Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
On
SMART WATER METERING SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfilment of
The Requirements for the award of the Degree of
CHARACTERISTICS
Interconnectivity: Regarding the IOT, anything can be interconnected with the global
information and communication infrastructure.
Things-related services: The IOT is capable of providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical
things and their associated virtual things. In order to provide thing-related services within the
constraints of things, both the technologies in physical world and information world will
change.
Heterogeneity: The devices in the IOT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through
different networks.
Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up,
connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed.
Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.
The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be
at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. Even
more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for
application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.
Safety: As we gain benefits from the IOT, we must not forget about safety. As both the
creators and recipients of the IOT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of our
personal data and the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks,
and the data moving across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale.
IOT ARCHITECTURE
IOT architecture consists of different layers of technologies supporting IOT. It serves
to illustrate how various technologies relate to each other to communicate the scalability,
modularity and configuration of IOT deployments.
D. Application Layer:
The IOT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such as:
Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain,
Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.
2. Module for local analysis and processing of observations acquired by IOT devices.
3. Module for interaction with remote IOT devices, directly over the Internet. This module
is responsible for acquisition of observations and their forwarding to remote servers for
analysis and permanent storage.
4. Module for application specific data analysis and processing. The module is running on
an application server serving all clients. It is taking requests from mobile and web
clients and relevant IOT observations as input, executes appropriate data processing
algorithms and generates output in terms of knowledge that is later presented to users.
(3) Dynamic and non-linear, where new things (that were not even considered as start) are
entering (and leaving) the environment all the time and that support new unforeseen
formats and protocols but that need to communicate and share data in the IOT.
(4) Hard to describe/model due to existence of many data formats, described in much
different languages, that can share (or not) the same modelling principles, and that can
be interrelated in many ways with one another. This qualifies interoperability in the
IOT as a problem of complex nature.
Interoperability is: “the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange data and
use information”. This definition is interesting as provide many challenges on how to:
Get the information
Exchange data, and
Use the information in understanding it and being able to process it.
Different types of interoperability are technical interoperability, Syntactical
Interoperability, Semantic Interoperability, Organizational Interoperability.
Semantic Interoperability is usually associated with the meaning of content and concers
the human rather than machine interpretation of the content. Thus, interoperability on this level
means that there is a common understanding between people of the meaning of context
(information) being exchanged.
APPLICATION AREAS
Potential applications of the IOT are numerous and diverse, permitting into practically
all areas of everyday life of individuals, enterprises and society as a whole. The IOT application
covers “smart” environment /spaces in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City,
Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction,
Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food
that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a
Smartphone app. Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely. Kitchen
ranges with interface to a smartphone app allowing remotely adjustable temperature control
and monitoring the oven’s Self Cleaning feature.
Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their
daily life at home.
Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to
prevent intruders.
Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources.
Smart parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city making
residents able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces.
Waste management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize trash collection
routes. The Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when
garbage has been put out.
Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and the preemptive fire conditions
to define alert zones.
Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and sea for eligibility in drinkable use.
River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs during
rainy days.
Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and
organic elements.
Power Supply Controllers: Controller for AC-DC power supplies that determines
required energy, and improve energy efficiency with less energy waste for power supplies
related to computers, telecommunications, and consumer electronics applications.
Raspberry pi
Introduction:
The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-based computers developed in the United
Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to provide the teaching of basic computer science in
schools and in developing countries. The original model became far more popular than
anticipated selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It does not include
peripherals like keyboards and etc.
Ethernet Port:
The Ethernet port of the raspberry pi is the main gateway for communicating with additional
devices. The raspberry pi Ethernet port is used to plug your home router to access the internet.
GPIO Pins:
The General purpose input & output pins are used in the raspberry pi to associate with
the other electronic boards. These pins can accept input & output commands based on
programming raspberry pi. The raspberry pi affords digital GPIO pins. These pins are used to
connect other electronic components. For example, you can connect it to the temperature sensor
to transmit digital data.
UART
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter is a serial input & output port. That can be
used to transfer the serial data in the form of text and it is useful for converting the debugging
code.
Display
The connection options of the raspberry pi board are two types such as HDMI and
composite. Many LCD and HD TV monitors can be attached using an HDMI male cable and
with a low-cost adaptor. The versions of HDMI are 1.3 and 1.4 are supported and 1.4 version
cable is recommended. The outputs of the Raspberry Pi audio and video through HDMI, but
does not support HDMI input. Older TVs can be connected using composite video. When using
a composite connection, audio is available from the 3.5mm jack socket and can be sent to your
TV. To send audio to your TV, you need a cable which adjusts from 3.5mm to double RCA
connector.
