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PRELIMINARIES

I. Fundamental or Basic Identities

A. Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
csc θ = sec θ = cot θ =
sin θ cos θ tan θ
B. Quotient Identities
sin θ cos θ
tan θ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
C. Pythagorean Identities

sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 tan2 θ + 1= sec 2 θ cot 2 θ + 1= csc 2 θ

II. Identities for Negatives

sin(−θ) = − sinθ cos(−θ) = cosθ tan(−θ) = −tanθ

III. Co - function Identities

0
sin(90 ± θ ) = cos θ sin(θ ± 90 0 ) = ± cos θ
cos(90 0 ± θ ) = ∓ sin θ cos(θ ± 90 0 ) = ∓ sin θ

IV. Sum and Difference Identities

tan α ± tanβ
sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sinβ tan(α ± B) =
1∓ tan α tanβ
cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sinβ

V. Double - Angle Identities

sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
cos2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 1− 2 sin2 θ = 2cos2 θ −1
2tanθ
tan2θ =
1− tan2θ
1- cos2θ 1+ cos2θ
sin2θ = cos 2 θ =
2 2
VI. Half - Angle Identities

1 1− cos θ 1 1+ cos θ
sin θ = ± cos θ = ±
2 2 2 2

1 1− cos θ sin θ 1− cos θ

tan θ = ± = =
2 1+ cos θ 1+ cos θ sin θ

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3.1 Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d
1. (ln u) = 1 • du
dx u dx
d u du
2.
dx
( )
a = au ln a
dx
d u du
3.
dx
( )
e = eu
dx

3.2 Derivative of Function with Variable Exponent

Let the function y = uv , u > 0 where both u and v are functions of x. The
derivative of that function may be determined using the following steps:

1. Take the logarithm on both sides of the equation, that is, ln y = ln uv .

2. Apply the properties of logarithm to the right side of the equation, that is, ln y = v ln u

1 I
3. Differentiate both sides of the equation, that is, y = d (vlnu ) ⇒ y I = y d (vlnu)
y

3.3 Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

d
1. (sin u) = cos u du 4.
d
(sec u) = sec u tan u du
dx dx dx dx
d
2. (cosu) = − sinu du 5.
d
(csc u) = − csc u cot u du
dx dx dx dx
d
3. (tan u) = sec 2 u du 6.
d
(cot u) = − csc 2 u du
dx dx dx dx

3.4 Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d
1.
d
(arcsinu) = 1 2 du 4. (arc cot u) = − 1 2 du
dx 1− u dx dx 1+ u dx
d
2. (arccosu) = − 1 2 du 5.
d
(arc sec u) = 12 du
dx 1− u dx dx u u − 1 dx
d
3. (arctan u) = 1 2 du 6.
d
(arc csc u) = − 12 du
dx 1+ u dx dx u u − 1 dx

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3.5 Identities and Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

A. Fundamental Identities / Properties of Hyperbolic Functions

sinh x
1. tanh x = 7. coth2 x − csch2 x = 1
cosh x
1
2. sech x = 8. sinh 2x = 2sinh x cosh x
cosh x
1
3. csch x = 9. cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
sinh x
1 cosh x
4. coth x = = 10. cosh x − sinh x = e− x
tanh x sinh x
2 2
5. cosh x - sinh x = 1 11. cosh x + sinh x = e x

6. tanh2 x + sech2 x = 1

B. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

d
1. (sinh u) = cosh u du 4.
d
(sech u) = − sech u tanh u du
dx dx dx dx
d
2. (cosh u) = sinh u du 5.
d
(csch u) = − csch u coth u du
dx dx dx dx
d
3. (tanh u) = sec 2h u du 6.
d
(coth u) = − csch2 u du
dx dx dx dx

3.6 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

d 1 du d -1 du
1.
dx
( )
sinh −1 u = (for all u) 4. ( )
sech−1 u = (0< u <1)
u2 + 1 dx dx u 1− u2 dx
d 1 du d - 1 du
2.
dx
(
cosh −1 u = ) (u > 1) 5. ( )
csch−1 u = (u ≠ 0)
u2 − 1 dx dx u 1+ u2 dx
d 1 du d - 1 du
3.
dx
(
tanh−1 u = )
1− u2 dx
(–1< u <1) 6.
dx
( )
coth−1 u =
1− u2 dx
( u2 > 1)