16 0.3 0.045 0.055 0.08 0.055 0.125 0.105 1.25 >= 1.08 486.8 500 27.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.387 Not Less 1.63 0.96 1.63 0.32
Shakti (608.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
2 Amba 16 0.16 0.3 0.045 0.055 0.102 0.055 0.147 0.105 1.28 >= 1.08 446.4 500 32.9 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.53 Not Less 5.3 2.4 5.31 2.4
Shakti (569.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
3 Captain 8 0.12 0.3 0.027 0.04 0.072 0.04 0.099 0.075 1.16 >= 1.08 602.2 600 25.6 10 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.365 Not Less 1.25 0.96 1.25 0.32
(698.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 660) 0.363
4 Captain 16 0.25 0.3 0.026 0.04 0.094 0.04 0.12 0.075 1.22 >= 1.08 663.1 500 21.5 10 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.539 Not Less 3.09 2.4 3.09 0.8
(805.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 660) 1.485
65 Concrete 8 0.12 0.3 0.034 0.055 0.093 0.04 0.127 0.105 1.25 >= 1.08 432.5 500 34.2 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.363 Not Less 1.3 0.96 1.3 0.332
(540.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
5 Electro 25 0.19 0.25 0.011 0.04 0.019 0.04 0.03 0.075 1.20 >= 1.10 577.2 500 21.4 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.888 Not Less 5.16 4.25 5.16 1.42
(690.8) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 3.696
6 Electro 8 0.2 0.25 0.021 0.04 0.019 0.04 0.04 0.075 1.17 >= 1.08 627.9 500 27.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.4 Not Less 1.19 0.96 1.19 0.32
(735.90) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
7 Electro 16 0.21 0.25 0.011 0.04 0.024 0.04 0.035 0.075 1.17 >= 1.10 604.6 500 21.3 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.558 Not Less 3.07 2.4 3.07 0.8
(705.4) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 1.485
8 Fortune 25 0.16 0.25 0.035 0.04 0.043 0.04 0.078 0.075 1.27 >= 1.10 488.6 500 19.4 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.782 Not Less 5.19 4.25 5.19 1.42
(622.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 3.696
9 Fortune 16 0.17 0.25 0.03 0.04 0.039 0.04 0.069 0.075 1.21 >= 1.10 502.2 500 20 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.563 Not Less 3.21 2.4 3.21 0.8
(607.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 1.485
10 Fortune 8 0.23 0.25 0.036 0.04 0.059 0.04 0.095 0.075 1.20 >= 1.08 560.8 500 22.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.385 Not Less 1.15 0.96 1.15 0.32
(672.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
57 GK 16 0.14 0.3 0.046 0.055 0.05 0.055 0.096 0.105 1.14 >= 1.08 691.9 500 20.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.509 Not Less 3 2.4 3 0.8
(790.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
58 GK 8 0.09 0.3 0.027 0.055 0.07 0.055 0.097 0.105 1.17 >= 1.08 454.2 500 28.9 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.363 Not Less 1.23 0.96 1.23 0.32
(529.8) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
59 Goel 16 0.13 0.3 0.032 0.055 0.07 0.055 0.102 0.105 1.20 >= 1.08 535.8 500 25.3 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.553 Not Less 3.11 2.4 3.11 0.8
(642) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
60 Goel 8 0.09 0.25 0.028 0.04 0.064 0.04 0.092 0.075 1.20 >= 1.10 464.2 500 28.2 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.372 Not Less 1.15 0.96 1.15 0.32
(559.2) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 0.363
66 Goel 20 0.14 0.25 0.039 0.04 0.071 0.04 0.11 0.075 1.22 >= 1.10 508.9 500 24 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 2.468 Not Less 4.12 3.4 4.12 1.13
(623.4) (Not Less tory tory Than
than 565) 2.371
11 Indo Star 8 0.15 0.3 0.048 0.055 0.082 0.055 0.13 0.105 1.20 >= 1.08 512 500 27.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.391 Not Less 1.28 0.96 1.28 0.32
(612.30) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
12 Indo Star 16 0.2 0.3 0.045 0.055 0.068 0.055 0.113 0.105 1.31 >= 1.08 475.8 500 23.4 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.452 Not Less 1.28 0.96 1.28 0.32
(621.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 660) 1.485