ARM CPU/GPU:
This is a Broadcom BCM2835 System on a Chip (SoC) that’s made up of an ARM central
processing unit (CPU) and a Video core 4 processing unit (GPU). The CPU handles all the
computations that make a computer work (taking, input, doing calculations and producing
output), and the GPU handles graphics output.
SDRAM:
With the help of the SDRAM of 256MB the raspberry pi model A is designed and the model
B is designed with 51MB. The normal PCs RAMs are in the gigabytes, but in the raspberry pi
the RAM memory is more than the 256MB or 512MB.
USB: This is a common connection port for peripheral devices of all types (including your
mouse and keyboard). Model A has one, and Model B has two. You can use a USB hub to
expand the number of ports or plug your mouse into your keyboard if it has its own USB port.
Ethernet: This connector allows for wired network access and is only available on the Model
B. In the raspberry pi the Ethernet port is for the communicating with the other additional
devices. This port is used to access the internet in the home routers.
HDMI:
This connector allows you to hook up a high-definition television or other compatible device
using an HDMI cable. The video controller can emit standard modern TV resolutions, such as
HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions and older standard CRT TV
resolutions. Higher resolutions, such as, up to 2048*1152, may work or even 3840*2160 at 15
Hz (too low a frame rate for convincing video)
The Raspberry Pi’s can also generate 576i and 480i composite video signals, as used
on old-style (CRT) TV screens and less-expensive monitors through standard connectors –
either RCA or 3.5 mm phono connector depending on models.
Audio out:
This is a standard 3.55-millimeter jack for connection of audio output devices such as
headphones or speakers. There is no audio in.
LEDs:
Light-emitting diodes, for all of your indicator light needs.
Power:
This is a 5v Micro USB power connector into which you can plug your compatible power
supply.
SD card slot:
A micro secure digital (micro SD) card is a portable high performance storage medium used in
a variety of electronic devices including cameras, phones and computers. Raspberry Pi 2
equipped with a microSD slot, which lets us use a microSD card as our main storage and boot
mechanism. The previous Raspberry Pi models used a standard SD card, which was much
larger. Therefore, the microSD card saves space on the circuit board and does not poke out as
far, reducing the risk of it being broken. When choosing a microSD card for projects, there are
a variety of brands on the market, and they come in a range of storage sizes running into the
tens of giga bytes. We recommend using a card with a large amount of storage and at least 8
GB in size. This is a full-sized SD card slot. An SD card with an operating system (OS) installed
is required for booting the device. They are available for purchase from the manufacturers, but
you can also download an OS and save it to the card yourself if you have a Linux and the
wherewithal.
GPIO:
These are exposed general-purpose input/output connection points that will allow the real
hardware hobby lists the opportunity to tinker.
GPIO stands for General Purpose Input Output. It is a way the Raspberry Pi can control and
monitor the outside world by being connected to electronic circuits. The Pi is able to control
LEDs, turning them on or off, or motors, or many other things. It is also able to detect whether
a switch has been pressed, or temperature, or light. In the Cam Jam Edu Kit, you will learn to
control LEDs and a buzzer, and detect when a button has been pressed. The diagram below left
shows the pin layout for a Raspberry Pi Models A and B (Rev2 – the original Rev 1 Pi is
slightly different), looking at the Pi with the pins in the top right corner. The new 40 pin
Raspberry Pi’s shares exactly the same layout of pins for the top 13 rows of GPIO pins.
DIAGRAM
Raspberry Pi Models A+ and B+, Pi2 Model B, Pi 3 Model B and Pi Zero (and Zero W) GPIO
J8 have a 40-pin out Raspberry Pi Models A and B have only the first 26 pins.
Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and
B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the power status LED
using GPIO35.
DIAGRAM
PYTHON PROGRAMMG
Python, C, C++, Java, Scratch, and Ruby all come installed by default on the
Raspberry pi. The Pi in Raspberry Pi even comes from the python programming language; the
very idea of programming is reflected into the name of device. Python is a widely used high-
level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Its design philosophy
emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer
lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides
constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-
level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming.
Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an
ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most
platforms.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in
source or binary form for all major platforms form the Python Web site,
https://www.python.org/, and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains
distributions of and pointers to many free third-party Python modules, programs and tools, and
additional documentation.
The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types
implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an
extension language for customizable aplications.
DIAGRAM
RUNNING PYTHON USING THE TERMINAL
Another way of using python is to use the terminal. Open the terminal on Raspberry
Pi’s desktop, and at prompt type Python. We will be greeted with the same introductory text
which opens the IDLE window and the same interactive >>>prompt. At this point, we can issue
the same commands “Running Python Using IDLE”, and get the same results.