16 17
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

Chemical Test Physical Test Physical Test Physical Others

Carbon Sulphur Phosporous (S+P) TS/ YS Ratio Yield Stress Elongation (%) Bend Test Rebend Test Mass per Meter Mean Ribs Area Transverse Ribs
(0.055) Run (Kg)
Sr. Brand Dia Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re-
No Name (MM) vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire-
ment ment ment ment ment ment ment
(Min) (Mini-
mum)
13 Jai 8 0.18 0.3 0.036 0.055 0.05 0.055 0.086 0.105 1.26 >= 1.08 515 500 28.2 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.381 Not Less 1.28 0.96 1.28 0.32
Bharat (649) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
14 Jai 16 0.2 0.3 0.038 0.055 0.046 0.055 0.084 0.105 1.31 >= 1.08 533 500 23.4 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.458 Not Less 3.15 2.4 3.15 0.8
Bharat (699.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
53 JSPL 25 0.17 0.25 0.01 0.04 0.011 0.04 0.021 0.075 1.19 >= 1.08 597.8 550 21.8 14.5 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.795 Not Less 5.29 4.25 5.29 1.42
(710.6) (Not Less tory tory than
than 600) 3.696
54 JSPL 16 0.16 0.25 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.075 1.14 >= 1.08 635.9 550 22.8 14.5 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.543 Not Less 3.01 2.4 3.01 0.8
(722.4) (Not Less tory tory than
than 600) 1.485
55 JSPL 8 0.17 0.25 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.075 1.19(705.2) >= 1.08 592.8 600 20 14.5 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.384 Not Less 1.13 0.96 1.13 0.32
(Not Less tory tory than
than 600) 0.363
51 JSW 16 0.16 0.25 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.075 1.19 >= 1.10 550.2 500 25.3 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.541 Not Less 2.97 2.4 2.97 0.8
(657.1) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 1.485
52 JSW 8 0.19 0.25 0.01 0.04 0.013 0.04 0.023 0.075 1.22 >= 1.10 544.9 500 30 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.389 Not Less 1.27 0.96 1.27 0.32
(666.0) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 0.363
64 JSW 25 0.17 0.25 0.014 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.024 0.075 1.20 >= 1.10 562.8 500 22.6 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.802 Not Less 5.03 4.25 5.03 1.42
(678.1) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 3.696
15 Jyoti 25 0.21 0.25 0.036 0.04 0.044 0.04 0.08 0.075 1.23 >= 1.10 564.7 500 20.8 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.815 Not Less 5.29 4.25 5.29 1.42
Temp- (692.2) (Not Less tory tory than
core than 565) 3.696
16 Jyoti 8 0.19 0.3 0.036 0.055 0.044 0.055 0.08 0.105 1.19 >= 1.10 550.4 500 28.2 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.378 Not Less 1.2 0.96 1.2 0.32
Temp- (654.2) (Not Less tory tory than
core than 565) 0.363
17 Jyoti 16 0.16 0.25 0.039 0.04 0.062 0.04 0.101 0.075 1.19 >= 1.10 558.1 500 25.3 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.533 Not Less 3.2 2.4 3.2 0.8
Temp- (665.7) (Not Less tory tory than
core than 565) 1.485
18 Kamd- 25 0.11 0.03 0.026 0.055 0.043 0.055 0.069 0.075 1.15 >= 1.08 546 500 24 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.832 Not Less 5.11 4.25 5.11 1.42
henu (625.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 3.696
19 Kamd- 8 0.1 0.3 0.03 0.055 0.043 0.055 0.073 0.105 1.20 >= 1.08 435 500 25 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.397 Not Less 1.25 0.96 1.25 0.32
henu (524) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
20 Kamd- 16 0.14 0.3 0.034 0.055 0.09 0.055 0.124 0.105 1.49 >= 1.08 323.3 500 34.7 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.384 Not Less 3.01 2.4 3.01 0.8
henu (482.1) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
21 Kamd- 16 0.13 0.3 0.033 0.055 0.072 0.055 0.105 0.105 1.33 >= 1.08 386.4 500 30.4 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.544 Not Less 3.06 2.4 3.06 0.8
henu (513.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
22 Kamd- 8 0.1 0.3 0.075 0.055 0.131 0.055 0.206 0.105 1.24 >= 1.08 481.5 500 30.8 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.375 Not Less 1.72 0.96 1.72 0.32
henu (596.6) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
24 Majboot 16 0.16 0.3 0.026 0.055 0.086 0.05 0.112 0.105 1.24 >= 1.08 504.4 500 25 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.572 Not Less 3.17 2.4 3.17 0.8
(624.2) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
25 Majboot 8 0.2 0.3 0.034 0.055 0.082 0.055 0.116 0.105 1.25 >= 1.08 515.9 500 37.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.388 Not Less 1.3 0.96 1.3 0.32
(647.4) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363

18 19
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

Chemical Test Physical Test Physical Test Physical Others

Carbon Sulphur Phosporous (S+P) TS/ YS Ratio Yield Stress Elongation (%) Bend Test Rebend Test Mass per Meter Mean Ribs Area Transverse Ribs
(0.055) Run (Kg)
Sr. Brand Dia Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re-
No Name (MM) vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire-
ment ment ment ment ment ment ment
(Min) (Mini-
mum)
26 Micky 8 0.17 0.3 0.039 0.055 0.06 0.04 0.099 0.075 1.27 >= 1.06 528.4 500 26.3 10 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.364 Not Less 1.72 0.96 1.72 0.32
Metal (668.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 660) 0.363
27 Micky 16 0.19 0.3 0.027 0.04 0.102 0.04 0.129 0.075 1.28 >= 1.08 558.5 600 21.8 10 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.49 Not Less 3.23 2.4 3.23 0.8
Metal (716.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 660) 1.485
28 Rathi 25 0.17 0.25 0.037 0.04 0.031 0.04 0.068 0.075 1.29 >= 1.10 443.8 500 25.6 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.829 Not Less 9.09 4.25 9.09 1.42
Pow- (571.8) (Not Less tory tory than
ertech than 565) 3.696
29 Rathi 8 0.19 0.25 0.013 0.04 0.024 0.04 0.037 0.075 1.18 >= 1.08 628.8 500 25 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.387 Not Less 1.19 0.96 1.19 0.32
Shakti- (740.4) (Not Less tory tory than
man than 545) 0.363
30 Rathi 16 0.17 0.3 0.023 0.055 0.023 0.055 0.046 0.105 1.49 >= 1.08 337 500 32.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.584 Not Less 5.31 2.4 5.31 0.8
TMT (500.6) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
31 Reliable 16 0.011 0.25 0.044 0.04 0.079 0.04 0.123 0.075 1.22 >= 1.10 479.3 500 25 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.556 Not Less 3.14 2.4 3.14 0.8
(585.2) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 1.485
33 RINL 25 0.2 0.25 0.022 0.04 0.027 0.04 0.049 0.075 1.24 >= 1.10 555.5 500 23.2 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.863 Not Less 5.13 4.25 5.13 1.42
(690.60) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 3.696
34 RINL 8 0.17 0.3 0.037 0.055 0.023 0.055 0.06 0.105 1.23 >= 1.08 520.6 500 30 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.392 Not Less 1.28 0.96 1.28 0.32
(640.8) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
37 Rungta 8 0.12 0.3 0.024 0.055 0.071 0.055 0.095 0.105 1.15 >= 1.08 508.2 500 36.8 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.363 Not Less 1.17 0.96 1.17 0.32
(583.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
38 SAIL 25 0.2 0.25 0.016 0.04 0.032 0.04 0.048 0.075 1.21 >= 1.10 573.6 500 20 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.817 Not Less 5.21 4.25 5.21 1.42
(695.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 3.696
39 SAIL 8 20 0.3 0.017 0.055 0.023 0.055 0.04 0.105 1.28 >= 1.08 504.5 500 32.5 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.389 Not Less 1.17 0.96 1.17 0.32
(645.8) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
40 SAIL 16 0.21 0.3 0.025 0.055 0.023 0.055 0.048 0.105 1.26 >= 1.08 473.9 500 32.9 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.524 Not Less 3.17 2.4 3.01 0.8
(597.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 1.485
56 Sarthak 8 0.14 0.3 0.032 0.055 0.068 0.055 0.1 0.105 1.20 >= 1.08 489.2 500 28.9 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.353 Not Less 1.22 0.96 1.22 0.32
(589.3) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
41 SEL 20 0.16 0.3 0.031 0.055 0.068 0.055 0.099 0.105 1.20 >= 1.08 613.3 500 20 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 2.483 Not Less 4.09 3.4 4.09 1.13
(733.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 2.371
42 SEL 16 0.17 0.25 0.03 0.04 0.086 0.04 0.116 0.075 1.20 >= 1.10 553 500 21.5 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.533 Not Less 3.06 2.4 3.06 0.8
(665.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 1.485
43 SEL 8 0.13 0.25 0.035 0.04 0.097 0.04 0.132 0.105 1.20 >= 1.08 514.6 500 25 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.389 Not Less 1.22 0.96 1.22 0.32
(615.5) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
44 Shyam 8 0.16 0.25 0.028 0.04 0.098 0.04 0.126 0.075 1.27 >= 1.08 520 500 30 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.385 Not Less 1.2 0.96 1.2 0.32
(662.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
45 Shyam 16 0.19 0.25 0.029 0.04 0.092 0.04 0.121 0.105 1.39 >= 1.10 429.3 500 25.3 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.536 Not Less 3.04 2.4 3.04 0.8
(598) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 1.485

20 21
FCC RESEARCH REPORT

Chemical Test Physical Test Physical Test Physical Others

Carbon Sulphur Phosporous (S+P) TS/ YS Ratio Yield Stress Elongation (%) Bend Test Rebend Test Mass per Meter Mean Ribs Area Transverse Ribs
(0.055) Run (Kg)
Sr. Brand Dia Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Require- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re- Obser- Re-
No Name (MM) vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation ment vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire- vation quire-
ment ment ment ment ment ment ment
(Min) (Mini-
mum)
46 SMC 20 0.13 0.25 0.023 0.055 0.076 0.055 0.099 0.105 1.32 >= 1.08 395.5 500 31.6 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 2.382 Not Less 4.16 3.4 4.16 1.13
(520.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 2.371
47 SRBM 25 0.1 0.25 0.026 0.04 0.067 0.04 0.093 0.075 1.18 >= 1.10 528.9 500 21.4 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.902 Not Less 8.96 4.25 8.96 1.42
(626.6) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 3.696
48 SRBM 8 0.15 0.3 0.024 0.055 0.098 0.055 0.122 0.105 1.20 >= 1.08 581.9 500 25 12 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.398 Not Less 1.72 0.96 1.72 0.32
(700.2) (Not Less tory tory than
than 545) 0.363
61 Tata 25 0.18 0.25 0.011 0.04 0.028 0.04 0.039 0.075 1.21 >= 1.10 551.4 500 20.2 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 3.811 Not Less 5.18 4.25 5.18 1.42
(666.7) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 3.696
62 Tata 16 0.16 0.25 0.02 0.04 0.018 0.04 0.038 0.075 1.14 >= 1.10 585.2 500 22.5 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 1.556 Not Less 3.05 2.4 3.05 2.4
(665.9) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 1.485
63 Tata 8 0.17 0.25 0.026 0.04 0.027 0.04 0.053 0.075 1.18 >= 1.10 565.9 500 21.4 16 Satisfac- Satisfac- 0.43 Not Less 1.21 0.96 1.21 0.32
(666.3) (Not Less tory tory than
than 565) 0.363

22 23
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